scholarly journals Seasonal assessment, treatment and removal of heavy metal concentrations in a tropical drinking water reservoir

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshood Keke Mustapha ◽  
Joy Chinenye Ewulum
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Agricultural Materials

AbstractHeavy metals are present in low concentrations in reservoirs, but seasonal anthropogenic activities usually elevate the concentrations to a level that could become a health hazard. The dry season concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc were assessed from three sites for 12 weeks in Oyun reservoir, Offa, Nigeria. Triplicate surface water samples were collected and analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The trend in the level of concentrations in the three sites is site C > B > A, while the trend in the levels of the concentrations in the reservoir is Ni > Fe > Zn > Pb > Cd > Cu > Hg. Ni, Cd, Pb and Hg were found to be higher than the WHO guidelines for the metals in drinking water. The high concentration of these metals was from anthropogenic watershed run-off of industrial effluents, domestic sewages and agricultural materials into the reservoir coming from several human activities such as washing, bathing, fish smoking, especially in site C. The health effects of high concentration of these metals in the reservoir were highlighted. Methods for the treatment and removal of the heavy metals from the reservoir during water purification such as active carbon adsorption, coagulation-flocculation, oxidation-filtration, softening treatment and reverse osmosis process were highlighted. Other methods that could be used include phytoremediation, rhizofiltration, bisorption and bioremediation. Watershed best management practices (BMP) remains the best solution to reduce the intrusion of the heavy metals from the watershed into the reservoir.

Integrated watershed approach in controlling point and non-point source pollution within Zelivka drinking water reservoir

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Holas ◽  
M. Hrncir
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Agricultural Watershed ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Point Source Pollution ◽  
Drinking Water Reservoir ◽  
Non Point Source Pollution

An agricultural watershed involves manipulation of soil, water and other natural resources and it has profound impacts on ecosystems. To manage these complex issues, we must understand causes and consequences and interactions-related transport of pollutants, quality of the environment, mitigation measures and policy measures. A ten year period of economic changes has been analysed with respect to sustainable development concerning Zelivka drinking water reservoir and its watershed, where agriculture and forestry are the main human activities. It is recommended that all land users within a catchment area should receive payments for their contribution to water cycle management. Setting up the prevention principles and best management practices financially subsidized by a local water company has been found very effective in both point and non-point source pollution abatement, and the newly prepared Clean Water Programme actively involves local municipal authorities as well. The first step based on systems analysis was to propose effective strategies and select alternative measures and ways for their financing. Long term monitoring of nutrient loads entering the reservoir and hazardous events statistics resulted in maps characterising the territory including vulnerable zones and risk factors. Financing involves providing annual payments to farmers, who undertake to manage specified areas of their land in a particular way and one-off payments to realise proposed issues ensuring soil conservation and watershed ecosystem benefits.

Influence of Diffuse Pollution on the Eutrophication and Water Quality of Reservoirs in the Morava River Basin

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Žáková ◽  
D. Beránková ◽  
E. Kocková ◽  
P. Kríž
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Morava River ◽  
Morava River Basin

Diffuse (nonpoint) pollution from the river basin is responsible for a substantial part of Czech reservoirs' deterioration caused by eutrophication and water pollution. The research results of two model drinking water supply reservoirs (different area and depth) in the Morava river basin showed that the main nutrient sources in the period 1960-1991 were: agricultural land use (overland and subsurface transport of nutrients, effects of drainage and erosion), point sources (urban activities, agricultural farms) and atmospheric depositions of N and P compounds. The accelerated eutrophication was manifested by the increasing development of phytoplankton. The main problems entail occurrence of toxic species of Cyanophyta/Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Microcystis aeruginosa and some other species (e.g. Pseudanabaena limnetica). In the small and shallow drinking water reservoir of Ludkovice the living algae penetrated drinking water. In the deep reservoir of Vír the situation was more favourable. The increase of nutrient input (N,P) during the period 1969-1992 was highly significant Various measures have been proposed to slow the reservoir eutrophication (sustainable use of land, best management practices - soil retention, buffer strips, constructed wetlands etc.).

The presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface waters and effluents in Israel

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 381-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Zuckerman ◽  
D. Gold ◽  
G. Shelef ◽  
R. Armon
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Drinking Water Reservoir

During a period of 9 months (May 1995-January 1996), various environmental sources were investigated for the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Israel. Out of 15 samples from five streams, 12 were positive for Cryptosporidium (80%) with an average concentration of 0.04–1.9 oocysts/l and 8 were positive for Giardia (53.3%) with 0.05–0.78 cysts/l. Two springs were also tested and found positive for Cryptosporidium and (0.54 oocysts/l) only. The main drinking water reservoir of Israel, Lake Kineret, was also sampled 6 times at two sites. Cryptosporidium was isolated in 4/6 samples (66.6%) at an average concentration of 0.3–1.09 oocysts/l while Giardia was present in 5/6 samples (83.3%), 0.135–16.2 cysts/l. Drinking water entering a filtration pilot plant was also tested and found positive for Cryptosporidium in 23/35 samples (0–317 oocysts/l) and 8/35 for Giardia (0–16.7 cysts/l). In order to evaluate some potential inputs of contamination of the drinking water sources, two possible contributors were tested: domestic sewage and cowshed effluents. In sewage effluents, 3/3 samples were positive for both Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The oocysts and cysts were present at 8.3–8.05/l and 5–27.3/l respectively. In cowshed effluents, 1/6 samples was positive for Cryptosporidium at a high concentration (3,630 oocysts/l) but no Giardia cysts were found. The levels of Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocysts and cysts isolated from these environmental samples may present a public health hazard although no major outbreaks have so far been reported in Israel.

scholarly journals Assessing Opportunities to Increase Yield and Profit in Rainfed Lowland Rice Systems in Indonesia

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
Erythrina Erythrina ◽  
Arif Anshori ◽  
Charles Y. Bora ◽  
Dina O. Dewi ◽  
Martina S. Lestari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Information Access ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Yield Gap

In this study, we aimed to improve rice farmers’ productivity and profitability in rainfed lowlands through appropriate crop and nutrient management by closing the rice yield gap during the dry season in the rainfed lowlands of Indonesia. The Integrated Crop Management package, involving recommended practices (RP) from the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), were compared to the farmers’ current practices at ten farmer-participatory demonstration plots across ten provinces of Indonesia in 2019. The farmers’ practices (FP) usually involved using old varieties in their remaining land and following their existing fertilizer management methods. The results indicate that improved varieties and nutrient best management practices in rice production, along with water reservoir infrastructure and information access, contribute to increasing the productivity and profitability of rice farming. The mean rice yield increased significantly with RP compared with FP by 1.9 t ha–1 (ranges between 1.476 to 2.344 t ha–1), and net returns increased, after deducting the cost of fertilizers and machinery used for irrigation supplements, by USD 656 ha–1 (ranges between USD 266.1 to 867.9 ha–1) per crop cycle. This represents an exploitable yield gap of 37%. Disaggregated by the wet climate of western Indonesia and eastern Indonesia’s dry climate, the RP increased rice productivity by 1.8 and 2.0 t ha–1, with an additional net return gain per cycle of USD 600 and 712 ha–1, respectively. These results suggest that there is considerable potential to increase the rice production output from lowland rainfed rice systems by increasing cropping intensity and productivity. Here, we lay out the potential for site-specific variety and nutrient management with appropriate crop and supplemental irrigation as an ICM package, reducing the yield gap and increasing farmers’ yield and income during the dry season in Indonesia’s rainfed-prone areas.

scholarly journals SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE FOR THE FORMATION OF THE EVIDENTIAL BASE OF HAZARD TO HEALTH IN THE POPULATION IN THE ZONE OF INFLUENCE OF WASTE FROM THE PAST ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (11) ◽  
pp. 1038-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Zaitseva ◽  
Irina V. May ◽  
S. V. Klein ◽  
S. S. Khankharev ◽  
A. A. Boloshinova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
The Past ◽  
Zone Of Influence

There are described an algorithm and methods for collecting the evidential base for causing hazard to the health of the population of Zakamensk (the Republic of Buryatia) in the zone of influence of the waste of the past activities of the Dzhidinsky tungsten-molybdenum combine. The source of danger is lying sands, containing a complex of toxic heavy metals - lead, cadmium, manganese, nickel, chromium, etc. The algorithm for the formation of the evidential base included: a general analysis of the sanitary and hygienic situation; assessment in the dynamics of the quality of atmospheric air, drinking water, soil, food; assessment of the risk to the health of the population; epidemiological studies; in-depth clinical surveys of a representative group of city residents (280 people). In the blood of the examinees, heavy metals were identified as biological markers of the exposure. There was evaluated a complex of the response (effect) adequate to effects of laboratory markers. By methods of mathematical statistics there was established the presence of reliable relationships in the system “source of hazard - the quality of the environment - exposure to risk factors - health status.” The hazard to the health of a citizen, due to the negative impact of the factor, was considered to be proven if it was possible to build a continuous step-by-step logical chain of relationships between the source of the harmful effect, the quality of the habitat and the establishment of the fact of the disease. The quality of the habitat of the population of Zakamensk was shown to give rise in unacceptable risks to the health of residents. The main influencing factor is the pollution of atmospheric air, local food products and drinking water from public and private wells. Risks are realized in terms of a level of the primary morbidity rate of the population of the respiratory diseases, endocrine system, digestive organs that is relatively high compared to the matched area. The relationship between health hazard and environmental factors has been fully proved in 14% of the surveyed persons. At the same time, the territory was shown not be characterized as a zone of “ecological disaster” or “an emergency environmental situation”.

scholarly journals Influence of phosphate dosing on biofilms development on lead in chlorinated drinking water bioreactors

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Del Olmo ◽  
Arslan Ahmad ◽  
Henriette Jensen ◽  
Esther Karunakaran ◽  
Esther Rosales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Chlorinated Drinking Water ◽  
Biofilm Development

Abstract Phosphate dosing is used by water utilities to prevent plumbosolvency in water supply networks. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding biofilm formation on lead and plastic materials when phosphate concentrations are modified in drinking water systems. In this study, biofilms were grown over lead coupons and PVC tubes in bioreactors supplied with local drinking water treated to provide different phosphate doses (below 1, 1 and 2 mg/L) over a period of 28 days. A range of commercial iron pellets (GEH104 and WARP) were tested aiming to maintain phosphate levels below the average 1 mg/L found in drinking water. Changes in biofilm community structure in response to three different phosphate treatments were characterised by Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and the ITS2 gene for fungi. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualise physical differences in biofilm development in two types of materials, lead and PVC. The experimental results from the kinetics of phosphate absorption showed that the GEH104 pellets were the best option to, in the long term, reduce phosphate levels while preventing undesirable turbidity increases in drinking water. Phosphate-enrichment promoted a reduction of bacterial diversity but increased that of fungi in biofilms. Overall, higher phosphate levels selected for microorganisms with enhanced capabilities related to phosphorus metabolism and heavy metal resistance. This research brings new insights regarding the influence of different phosphate concentrations on mixed-species biofilms formation and drinking water quality, which are relevant to inform best management practices in drinking water treatment.

scholarly journals Ecological Risk of Water Resource Use to the Wellbeing of Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Rivers of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olalekan A. Agboola ◽  
Colleen T. Downs ◽  
Gordon O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Bayesian Networks ◽  
Bayesian Network ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Communities ◽  
Kwazulu Natal

The rivers of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, are being impacted by various anthropogenic activities that threaten their sustainability. Our study demonstrated how Bayesian networks could be used to conduct an environmental risk assessment of macroinvertebrate biodiversity and their associated ecosystem to assess the overall effects of these anthropogenic stressors in the rivers. We examined the exposure pathways through various habitats in the study area using a conceptual model that linked the sources of stressors through cause-effect pathways. A Bayesian network was constructed to represent the observed complex interactions and overall risk from water quality, flow and habitat stressors. The model outputs and sensitivity analysis showed ecosystem threat and river health (represented by macroinvertebrate assessment index – MIRAI) could have high ecological risks on macroinvertebrate biodiversity and the ecosystem, respectively. The results of our study demonstrated that Bayesian networks can be used to calculate risk for multiple stressors and that they are a powerful tool for informing future strategies for achieving best management practices and policymaking. Apart from the current scenario, which was developed from field data, we also simulated three other scenarios to predict potential risks to our selected endpoints. We further simulated the low and high risks to the endpoints to demonstrate that the Bayesian network can be an effective adaptive management tool for decision making.

scholarly journals Spatial Variations in Groundwater Quality Around Dumpsite in Igando

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
Akoteyon ◽  
S Isaiah
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
T Test ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Wet Season

Water samples collected from fifteen hand dug wells in November (dry season), 2011 and July (Wet season), 2012 using random sampling technique. In situ parameters were measured for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids using portable meters. Heavy metals were analyzed for; Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cr using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The study aimed at examining the spatial variations in groundwater quality around dumpsite in Igando using paired sample T-test statistical technique. The result shows that the measured pH values were below the minimum WHO standard for drinking water quality in wet and dry seasons in about73.3% and 26.7% respectively. Also, approximately, 13.3% of EC, and 6.7% exceeded the prescribed standard limit of WHO in dry and wet seasons respectively. Concentration of Fe exceeded drinking water quality in all the sampling locations during wet season and only about 46.7% in dry season. Pb, Zn, and Cu exceeded WHO limit in about 86.7%, 80%, and 26.7% respectively in dry season. Concentration of Pb, Cd , Cu and Cr were under detection limit in all the locations except at locations G2 for Cu in wet season. The paired samples statistics and correlation revealed that the mean values of all the parameters were higher in dry season with the exception of Fe. No significant correlations exist among the paramet er for both seasons at p<0.05. The paired T-test show significant seasonal variations among four heavy metals including Fe, Cd, Pb and Zn.The study concluded that, samples in dry season are of low quality compared to wet. The study recommends public enlightenment on solid waste disposal, controlled anthropogenic activities, and treatment /recycling of waste to prevent heavy metal from leaching unto the sub-surface.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22063 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 179-186 2013

scholarly journals An Innovative Tool for the Management of the Surface Drinking Water Resources at European Level: GOWARE—Transnational Guide Towards an Optimal WAter REgime

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Rizzo ◽  
Primoz Banovec ◽  
Ajda Cilenšek ◽  
Guido Rianna ◽  
Monia Santini
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Drinking Water Resources ◽  
Innovative Tool

GOWARE (transnational Guide toward an Optimal WAter REgime) represents a Decision Support Tool (DST) developed to support the implementation of innovative Best Management Practices (BMPs) for drinking water protection and flood/drought risk mitigation. The tool is one of the main outputs of the PROLINE-CE Project, an EU project funded within the Interreg Central Europe (CE) Programme (2014–2020). The aim of this paper is illustrating the design and the methodological approaches proposed for the operative development of the tool. Furthermore, the paper provides the results of a number of tests carried out to evaluate the understandability of the analysis’s processes and assessing the stakeholders’ acceptance. Specifically, GOWARE-DST has been developed for supporting single users or groups of users in the decision-making process. The tool has been provided with a catalogue of 92 BMPs to handle water issues in different land use contexts. The selection of practices suitable for addressing the specific user’s requirements is supported by the Analytic Hierarchy Process, a method that allows filtering a subset of BMPs by accounting for the relative importance that the user assigns to each characterizing criterion. GOWARE-DST represents an innovative tool for supporting users at different levels of planning (operational and strategic) by promoting sustainable land and water management and defining long-term governance activities.

scholarly journals Occurrence of cyanobacteria, actinomycetes, and geosmin in drinking water reservoir in Korea: a case study from an algal bloom in 2012

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1862-1870
Author(s):  
Jung Eun Lee ◽  
Seok-Jae Youn ◽  
Myeongseop Byeon ◽  
Soon-Ju Yu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Algal Bloom ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Drinking Water Reservoir ◽  
Peak Value

Abstract In 2012, a large concentration of geosmin was found in the Paldang reservoir, which is the primary source of drinking water in Seoul, Korea. In June and September 2012, we measured the concentrations of cyanobacteria and actinomycetes, and geosmin, to identify the source of geosmin in the Paldang reservoir. A total of 68 water samples were collected from two sampling sites (Sambong, Paldang), and used to analyze the correlation between cyanobacteria, actinomycetes, and geosmin. The cell density attained a maximum of 24,722 cells/mL on August 11, 2012 and geosmin occurred at a high concentration of 3,934 ng/L on August 13 in Sambong. After July 31, 2012 a rapid increase in growth and cell density occurred with a peak value of 11,568 cells/mL on August 6, 2012. At the same time, the geosmin concentration increased to 3,157 ng/L in Paldang. The number of cyanobacteria positively correlated with geosmin concentration (R2 = 0.84, P &lt; 0.0001), while actinomycetes were not significantly correlated with geosmin (R2 = 0.01, P = 0.709). In addition, the number of actinomycetes was associated with increased turbidity (R = 0.507). Among the various water quality constituents, temperature affected cyanobacteria in the Paldang reservoir (R = 0.803). These results suggest that cyanobacteria are the main source of geosmin in the Paldang reservoir, which might be providing useful information for managing the unpleasant taste of its drinking water.

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