scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing LRTI in Najaf, Iraq

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahraa Y. Motaweq ◽  
Habeeb S. Naher
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Vitek 2 ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Abstract During the period from February 2013 to April 2014, 74 (12.3%) isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated from 600 patients (359 males and 241 females) with clinical symptoms of Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) (pneumonia and COPD) obtained from Najaf/Iraq Hospitals. Patients in the age groups 51-60 years had a high percentage of S. pneumoniae isolates (19.7%) compared with other age groups with a significant variation (P<0.05) between them. Males (54%) showed a higher percentage of S. pneumoniae isolates than females (45.9%) with no significant variation (P>0.05). Smokers have been shown to have increased risk to LRTI than non-smokers (P>0.05), and there was no significant variation between Urban and Rural (56.8:43.2%) patients. S. pneumoniae showed different susceptibilities towards antibiotics used in this study. The highest rate of resistance was against erythromycin (100%), azithromycin (83.8%), clindamycin (83.8%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethaxzol (81.1%) and moderate resistance to ceftriaxone (67.6%), cefotaxime (64.9%), chloramphenicol (64.9%), tetracycline (59.5%) and benzylpenicillin (45.9%) whereas there was a relatively lower resistance towards others. The results of this study showed that S. pneumoniae isolates were found to be remarkable sensitive to Vancomycin (100%) and Imipenem (100%). In this study, sixteen antibiotics were tested for (MIC) against 37 S. pneumoniae isolates by using Vitek-2 antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) cards (41497) AST-GP74. 100% and 83.8% of S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to erythromycin and SXT with MIC ≥1 mg/ml and 4/76 mg/ml of these antibiotic respectively, and moderately resistant to cefotaxime 64.9%, ceftriaxone 64.9% and chloramphenicol 64.9% with MIC 4 mg/ml for CTX and CRO each one, and MIC 8 mg/ml for C only. All isolates showed 100% sensitivity for each of Vancomycin and Erythromycin with MIC mg/ml and ≤1 mg/ml and ≤2 mg/ml, respectively. S. pneumoniae isolates showed a high rate of sensitivity to Ertapenem 97.3% with MIC ≤1 mg/ml, Telithromycin 89.2% with MIC ≤1, Meropenem 86.5% with MIC ≤0.25 mg/ml.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from the Nasopharynx of Febrile Children under 5 Years in Nanoro, Burkina Faso

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 444
Author(s):  
Massa dit Achille Bonko ◽  
Palpouguini Lompo ◽  
Marc Christian Tahita ◽  
Francois Kiemde ◽  
Ibrahima Karama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Children Under 5

(1) Background: nasopharynx colonization by resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae can lead to serious diseases. Emerging resistance to antibiotics commonly used to treat infections due to these pathogens poses a serious threat to the health system. The present study aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus and S. pneumoniae isolates from the febrile children’s nasopharynx under 5 years in Nanoro (Burkina Faso). (2) Methods: bacterial isolates were identified from nasopharyngeal swabs prospectively collected from 629 febrile children. Antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus and S. pneumoniae isolates was assessed by Kirby–Bauer method and results were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. (3) Results: bacterial colonization was confirmed in 154 (24.5%) of children of whom 96.1% carried S. aureus, 3.2% had S. pneumoniae, and 0.6% carried both bacteria. S. aureus isolates showed alarming resistance to penicillin (96.0%) and S. pneumoniae was highly resistant to tetracycline (100%) and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (83.3%), and moderately resistant to penicillin (50.0%). Furthermore, 4.0% of S. aureus identified were methicillin resistant. (4) Conclusion: this study showed concerning resistance rates to antibiotics to treat suspected bacterial respiratory tract infections. The work highlights the necessity to implement continuous antibiotic resistance surveillance.

scholarly journals The Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Phylogenetics of Rhinoviruses among Paediatric Cases in Sydney, Australia.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dillon Adam ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Matthew Scotch ◽  
C. Raina MacIntyre ◽  
Dominic Dwyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Treatment Practices ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Sydney Australia

Background Rhinoviruses (RV) represent the most common aetiological agent of all acute respiratory tract infections across all age groups and a significant burden of disease among children. Recent studies have shown that RV-A and RV-C species are associated with varying degrees of disease severity and clinical symptoms. Methods In this study, we uncovered potential associations between RV species and subtypes, and clinical disease severity using a matched dataset of 52 RV isolates sampled from children (<18 years) in Sydney, Australia between 2006 and 2009 using epidemiological and phylogenetic methods. Results We found that RV-C was significantly more likely to be isolated from paediatric cases under two years of age compared to RV-A, although no significant differences in recorded symptoms were observed. Significant phylogenetic-trait associations between age and the VP4/VP2 capsid protein phylogeny suggests age-specific variations in infectivity among subtypes might also be possible. Conclusions This study adds to the growing body of epidemiological evidence concerning RV. Improving surveillance and testing for RV, including routine whole genome sequencing may improve our understanding of the varied diseashe outcomes of RV species and subtypes. Future studies could aim to identify specific genetic markers associated with age-specific infectivity of RV which could inform treatment practices and public health surveillance of RV.

scholarly journals Prescribing Analgesics to Older People: A Challenge for GPs

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 4017
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Trtica Majnarić ◽  
Thomas Wittlinger ◽  
Dunja Stolnik ◽  
František Babič ◽  
Zvonimir Bosnić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Psychotropic Medications ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Results

Background: Due to population aging, there is an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases, and in particular musculoskeletal diseases. These trends are associated with an increased demand for prescription analgesics and an increased risk of polypharmacy and adverse medication reactions, which constitutes a challenge, especially for general practitioners (GPs), as the providers who are most responsible for the prescription policy. Objectives: To identify patterns of analgesics prescription for older people in the study area and explore associations between a long-term analgesic prescription and comorbidity patterns, as well as the prescription of psychotropic and other common medications in a continuous use. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 2015 in eastern Croatia. Patients were GP attenders ≥40 years old (N = 675), who were recruited during their appointments (consecutive patients). They were divided into two groups: those who have been continuously prescribed analgesics (N = 432) and those who have not (N = 243). Data from electronic health records were used to provide information about diagnoses of musculoskeletal and other chronic diseases, as well as prescription rates for analgesics and other medications. Exploratory methods and logistic regression models were used to analyse the data. Results: Analgesics have been continuously prescribed to 64% of the patients, mostly to those in the older age groups (50–79 years) and females, and they were indicated mainly for dorsalgia symptoms and arthrosis. Non-opioid analgesics were most common, with an increasing tendency to prescribe opioid analgesics to older patient groups aged 60–79 years. The study results indicate that there is a high rate of simultaneous prescription of analgesics and psychotropic medications, despite the intention of GPs to avoid prescribing psychotropic medications to patients who use any option with opioid analgesics. In general, receiving prescription analgesics does not exceed the prescription for chronic diseases over the rates that can be found in patients who do not receive prescription analgesics. Conclusion: Based on the analysis of comorbidities and parallel prescribing, the results of this study can improve GPs’ prescription and treatment strategies for musculoskeletal diseases and chronic pain conditions.

scholarly journals Metabolic syndrome and associated factors in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-V study

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 214-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin Heshmat ◽  
Zeinab Hemati ◽  
Mostafa Qorbani ◽  
Laleh Nabizadeh Asl ◽  
Mohammad Esmaeil Motlagh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
High Rate ◽  
P Value ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Increased Risk

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the common metabolic disorders seen in children and adolescents. This study aims to assess the rate of the MetS and its associated factors in a nationally-representative sample of Iranian pediatric age groups. Methods: This nationwide cross- sectional study was designed in 2015 in 30 provinces of Iran. Participants consisted of 4,200 school students, aged 7-18 years, studied in a national school-based surveillance program (CASPIAN-V). Physical examination and laboratory tests were performed using standard protocols. Blood samples were drawn from 3834 students for biochemical tests. Results: The participation rate for blood sampling was 91.5%. MetS was significantly more prevalent among students in urban than in rural areas (5.7% vs. 4.8%, P value < 0.01). MetS was more prevalent in students with obese parents than in those with non-obese parents (6.4% vs. 4.5%, P value < 0.05). Significant association existed between moderate level of healthy nutritional behaviors and MetS after controlling for potential confounders (odds ratio [OR]: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.40-0.98). Students with high unhealthy nutritional behaviors showed an increased risk of MetS in crude (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.05-2.44) and adjusted model (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.05-2.63). Conclusion: High rate of MetS and associated risk factors was observed in Iranian pediatric age groups, with higher rates among boys. These findings provide useful information for effective preventive strategies based on diet, exercise, and lifestyle modification rather than therapeutic modalities.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain: Psychological impact is greatest on younger and vulnerable children.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Matalí-Costa ◽  
Ester Camprodon-Rosanas
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract In 2020, quarantine home confinement measures were implemented in Spain to control a pandemic for the first time. The objective of this study is to assess both the psychological and social impact of that “lockdown” on different age groups of children and adolescents, and also the different strategies adopted by families in that situation. We collected data via an online questionnaire answered by 850 participants, parents of young people aged between 4 and 18, between 24th April and 8th May 2020. Our results show that living in a home smaller than 80 m2 is associated with an increased risk of presenting clinical symptoms of emotional or behavioural distress, with an odds ratio of 2.54 (95%CI: 1.07 - 6.02), p = 0.034; while increased age is a predictor of better psychological functioning during lockdown: coefficient of 0.25 (95%CI: 0.07 - 0.41), p = 0.004. Moreover, age is also a marker of higher scores on the scale of psychological symptoms, with a coefficient of 0.02 (95%CI: 0.01 - 0.04), p = 0.005. To conclude, younger children present poorer behavioural and emotional functioning and more symptoms of emotional distress than adolescents during lockdown. Living in a small home is a risk factor for presenting clinical symptoms. These findings should be taken into consideration when planning for future home confinement episodes and when considering preventative strategies in the realm of mental healthcare.

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria — to Treat or Not to Treat?

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Vladimir Anatolievich Klimov
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Tract Infections

Over the past few decades, the opinion of scientists regarding the need for antibiotic therapy to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria has changed several times. At the present stage, the leading doctors of the world have not come to an unequivocal opinion — whether asymptomatic bacteriuria is worth treating or not. This condition means the presence of microorganisms in the organs of the urinary system, detected during bacteriological examination of urine in the absence of clinical symptoms of damage to the urinary organs. Most often with asymptomatic bacteriuria, Escherichia coli and various types of enterococci, Proteus, Klebsiella act as such bacteria. As a result of studying this issue, it was found that antibiotic therapy in such cases does not always lead to the desired effect, but it can lead to the development of candidiasis while taking antibacterial drugs. Some studies have shown that the presence of conditionally pathogenic microflora in the urinary tract prevents the development of urinary tract infections caused by more aggressive pathogens. On the other hand, asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy is a source of increased risk in terms of the occurrence of gestational pyelonephritis, which dictates the need for preventive and therapeutic measures in this category of patients. Thus, each case of the detection of asymptomatic bacteriuria requires an individual approach and the choice of appropriate treatment tactics [2].

Evaluation of Soybean Genotypes for Resistance to Charcoal Rot

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemu Mengistu ◽  
P. A. Arelli ◽  
J. P. Bond ◽  
G. J. Shannon ◽  
A. J. Wrather ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Maturity Group ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
No Till ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, significantly reduces yield in soybean more than most other diseases in the midsouthern United States. There are no commercial genotypes marketed as resistant to charcoal rot. Reactions of 27 maturity group (MG) III, 29 Early MG IV, 34 Late MG IV, and 59 MG V genotypes were evaluated for M. phaseolina between 2006 and 2008 in a non-irrigated, no-till field that had been artificially infested for three years. There was significant variation in root colonization among genotypes and years, indicating the value of screening genotypes over multiple years. Based on CFUI there was no genotype that was consistently immune to charcoal rot each year. However, there were a total of six genotypes (one genotype in MG III, one in Late MG IV, and four in MG V) that were identified as moderately resistant. Some of the commercial and public genotypes were resistant to M. phaseolina at levels equal to or greater than the standard DT97-4290, a moderately resistant cultivar. The genotypes identified as having moderate resistance across the three years could be useful as sources for developing resistant soybean genotypes. Accepted for publication 27 July 2011. Published 26 September 2011.

scholarly journals COVID-19 lockdown in Spain: Psychological impact is greatest on younger and vulnerable children

2021 ◽  
pp. 135910452110550
Author(s):  
Josep Matalí-Costa ◽  
Ester Camprodon-Rosanas
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
First Time

In 2020, quarantine home confinement measures were implemented in Spain to control a pandemic for the first time. The objective of this study is to assess both the psychological and social impact of that ‘lockdown’ on different age groups of children and adolescents and also the different strategies adopted by families in that situation. We collected data via an online questionnaire answered by 850 participants, parents of young people aged between 4 and 18, between 24th April and 8th May 2020. Our results show that living in a home smaller than 80 m2 is associated with an increased risk of presenting clinical symptoms of emotional or behavioural distress, with an odds ratio of 2.54 (95% CI: 1.07–6.02), p = 0.034; while increased age is a predictor of better psychological functioning during lockdown: coefficient of 0.25 (95% CI: 0.07–0.41), p = 0.004. Moreover, age is also a marker of higher scores on the scale of psychological symptoms, with a coefficient of 0.02 (95% CI: 0.01–0.04), p = .005. To conclude, younger children present poorer behavioural and emotional functioning and more symptoms of emotional distress than adolescents during lockdown. Living in a small home is a risk factor for presenting clinical symptoms. These findings should be taken into consideration when planning for future home confinement episodes and when considering preventative strategies in the realm of mental health care.

scholarly journals Antibiotic prescriptions in children with COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome: a multinational experience in 990 cases from Latin America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Yock-Corrales ◽  
Jacopo Lenzi ◽  
Rolando Ulloa-Gutiérrez ◽  
Jessica Gómez-Vargas ◽  
Antúnez-Montes Omar Yassef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
High Rate ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Multicenter Cohort Study ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

AbstractBackgroundTo date, there are no comprehensive data on antibiotic use in children with COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C).MethodsMulticenter cohort study from 5 Latin American countries. Children 17 years of age or younger with microbiologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection or fulfilling MIS-C definition were included. Antibiotic prescriptions were collected and factors associated with their use were calculated.Findings990 children were included, with a median age of 3 years (interquartile range 1–9). Of these, 69 (7.0%) were diagnosed with MIS-C. The prevalence of antibiotic use was 24.5% (n = 243). MIS-C with (OR = 45.48) or without (OR = 10.35) cardiac involvement, provision of intensive care (OR = 9.60), need for hospital care (OR = 6.87), pneumonia and/or ARDS detected through chest X-rays (OR = 4.40), administration of systemic corticosteroids (OR = 4.39), oxygen support, mechanical ventilation or CPAP (OR = 2.21), pyrexia (OR = 1.84), and female sex (OR = 1.50) were independently associated with increased use of antibiotics. On the contrary, lower respiratory tract infections without radiologic evidence of pneumonia/ARDS and not requiring respiratory support (OR = 0.34) were independently associated with decreased use of antibiotics. There was significant variation in antibiotic use across the hospitals.ConclusionsOur study showed a relatively high rate of antibiotic prescriptions in children with COVID-19 and in particular in those with severe disease or MIS-C. Importantly, we found a significant variation in reasons for prescriptions of antibiotics and type of chosen therapies, as well in hospital practices, highlighting current uncertainties and lack of guidelines for the recognition of bacterial infections in children with COVID-19. Prospective studies are needed to provide better evidence on the recognition and management of bacterial infections in COVID-19 children.What is knownCOVID-19 may worsen antibiotic prescription practicesWhat this newCOVID-19 and MIS-C children frequently received antibioticsThere was a wide variation in antibiotic prescriptions among institutions, highlighting the lack of practicle guidelines in the use of antibiotics in children with COVID-19

scholarly journals The Differencies in Adult and Pediatric Myelodysplastic Syndrome: A Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
P Vasekova ◽  
L Plank
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Myelodysplastic Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) represent very heterogenous group of clonal stem cell bone marrow disorders with ineffective haematopoesis leading to cytopenias in peripheral blood and increased risk of blastic transformation and evolution of acute myeloid leukemia. MDS is a disease of older age mostly, in children it seems to be very rare. There are several significant morphological, cytogenetic and prognostic differencies of the disease in adults and in children. Adult MDS patients most commonly manifest with symptoms of anemia, bleeding and infection are uncommon. In childhood, MDS manifests predominantly by neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. In addition, some pediatric MDS patients present also with constitutional disease’s signs and symptoms. Early and correct diagnosis in both age groups is essential for the choice of appropriate therapy and also for next life of patients. However, the diagnosis of MDS is challenging, complex and requiring close correlation of clinical symptoms, laboratory parameters and standardized examination of BM biopsies. The authors present an overview focused on biology of MDS in adults and children, on the differences in the incidence, clinical presentation and treatment. They summarize the possibilities and limits of histopathological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the disease in different age groups. A major problem in the morphological diagnosis of MDS remains the determination, whether the myelodysplasia is due to clonal disorder. It might result also from some other factors, as significant dysplasia can also occur in reactive conditions, and vice versa, only discrete dysplasia is sometimes observed in MDS patients. Although histomorphological and immunohistochemical analysis of BM biopsy is invasive and time-consuming examination, it has its value in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic effect.

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