scholarly journals New problems in dendropathology – new and invasive pathogens

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-71
Author(s):  
Rein Drenkhan ◽  
Kalev Adamson ◽  
Tiia Drenkhan ◽  
Ahto Agan ◽  
Marili Laas
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Molecular Monitoring ◽  
Invasive Pathogens ◽  
Hymenoscyphus Fraxineus ◽  
Survey Strategy

AbstractDuring the last decades, several new and invasive tree pathogens have arrived in the northern Europe, damaging forest and verdant trees. New and invasive species (e.g.Lecanosticta acicola,Dothistroma septosporum, Diplodia sapinea,Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) are considered to cause economic loss and be an important threat to biodiversity. Once the alien species have entered into ecosystem, then it is very difficult to eliminate them. Therefore, it is important to discover new and invasive pathogens from forests and from imported plant material as early as possible. For that reason, the research team of Estonian forest pathologists has worked out a survey strategy with permanent plots across Estonia – for early detection of new pathogens, which essentially includes molecular monitoring of pathogens. An important task in developing of early detection methods for new and invasive pathogens is working out of quick detection methods by creating original PCR primers. Crucial is also the analyses of pathogens biology, of their spreading and finding of all their potential hosts in new for them environment in northern Europe. In cooperation studies with our foreign partners, the Estonian forest pathologists have analysed populations ofD. septosporum,L. acicolaandH. fraxineus. The population genetic methods give data about the pathogens diversity, vitality and betray potential pathways of them to northern Europe. This information serves for building up the control strategy and helps to find and test resistant tree species progenies. Early detection, molecular monitoring and pathways detection of new and invasive pathogens are currently the most important research tasks of the forest pathology team working in Estonian University of Life Sciences.

scholarly journals Rapid Molecular Detection Methods for Arboviruses of Livestock of Importance to Northern Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Johnson ◽  
Katja Voller ◽  
L. Paul Phipps ◽  
Karen Mansfield ◽  
Anthony R. Fooks
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Critical Feature ◽  
The Past

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases over the past decade. Their impact on both human and livestock populations has been dramatic. The early detection either through surveillance or diagnosis of virus will be a critical feature in responding and resolving the emergence of such epidemics in the future. Although some of the most important emerging arboviruses are human pathogens, this paper aims to highlight those diseases that primarily affect livestock, although many are zoonotic and some occasionally cause human mortality. This paper also highlights the molecular detection methods specific to each virus and identifies those emerging diseases for which a rapid detection methods are not yet developed.

scholarly journals Early Detection Methods for Silicosis in Australia and Internationally: A Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8123
Author(s):  
Emma K. Austin ◽  
Carole James ◽  
John Tessier
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Occupational Lung Disease ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Future Work

Pneumoconiosis, or occupational lung disease, is one of the world’s most prevalent work-related diseases. Silicosis, a type of pneumoconiosis, is caused by inhaling respirable crystalline silica (RCS) dust. Although silicosis can be fatal, it is completely preventable. Hundreds of thousands of workers globally are at risk of being exposed to RCS at the workplace from various activities in many industries. Currently, in Australia and internationally, there are a range of methods used for the respiratory surveillance of workers exposed to RCS. These methods include health and exposure questionnaires, spirometry, chest X-rays, and HRCT. However, these methods predominantly do not detect the disease until it has significantly progressed. For this reason, there is a growing body of research investigating early detection methods for silicosis, particularly biomarkers. This literature review summarises the research to date on early detection methods for silicosis and makes recommendations for future work in this area. Findings from this review conclude that there is a critical need for an early detection method for silicosis, however, further laboratory- and field-based research is required.

scholarly journals Monitoring Skeletal Anomalies in Big-Scale Sand Smelt, Atherina boyeri, as a Potential Complementary Tool for Early Detection of Effects of Anthropic Pressure in Coastal Lagoons

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Chiara Leone ◽  
Francesca De Luca ◽  
Eleonora Ciccotti ◽  
Arianna Martini ◽  
Clara Boglione
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Coastal Lagoons ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Skeletal Anomalies

Mediterranean coastal lagoons are increasingly affected by several threats, all concurrently leading to habitat degradation and loss. Methods based on fish for the assessment of the ecological status are under implementation for the Water Framework Directive requirements, to assess the overall quality of coastal lagoons. Complementary tools based on the use of single fish species as biological indicators could be useful as early detection methods of anthropogenic impacts. The analysis of skeletal anomalies in the big-scale sand smelt, Atherina boyeri, from nine Mediterranean coastal lagoons in Italy was carried out. Along with the morphological examination of fish, the environmental status of the nine lagoons was evaluated using a method based on expert judgement, by selecting and quantifying several environmental descriptors of direct and indirect human pressures acting on lagoon ecosystems. The average individual anomaly load and the frequency of individuals with severe anomalies allow to discriminate big-scale sand smelt samples on the basis of the site and of its quality status. Furthermore, a relationship between skeletal anomalies and the environmental quality of specific lagoons, driven by the anthropogenic pressures acting on them, was found. These findings support the potentiality of skeletal anomalies monitoring in big-scale sand smelt as a tool for early detection of anthropogenic impacts in coastal lagoons of the Mediterranean region.

scholarly journals Recent Advances on Early Detection of Heat Strain in Dairy Cows Using Animal-Based Indicators: A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 980
Author(s):  
Hang Shu ◽  
Wensheng Wang ◽  
Leifeng Guo ◽  
Jérôme Bindelle
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Heat Strain ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Real Time Measurement

In pursuit of precision livestock farming, the real-time measurement for heat strain-related data has been more and more valued. Efforts have been made recently to use more sensitive physiological indicators with the hope to better inform decision-making in heat abatement in dairy farms. To get an insight into the early detection of heat strain in dairy cows, the present review focuses on the recent efforts developing early detection methods of heat strain in dairy cows based on body temperatures and respiratory dynamics. For every candidate animal-based indicator, state-of-the-art measurement methods and existing thresholds were summarized. Body surface temperature and respiration rate were concluded to be the best early indicators of heat strain due to their high feasibility of measurement and sensitivity to heat stress. Future studies should customize heat strain thresholds according to different internal and external factors that have an impact on the sensitivity to heat stress. Wearable devices are most promising to achieve real-time measurement in practical dairy farms. Combined with internet of things technologies, a comprehensive strategy based on both animal- and environment-based indicators is expected to increase the precision of early detection of heat strain in dairy cows.

Highly sensitive and rapid detection of citrus Huanglongbing pathogen (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) using Cas12a-based methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Wheatley ◽  
Yong-Ping Duan ◽  
Yinong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitive Detection ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Fluorescent Reporter ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus

Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) or greening is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus worldwide. Sensitive detection of its causal agent, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is critical for early diagnosis and successful management of HLB. However, current nucleic acid-based detection methods are often insufficient for the early detection of CLas from asymptomatic tissue, and unsuitable for high-throughput and field-deployable diagnosis of HLB. Here we report the development of the Cas12a-based DETECTR (DNA endonuclease-targeted CRISPR trans reporter) assay for highly specific and sensitive detection of CLas nucleic acids from infected samples. The DETECTR assay, which targets the five-copy nrdB gene specific to CLas, couples isothermal amplification with Cas12a trans-cleavage of fluorescent reporter oligos and enables detection of CLas nucleic acids at the attomolar level. The DETECTR assay was capable of specifically detecting the presence of CLas across different infected citrus, periwinkle and psyllid samples, and shown to be compatible with lateral flow assay technology for potential field-deployable diagnosis. The improvements in detection sensitivity and flexibility of the DETECTR technology position the assay as a potentially suitable tool for early detection of CLas in infected regions.

Use of RNA isolated from feces as a promising tool for the early detection of colorectal cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Occult Blood ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Fecal Occult

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer worldwide. Early detection would allow patients to be treated surgically and halt the progression of the disease; however, the current methods of early detection are invasive (colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy) or have low sensitivity (fecal occult blood test). The altered expression of genes in stool samples of patients with colorectal cancer can be determined by RT-PCR. This is a noninvasive and highly sensitive technique for colorectal cancer screening. According to information gathered in this review and our own experience, the use of fecal RNA to determine early alterations in gene expression due to malignancy appears to be a promising alternative to the current detection methods and owing to its low cost could be implemented in public health services.

scholarly journals Current status of mosaic disease on patchouli and its control in Indonesia

Perspektif ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Rita Noveriza
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Citronella Oil ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Pogostemon Cablin

<p align="center">ABSTRACK</p><p>In Indonesia, the patchouli plant has been developed in twenty one Province and now there are 10 provinces that would be the area of development of patchouli with an area of 150 ha and a seed garden is focused in North Sulawesi with an area of 6 hectares. Mosaic disease on patchouli has been developing very fast, within a period of 3 years have spread to the central cultivation of patchouli in Sumatera, Java and Sulawesi. This is mainly due to the multiplication of patchouli by vegetative cutting. Therefore, the use of virus-free seed patchouli and early detection methods of patchouli seed is a major concern. In addition, the maintenance of patchouli seeds in the nursery to be free of mosaic disease and its vector is very important. Sanitation and spraying the plants with formulation of clove and citronella oil needs to be done every one or two weeks to protect the seed patchouli in nursery and every four weeks in field.</p><p>Keywords: Pogostemon cablin, Potyvirus, biopesticide, mosaic disease control.</p><p> </p><p align="center">ABSTRAK</p><p>Status terkini penyakit mosaik pada tanaman nilan dan pengendaliannya di Indonesia</p><p>Di Indonesia, tanaman nilam telah dikembangkan di duapuluh satu Provinsi dan sekarang ada 10 provinsi yang akan menjadi daerah pengembangan nilam dengan luas 150 ha dan kebun bibit difokuskan di Sulawesi Utara dengan luas 6 hektar. Penyakit mosaik dari nilam telah berkembang sangat cepat, dalam jangka waktu 3 tahun telah menyebar ke budidaya pusat nilam di Sumatera, Jawa dan Sulawesi. Hal ini terutama disebabkan oleh perbanyakan nilam dengan memotong vegetatif. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan nilam benih bebas virus dan metode deteksi dini benih nilam merupakan perhatian utama. Selain itu, pemeliharaan bibit nilam di persemaian untuk bebas dari penyakit mosaik dan vektor yang sangat penting. Sanitasi dan penyemprotan tanaman dengan formulasi cengkeh dan minyak sereh perlu dilakukan setiap satu atau dua minggu untuk melindungi benih nilam di persemaian dan setiap empat minggu di lapangan.</p>Kata kunci: Pogostemon cablin, Potyvirus, biopestisida, pengendalian penyakit mosaik.

scholarly journals Methods for Early Detection of Microbiological Infestation of Buildings Based on Gas Sensor Technologies

Chemosensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Garbacz ◽  
Agnieszka Malec ◽  
Sylwia Duda-Saternus ◽  
Zbigniew Suchorab ◽  
Łukasz Guz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Gas Sensor ◽  
Sick Building Syndrome ◽  
Sensor Arrays ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Gas Sensor Arrays

In this review, the problem of microbiological infestation of buildings was discussed. The techniques of detection were described as well, with special attention drawn to the rapid-early detection methods based on gas sensor arrays. The physical and chemical conditions of the building environment conducive to the development of microorganisms and the technical conditions influencing the problem of microbiological infestation were investigated. Additionally, the harmful effects on human health caused by the microbiological contamination were discussed, with a short review of particular groups of microorganisms causing sick building syndrome. Among the detection techniques, the traditional microbiological techniques as well as the molecular and chemical methods were presented. Different designs of the gas sensor arrays together with the various techniques of analyzing the received multidimensional signal were described, analyzed, and compared in detail.

Systematic review of surveillance systems and methods for early detection of exotic, new and re-emerging diseases in animal populations

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (10) ◽  
pp. 2018-2042 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. RODRÍGUEZ-PRIETO ◽  
M. VICENTE-RUBIANO ◽  
A. SÁNCHEZ-MATAMOROS ◽  
C. RUBIO-GUERRI ◽  
M. MELERO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Globalized World

SUMMARYIn this globalized world, the spread of new, exotic and re-emerging diseases has become one of the most important threats to animal production and public health. This systematic review analyses conventional and novel early detection methods applied to surveillance. In all, 125 scientific documents were considered for this study. Exotic (n = 49) and re-emerging (n = 27) diseases constituted the most frequently represented health threats. In addition, the majority of studies were related to zoonoses (n = 66). The approaches found in the review could be divided in surveillance modalities, both active (n = 23) and passive (n = 5); and tools and methodologies that support surveillance activities (n = 57). Combinations of surveillance modalities and tools (n = 40) were also found. Risk-based approaches were very common (n = 60), especially in the papers describing tools and methodologies (n = 50). The main applications, benefits and limitations of each approach were extracted from the papers. This information will be very useful for informing the development of tools to facilitate the design of cost-effective surveillance strategies. Thus, the current literature review provides key information about the advantages, disadvantages, limitations and potential application of methodologies for the early detection of new, exotic and re-emerging diseases.

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