Development of soy-based adhesives for the manufacture of wood composite products

Holzforschung ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 857-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangbo He ◽  
Martin Feng ◽  
Chunping Dai
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Canadian Standard Association ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Soy Proteins ◽  
Wood Composite ◽  
Wood Composites ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Bonding Performance ◽  
Dry And Wet Conditions

Abstract Soy-based resins have recently attracted great attention as adhesives in the wood composite industry. This article is focusing on hydrolysis and modification of soy protein concentrates to formulate soy-based resins for wood composites. The soy-based resins have been evaluated in terms of bondability on wood substrates and bonding performance in plywood products. The performance of plywood was found to meet the relevant CSA standard (Canadian Standard Association) requirements under both of dry and wet conditions, if the soy-based resins were obtained from low hydrolyzed soy flour. Hydrolysis is an effective and efficient tool for reducing the viscosity of soy resins. However, hydrolysis also reduces the bond strength of soy-based resins as hydrolysis cleaves the macromolecules of soy proteins into smaller molecules. Modified soy-based resins have a certain potential for production of interior- and exterior-used plywood.

Development and evaluation of new curing agents derived from glycerol for formaldehyde-free soy-based adhesives in wood composites

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Huang ◽  
Kai Gu ◽  
Kaichang Li
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Internal Bond ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Wood Composites ◽  
Curing Agents ◽  
Resistance Tests

Abstract Three novel curing agents (I, II, and III) were synthesized from epichlorohydrin and ammonium hydroxide. The combinations of soy flour (SF) with one of the curing agents (SF-I, SF-II, and SF-III) were investigated as adhesives for making interior plywood. Water resistance tests showed that plywood panels bonded with SF-I and SF-III adhesives met the requirements of interior plywood, whereas those bonded with SF-II did not. The modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength of particleboard panels bonded with the SF-II adhesive all exceeded the corresponding minimum industrial requirements for M-2 grade particleboard.

scholarly journals Improve Performance of Soy Flour Based-Adhesive with a Lignin Based Resin

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochun Zhang ◽  
Yuding Zhu ◽  
Youming Yu ◽  
Jiangang Song
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Crosslinking Density ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Polycondensation Reaction ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Thermo Stability ◽  
Strength Improvement

The aim of this study was to using a lignin based resin (LB) to improve the performance of the soy flour based adhesive. Soy flour (SF), polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE), LB was used to develop a plywood adhesive. The solid content and viscosity of the adhesive, functional groups, thermo-stability, and crystallinity of the cured adhesive were characterized and the performance of the resultant adhesive was evaluated by fabricating three-ply plywood. Results showed using LB and PAE mixture to modify SF adhesive improves dry and wet bond strength by 66.3 and 184.2%. PAE contributed more for the wet bond strength improvement and the LB contributed more for the dry bond strength. The improvement was attributed to: 1) LB/PAE reacted with the functions of the soy protein and form a cross-linking network; 2) Polycondensation reaction between LB molecules further improved crosslinking density of the adhesive and formed a interpenetration structure with crosslinked protein; 3)The easy penetration of LB on wood surface and formed more interlock with wood. The denser structure created by LB and PAE mixture improved the thermal stability and decreased the crystallinity of cured adhesive. The usage of the LB and PAE mixture increased solid content by 35.5%, meanwhile, makes its viscosity acceptable for the industrial application.

Determination of Soy in Meat

1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
David B Berkowitz ◽  
Donald W Webert
Keyword(s):  
Soy Protein ◽  
Protein Conformation ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
Sodium Dodecylsulfate ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Soy Proteins ◽  
Immunological Methods

Abstract A number of methods may be used for determining soy flour in meat products. Highly purified soy products are more difficult to determine because the nonprotein components used to quantify the flour are reduced. Immunoassays have been used to directly measure protein content of soy products. Immunological methods for determination of soy proteins in meat are complicated by changes in the structure of the soy proteins during processing. These changes alter the available epitopes, changing the immunoreactivity of soy proteins. The epitopes available are dictated by the details of the processing. Other workers circumvented this problem by denaturing the soy protein with urea and mercaptoethanol, and then removing these agents by dialysis; whatever the initial protein conformation, all soy samples came to the same final conformation after the denaturing agents were removed. The assay used antibody made against the "renatured protein." These steps made the assay long and laborious. Attempts to develop a rapid assay were complicated by the same protein denaturation problems. Sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis coupled with immunoblotting may be the best quantitative approach.

scholarly journals Chitosan-Based Adhesive: Optimization of Tensile Shear Strength in Dry and Wet Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-120
Author(s):  
Maisa Abdelmoula ◽  
Hajer Ben Hlima ◽  
Frédéric Michalet ◽  
Gérard Bourduche ◽  
Jean-Yves Chavant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Tensile Shear Strength ◽  
Tensile Shear ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
Assembly Time ◽  
Deacetylation Degree ◽  
Dry And Wet Conditions

Commercial adhesives present a high bond strength and water resistance, but they are considered non-healthier products. Chitosan can be considered as an interesting biosourced and biodegradable alternative, despite its low water resistance. Here, its wood bonding implementation and its tensile shear strength in dry and wet conditions were investigated depending on its structural characteristics. Firstly, the spread rate, open assembly time, drying pressure, drying temperature, and drying time have been determined for two chitosans of European pine double lap specimens. An adhesive solution spread rate of 1000 g·m−2, an open assembly time of 10 min, and a pressure temperature of 55 °C for 105 min led to a bond strength of 2.82 MPa. Secondly, a comparison between a high molecular weight/low deacetylation degree chitosan and a lower molecular weight/higher deacetylation degree chitosan was conducted. Tests were conducted with beech simple lap specimens in accordance with the implementation conditions and the conditioning treatments in wet and dry environments required for thermoplastic wood adhesive standards used in non-structural applications (EN 204 and EN 205). The results clearly revealed the dependence of adhesive properties and water resistance on the structural features of chitosans (molecular weight and deacetylation degree), explaining the heterogeneity of results published notably in this field.

Effect of Different Protocols in Preconditioning With EDTA in Sclerotic Dentin and Enamel Before Universal Adhesives Applied in Self-etch Mode

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
EC Martini ◽  
SO Parreiras ◽  
MF Gutierrez ◽  
AD Loguercio ◽  
A Reis
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Adhesive Systems ◽  
Microtensile Bond Strength ◽  
Universal Adhesive ◽  
Etching Pattern ◽  
Bonding Performance ◽  
Universal Adhesives ◽  
Microshear Bond Strength ◽  
Self Etch ◽  
Main Factor

SUMMARY Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different protocols of 17% ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) conditioning on the etching pattern and immediate bond strength of universal adhesives to enamel and sclerotic dentin. Methods and Materials: Forty bovine teeth with sclerotic dentin and 20 human third molars were randomly divided into eight groups resulting from the combination of the main factors surface treatment (none, two-minute EDTA conditioning manual application, 30-second EDTA manual application, 30-second EDTA sonic application) and adhesives systems (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU] and Prime & Bond Elect [PBE]). Resin-dentin and enamel-dentin bond specimens were prepared and tested under the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and microshear bond strength (μSBS) tests, respectively. The etching pattern produced on the unground enamel and the sclerotic dentin surfaces under the different protocols and adhesive systems was evaluated under scanning electron microscopy. Results: For enamel, only the main factor adhesive was significant (p<0.0001), with SBU showing the highest μSBS. In sclerotic dentin, the lowest mean was observed for the group without EDTA application and the highest mean in the group with EDTA application with the sonic device for 30 seconds. Regardless of the EDTA protocol, the highest means of μTBS were observed for SBU (p<0.05). Conclusions: EDTA conditioning improves the bonding performance of universal adhesives in the self-etch mode on sclerotic dentin, mainly when applied for 30 seconds with the aid of a sonic device. EDTA pretreatment also improves the retentive etching pattern of enamel, but it does not result in higher enamel bond strength.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Impact of Micro-Structuring on the Bonding Performance of Beechwood (Fagus Sylvatica L.)

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Destin Bamokina Moanda ◽  
Martin Lehmann ◽  
Peter Niemz
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Waiting Time ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bond Quality ◽  
Structured Surfaces ◽  
Structured Surface ◽  
Bonding Performance ◽  
Delamination Resistance ◽  
Micro Structuring ◽  
The Impact

Although glueing softwood is well mastered by the industry, predicting and controlling bond quality for hardwood is still challenging after years of research. Parameters such as the adhesive type, resin–hardener ratio, and the penetration behaviour of the wood are determinants for the bond quality. The aim of this work was to assess to what extent the glueing behaviour of beechwood can be improved by using structural planing. The different surfacing methods were characterised by their roughness. The bond strength of the micro-structured surfaces was determined according to EN 302-1, and the delamination resistance was tested as indicated by EN 302-2 for type I adhesives. Micro-structured surfaces were compared with different surfaces (generated by surfacing methods such as dull/sharp planing and sanding). In dry test conditions, all surfacing methods gave satisfying results. In the wet stage, the bond strength on the finer micro-structured surface slightly outperformed the coarse structure surface. For the delamination resistance, a clear improvement could be observed for melamine-formaldehyde-bonded specimens since, when using the recommended amount of adhesive, micro-structured surfaces fulfilled the requirements. Nevertheless, structural planing cannot lead to a reduction in the applied grammage since no sample with a smaller amount fulfilled EN 302-2 requirements even by observing the recommended closed assembly waiting time. Adhesion area enlargement of the micro-structuring is minor. The good delamination performance without waiting time (CAT) is not caused by surface enlargement, since finer micro-structured surface with negligible area increase and delivered even better delamination resistance. Subsurface analysis should be carried out to thoroughly investigate this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Effect of pre-treatments and additives on the improvement of cement wood composite: A review

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 7288-7308
Author(s):  
Fatima Z. Brahmia ◽  
Péter György Horváth ◽  
Tibor L. Alpár
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
National Level ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Wood Composite ◽  
Wood Composites ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Magnesium Compounds ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Manufacturing Time

Cement wood composites (CWC) are a popular construction material. Lightweight or panel-wise wood-based buildings have a growing market in central Europe. Requirements and regulations on both the global and national level are forcing continuous developments. This paper summarizes the research achievements in improving the hygroscopic and mechanical properties and shortening the manufacturing time of CWC via pre-treatments and additives. In addition, new perspectives on enhancing its fire resistance properties by using fire retardant pre-treatments are discussed. CWC without any pre-treatment is a material within the B-s1, d0 category of fire resistance. Using fire retardants could upgrade it to the category A1 but the fire retardants should not affect the primary properties of CWC. There are a number of potential fire retardants of wood that may be used, such as phosphorus, boron, and magnesium compounds.

Encapsulated sour cherry pomace extract: Effect on the colour and rheology of cookie dough

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Petrović ◽  
Biljana Pajin ◽  
Ivana Lončarević ◽  
Vesna Tumbas Šaponjac ◽  
Ivana Nikolić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Soy Proteins ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
B Values ◽  
Cherry Pomace

In this study, the effect of encapsulated sour cherry pomace extract on the physical characteristics of the cookie dough (colour, textural and rheological properties) was investigated. Sour cherry pomace extract encapsulated in whey (WE) and soy proteins (SE) was incorporated in cookie dough, replacing 10% (WE10 and SE10) and 15% (WE15 and SE15) of wheat flour. The dough samples containing encapsulates had the grey-blue colour ( b* values significantly decreased compared to control sample). Due to the presence of anthocyanins, a* values of the dough colour increased significantly with the addition of encapsulates. The addition of soy protein encapsulate increased hardness, resistance to extension and viscosity of cookie dough and decreased deformation compliance ( J), while the addition of whey encapsulate caused dough softness, higher deformation compliance and lower values of viscosity compared to control sample. Values of storage and loss modulus, G′ and G″, significantly decreased when wheat flour was replaced with WE and increased when the flour was replaced with soy protein encapsulate. The addition of soy protein encapsulate resulted in higher cookie hardness.

scholarly journals Adhesion of Two Bonding Systems to Air-Abraded or Bur-Abraded Human Enamel Surfaces

2008 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulkadir Sengun ◽  
Hasan Orucoglu ◽  
Ilknur Ipekdal ◽  
Fusun Ozer
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Air Abrasion ◽  
Adhesive Resin ◽  
Bonding Performance ◽  
Human Enamel ◽  
Bond Strengths ◽  
Bonding Systems

ABSTRACTObjectives: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate whether mechanical alteration of the enamel surfaces with air abrasion and bur abrasion techniques could enhance the bonding performance of a three step and a self etching adhesive resin systems to enamel.Methods: 126 extracted lower human incisor teeth were used. The teeth were divided into three groups including 40 teeth each. First group; teeth were used as control and no preparation was made on enamel surfaces, 2nd group; outer enamel surfaces were air abraded, 3rd group; outer enamel surfaces were abraded mechanically with a diamond fissure bur. Cylinder composite resin blocks were bonded to the buccal enamel surfaces with two bonding systems (20 specimens in each group). Bond strengths to enamel surfaces were measured at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan Tests. To examine interface composite resin/enamel surfaces at scanning electron microscopy, remaining 6 teeth were used. Fracture analysis was performed using an optical stereomicroscope.Results: Bond strengths values of Solid Bond were significantly higher than bond strengths of Clearfil SE Bond for all types of enamel (P<.05). Shear bond strength values obtained with Solid Bond (three step system) to three types of enamel surfaces [air-abraded (30.25±7.00 MPa), bur-abraded (29.07±3.53 MPa), control (31.74±7.35 MPa)] were close to each other (P>.05). The macroscopic mode of failures for bonding systems, SB and SE Bond appeared to be adhesive and cohesive in nature.Conclusions: In order to get better bond strength values with self etching systems, it is advisable to prepare enamel surfaces with bur or air abrasion, but it enamel preparation is not necessary for three step systems. (Eur J Dent 2008;2:167-175)

scholarly journals Soybean Bioactive Peptides and Their Functional Properties

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Chatterjee ◽  
Stephen Gleddie ◽  
Chao-Wu Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Soy Proteins ◽  
Health Claim ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Soy Peptides ◽  
The Usa

Soy consumption has been associated with many potential health benefits in reducing chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, insulin-resistance/type II diabetes, certain type of cancers, and immune disorders. These physiological functions have been attributed to soy proteins either as intact soy protein or more commonly as functional or bioactive peptides derived from soybean processing. These findings have led to the approval of a health claim in the USA regarding the ability of soy proteins in reducing the risk for coronary heart disease and the acceptance of a health claim in Canada that soy protein can help lower cholesterol levels. Using different approaches, many soy bioactive peptides that have a variety of physiological functions such as hypolipidemic, anti-hypertensive, and anti-cancer properties, and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects have been identified. Some soy peptides like lunasin and soymorphins possess more than one of these properties and play a role in the prevention of multiple chronic diseases. Overall, progress has been made in understanding the functional and bioactive components of soy. However, more studies are required to further identify their target organs, and elucidate their biological mechanisms of action in order to be potentially used as functional foods or even therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of chronic diseases.

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