Comparison of silicate impregnation methods to reinforce Chinese fir wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Yingfeng Zuo ◽  
Yiqiang Wu ◽  
Guangming Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Residual Rate ◽  
Smoke Production ◽  
Human Respiration ◽  
Strengthen Effect

AbstractInorganic impregnation strengthening of Chinese fir wood was carried out to improve the strength, dimensional stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression of Chinese fir wood. Sodium silicate was used as reinforcement, a sulfate and phosphate mixtures were used as a curing agent, and Chinese fir wood was reinforced by the respiratory impregnation method (RIM) that imitating human respiration and vacuum progressive impregnation method (VPIM). The weight percentage gain (WPG), density increase rate, distribution of modifier, bending strength (BS), compressive strength (CS), hardness, and water resistance of unreinforced Chinese fir wood from the VPIM and RIM were compared. It was found that RIM could effectively open the aspirated pits in Chinese fir wood, so its impregnation effect, strengthen effect and dimension stabilization effects were the best. RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood was filled with silicate both horizontally and vertically. At the same time, the transverse permeability of silicate through aspirated pits was significantly improved. The chemical structure, crystalline structure, flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and thermal stability of VPIM- and RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cone calorimeter (CONE), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicated that although the crystallinity of RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood decreased the most, more chemical crosslinking and hydrogen bonding were formed in the wood, and the strengthen effect was still the best. Compared with VPIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood, RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood had lower heat release rate (HRR), peak-HRR, mean-HRR, total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP), higher thermal decomposition temperature and residual rate. It was indicated that RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood was a better flame retardant, and has a smoke suppression effect, thermal stability, and safety performance in the case of fire.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Organic and Inorganic Modification of Chinese Fir Wood Based on the Respiratory Impregnation Method

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Yingfeng Zuo ◽  
Jianxiong Lu ◽  
Guangming Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Residual Rate ◽  
Smoke Production ◽  
Better Than

To compare The effects of organic and inorganic impregnation on the properties of unmodified, phenol formaldehyde oligomer-modified (PFOMCF), and sodium silicate-modified Chinese fir wood (SSMCF) were compared using samples prepared using the respiratory impregnation method. Impregnation and reinforcement effects and water resistance of PFOMCF and SSMCF were compared and the results was showed that the weight percentage gain, density increase rate, bending strength, and compressive strength of SSMCF were clearly higher than those of PFOMCF and had a lower water absorption rate within 60 h. The impregnation and reinforcement effects and dimensional stability of SSMCF were better than those of PFOMCF. FT-IR, XRD, CONE, and TGA examinations were used to test and analyze the chemical structure, crystalline structure, flame retardancy, and heat resistance of these modified woods. The results indicated that SSMCF possessed more hydrogen bonds than PFOMCF and that Si–O–Si chemical bonding with high bond energy was formed. Meanwhile, the weakened degree of the diffraction peak of SSMCF was much less than that of PFOMCF. These results explained that the mechanical properties and water resistance of SSMCF were better than PFOMCF. Compared with PFOMCF, SSMCF had a lower heat release rate (HRR), peak-HRR, mean-HRR, total heat release, smoke production rate, and total smoke production as well as higher thermal decomposition temperature and residual rate. Inorganic sodium silicate was shown to be a better flame retardant, while SSMCF had good smoke suppression effects, thermal stability, and safety performance in the case of fire.

scholarly journals Highly Efficient Composite Flame Retardants for Improving the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, Smoke Suppression, and Mechanical Properties of EVA

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Yilin Liu ◽  
Bin Li ◽  
Miaojun Xu ◽  
Lili Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Average Mass

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer has been used extensively in many fields. However, EVA is flammable and releases CO gas during burning. In this work, a composite flame retardant with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a charring–foaming agent (CFA), and a layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing rare-earth elements (REEs) was obtained and used to improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and smoke suppression for an EVA matrix. The thermal analysis showed that the maximum thermal degradation temperature of all composites increased by more than 37 °C compared with that of pure EVA. S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA could achieve self-extinguishing behavior according to the UL-94 tests (V-0 rating). The peak heat release rate (pk-HRR) indicated that all LDHs containing REEs obviously reduced the fire strength in comparison with S-MgAl. In particular, pk-HRR of S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA were all decreased by more than 82% in comparison with pure EVA. Furthermore, the total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and production rate of CO (COP) also decreased significantly. The average mass loss rate (AMLR) confirmed that the flame retardant exerted an effect in the condensed phase of the composites. Meanwhile, the combination of APP, CFA, and LDH containing REEs allowed the EVA matrix to maintain good mechanical properties.

Comparative study of thermal degradation and flame retardancy between straw flour and wood flour on wood–polypropylene composites

2019 ◽  
pp. 089270571986940
Author(s):  
Chuigen Guo ◽  
Ran Chen ◽  
Liping Li
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Physical Integrity ◽  
Pp Composites

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal degradation and flame retardancy of straw flour (SF)-polypropylene (PP) composites and wood flour (WF)-PP composites. Biomass silica exists in SF, despite only 18 wt% loading of ammonium polyphosphate (APP); the APP in combination with biomass silica can effectively improve the flame retardancy on total heat release, heat release rate (HRR), mass loss rate, time to ignition (TTI), and limited oxygen index; it can obtain UL-94 V-0 rating, reduce the average and peak HRR by 44% and 41%, respectively, and increase the TTI by 8%. It attributes to the interaction effect between biomass silica in SF and APP, which more effectively enhances the thermal stability of the SF/PP/APP composites at high temperature and increases the char residue. The silica could form an intercalated network in char structure and then boost the physical integrity. The enhanced physical integrity and thermal stability lead to an effectively synergetic effect on flame retardancy of SF/PP/APP composites.

scholarly journals Synthesis of a Novel Phosphorous-Nitrogen Based Charring Agent and Its Application in Flame-retardant HDPE/IFR Composites

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junlei Chen ◽  
Jihui Wang ◽  
Aiqing Ni ◽  
Hongda Chen ◽  
Penglong Shen
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Charring Agent ◽  
Migration Percentage ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

In this work, a novel phosphorous–nitrogen based charring agent named poly(1,3-diaminopropane-1,3,5-triazine-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate) (PDTBP) was synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) together with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that PDTBP was successfully synthesized. Compared with the traditional intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system contained APP and pentaerythritol (PER), the novel IFR system (APP/PDTBP, weight ratio of 2:1) could significantly promote the flame retardancy, water resistance, and thermal stability of HDPE. The HDPE/APP/PDTBP composites (PE3) could achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating with LOI value of 30.8%, and had a lower migration percentage (2.2%). However, the HDPE/APP/PER composites (PE5) had the highest migration percentage (4.7%), lower LOI value of 23.9%, and could only achieve a UL-94 V-1 rating. Besides, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and fire hazard value of PE3 were markedly decreased compared to PE5. PE3 had higher tensile strength and flexural strength of 16.27 ± 0.42 MPa and 32.03 ± 0.59 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the possible flame-retardant mechanism of the APP/PDTBP IFR system indicated that compact and continuous intumescent char layer would be formed during burning, thus inhibiting the degradation of substrate material and improving the thermal stability of HDPE.

scholarly journals Solid Wastes Toward Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanhua Gao ◽  
Siqi Huo ◽  
Zhenhu Cao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Recycle And Reuse

It has been significant yet challenging to recycle and reuse different kinds of wastes because of their mass production within society. Many efforts have been conducted to reuse wastes in different fields. Interestingly, some wastes have been employed to replace traditional petroleum-based flame retardants for polymeric materials. This review focuses on the recent development of waste flame retardants and their impacts on thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression of polymers, followed by representative flame-retardant mechanisms. Finally, the key challenges associated with waste flame retardants are presented, and some future perspectives are proposed.

scholarly journals Flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics of bamboo impregnated with silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcates

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1311-1324
Author(s):  
Yating Hua ◽  
Chungui Du ◽  
Huilong Yu ◽  
Ailian Hu ◽  
Rui Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Yield

Flame-retardant silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcites (CaAl-SiO3-LDHs) were synthesized to treat bamboo for retardancy, to overcome the bamboo’s flammability and reduce the production of toxic smoke during combustion. The microstructure, elemental composition, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression characteristics of the bamboo before and after the fire-retardant treatment with different pressure impregnation were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental analysis (EDX), and cone calorimetry. It was found that CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame retardants can effectively fill and cover the cell wall surface and the cell cavity of bamboo without damaging the microstructure. As compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the heat release rate (HRR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo was significantly reduced, the total heat release (THR) decreased by 31.3%, the residue mass increased by 51.4%, the time to ignition (TTI) delay rate reached 77.8%, the mass loss rate (MLR) decreased, and the carbon formation improved. Additionally, as compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the total smoke release (TSR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo decreased by 38.9%, and the carbon monoxide yield (YCO) approached zero. Thus, the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo has excellent flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics.

Layered double hydroxide-decorated flexible polyurethane foam: significantly improved toxic effluent elimination

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (118) ◽  
pp. 97458-97466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Liu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yuan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxide ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Layer Method ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane ◽  
Double Hydroxide

A layered double hydroxide-based fire-blocking coating was deposited on the surface of a flexible polyurethane foam using a layer-by-layer method to improve its thermal stability, flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties.

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