Comparative study of thermal degradation and flame retardancy between straw flour and wood flour on wood–polypropylene composites

2019 ◽  
pp. 089270571986940
Author(s):  
Chuigen Guo ◽  
Ran Chen ◽  
Liping Li
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Physical Integrity ◽  
Pp Composites

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal degradation and flame retardancy of straw flour (SF)-polypropylene (PP) composites and wood flour (WF)-PP composites. Biomass silica exists in SF, despite only 18 wt% loading of ammonium polyphosphate (APP); the APP in combination with biomass silica can effectively improve the flame retardancy on total heat release, heat release rate (HRR), mass loss rate, time to ignition (TTI), and limited oxygen index; it can obtain UL-94 V-0 rating, reduce the average and peak HRR by 44% and 41%, respectively, and increase the TTI by 8%. It attributes to the interaction effect between biomass silica in SF and APP, which more effectively enhances the thermal stability of the SF/PP/APP composites at high temperature and increases the char residue. The silica could form an intercalated network in char structure and then boost the physical integrity. The enhanced physical integrity and thermal stability lead to an effectively synergetic effect on flame retardancy of SF/PP/APP composites.

scholarly journals Highly Efficient Composite Flame Retardants for Improving the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, Smoke Suppression, and Mechanical Properties of EVA

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Yilin Liu ◽  
Bin Li ◽  
Miaojun Xu ◽  
Lili Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Average Mass

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer has been used extensively in many fields. However, EVA is flammable and releases CO gas during burning. In this work, a composite flame retardant with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a charring–foaming agent (CFA), and a layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing rare-earth elements (REEs) was obtained and used to improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and smoke suppression for an EVA matrix. The thermal analysis showed that the maximum thermal degradation temperature of all composites increased by more than 37 °C compared with that of pure EVA. S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA could achieve self-extinguishing behavior according to the UL-94 tests (V-0 rating). The peak heat release rate (pk-HRR) indicated that all LDHs containing REEs obviously reduced the fire strength in comparison with S-MgAl. In particular, pk-HRR of S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA were all decreased by more than 82% in comparison with pure EVA. Furthermore, the total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and production rate of CO (COP) also decreased significantly. The average mass loss rate (AMLR) confirmed that the flame retardant exerted an effect in the condensed phase of the composites. Meanwhile, the combination of APP, CFA, and LDH containing REEs allowed the EVA matrix to maintain good mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites with Low Densities

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerea Pérez ◽  
Xiao-Lin Qi ◽  
Shibin Nie ◽  
Pablo Acuña ◽  
Ming-Jun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Zirconium Phosphate ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Material Density ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Pp Composites

Polypropylene (PP) is currently widely used in areas requiring lightweight materials because of its low density. Due to the intrinsic flammability, the application of PP is restricted in many conditions. Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) is reported as a practical flame retardant for PP, but the addition of ATH often diminishes the lightweight advantage of PP. Therefore, in this work, glass bubbles (GB) and octacedylamine-modified zirconium phosphate (mZrP) are introduced into the PP/ATH composite in order to lower the material density and simultaneously maintain/enhance the flame retardancy. A series of PP composites have been prepared to explore the formulation which can endow the composite with balanced flame retardancy, good mechanical properties, and low density. The morphology, thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of the composites were characterized. The results indicated the addition of GB could reduce the density, but decreased the flame retardancy of PP composites at the same time. To overcome this defect, ATH and mZrP with synergetic effect of flame retardancy were added into the composite. The dosage of each additive was optimized for achieving a balance of flame retardancy, good mechanical properties, and density. With 47 wt % ATH, 10 wt % GB, and 3 wt % mZrP, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) of the composite PP-4 were reduced by 91% and 78%, respectively. At the same time, increased impact strength was achieved compared with neat PP and the composite with ATH only. Maintaining the flame retardancy and mechanical properties, the density of composite PP-4 (1.27 g·cm−3) is lower than that with ATH only (PP-1, 1.46 g·cm−3). Through this research, we hope to provide an efficient approach to designing flame retardant polypropylene (PP) composites with low density.

Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, and Mechanical Properties of Sisal Fiber/Organoclay/Polypropylene Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 410 ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wichuda Chanprapanon ◽  
Nitinat Suppakarn ◽  
Kasama Jarukumjorn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Interfacial Adhesion ◽  
Sisal Fiber ◽  
Melt Blending ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Pp Composites ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Composites based on polypropylene (PP) and sisal fiber (SF) were prepared by melt blending. Sisal fiber content was 30 phr. Organoclay (OMMT; Cloisite®30B) (1-7 phr) was incorporated into the composites. In addition, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was used as a compatibilizer to enhance the interfacial adhesion between PP matrix and sisal fiber and also to improve the dispersion of the organoclay in PP matrix. The addition of OMMT had insignificantly affected mechanical properties of SF/PP composites. However, flame retardancy and thermal stability of SF/PP composites were improved dramatically with the presence of OMMT.

Comparison of silicate impregnation methods to reinforce Chinese fir wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Yingfeng Zuo ◽  
Yiqiang Wu ◽  
Guangming Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Residual Rate ◽  
Smoke Production ◽  
Human Respiration ◽  
Strengthen Effect

AbstractInorganic impregnation strengthening of Chinese fir wood was carried out to improve the strength, dimensional stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression of Chinese fir wood. Sodium silicate was used as reinforcement, a sulfate and phosphate mixtures were used as a curing agent, and Chinese fir wood was reinforced by the respiratory impregnation method (RIM) that imitating human respiration and vacuum progressive impregnation method (VPIM). The weight percentage gain (WPG), density increase rate, distribution of modifier, bending strength (BS), compressive strength (CS), hardness, and water resistance of unreinforced Chinese fir wood from the VPIM and RIM were compared. It was found that RIM could effectively open the aspirated pits in Chinese fir wood, so its impregnation effect, strengthen effect and dimension stabilization effects were the best. RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood was filled with silicate both horizontally and vertically. At the same time, the transverse permeability of silicate through aspirated pits was significantly improved. The chemical structure, crystalline structure, flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and thermal stability of VPIM- and RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cone calorimeter (CONE), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicated that although the crystallinity of RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood decreased the most, more chemical crosslinking and hydrogen bonding were formed in the wood, and the strengthen effect was still the best. Compared with VPIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood, RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood had lower heat release rate (HRR), peak-HRR, mean-HRR, total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP), higher thermal decomposition temperature and residual rate. It was indicated that RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood was a better flame retardant, and has a smoke suppression effect, thermal stability, and safety performance in the case of fire.

The influence of zinc compounds on thermal stability and flame retardancy of wood flour polyvinyl chloride composites

2022 ◽  
Vol 320 ◽  
pp. 126203
Author(s):  
Yiqun Fang ◽  
Aojing Xue ◽  
Fengqiang Wang ◽  
Zhijun Zhang ◽  
Yongming Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Zinc Compounds

scholarly journals Density Effect on Flame Retardancy, Thermal Degradation, and Combustibility of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Modified by Expandable Graphite or Ammonium Polyphosphate

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang ◽  
Liu ◽  
Jiang ◽  
Chen ◽  
Wan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Combustion Behaviors

The current study aims at comparatively investigating the effect of apparent density on flame retardancy, thermal degradation and combustion behaviors of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), RPUF/ expandable graphite (EG) and RPUF/ ammonium polyphosphate (APP). A series of RPUF, RPUF/EG and RPUF/APP samples with different apparent densities (30, 60 and 90 kg/m3) were prepared. The flame retardancy, thermal degradation, and combustion behaviors of each sample were investigated. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) results indicated that increasing apparent density was beneficial to the flame retardancy of all foam systems. The effect of apparent density on the enhancement of flame retardancy followed the sequence of RPUF < RPUF/APP < RPUF/EG. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that an increase in the apparent density can cause more weight loss in the first degradation stage and less weight loss in the second degradation stage for all foam systems. The combustion behaviors also showed significant differences. The samples with a higher apparent density showed a longer duration of heat release and higher total heat release (THR). The findings in this study demonstrated that apparent density played an important role in flame retardancy, thermal degradation, and combustion behaviors of RPUF, which must be paid more attention in the studies of flame-retardant RPUF.

scholarly journals Synthesis of a Novel Phosphorous-Nitrogen Based Charring Agent and Its Application in Flame-retardant HDPE/IFR Composites

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junlei Chen ◽  
Jihui Wang ◽  
Aiqing Ni ◽  
Hongda Chen ◽  
Penglong Shen
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Charring Agent ◽  
Migration Percentage ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

In this work, a novel phosphorous–nitrogen based charring agent named poly(1,3-diaminopropane-1,3,5-triazine-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate) (PDTBP) was synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) together with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that PDTBP was successfully synthesized. Compared with the traditional intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system contained APP and pentaerythritol (PER), the novel IFR system (APP/PDTBP, weight ratio of 2:1) could significantly promote the flame retardancy, water resistance, and thermal stability of HDPE. The HDPE/APP/PDTBP composites (PE3) could achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating with LOI value of 30.8%, and had a lower migration percentage (2.2%). However, the HDPE/APP/PER composites (PE5) had the highest migration percentage (4.7%), lower LOI value of 23.9%, and could only achieve a UL-94 V-1 rating. Besides, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and fire hazard value of PE3 were markedly decreased compared to PE5. PE3 had higher tensile strength and flexural strength of 16.27 ± 0.42 MPa and 32.03 ± 0.59 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the possible flame-retardant mechanism of the APP/PDTBP IFR system indicated that compact and continuous intumescent char layer would be formed during burning, thus inhibiting the degradation of substrate material and improving the thermal stability of HDPE.

Thermal properties and thermal degradation kinetics of phenolic and wood flour-reinforced phenolic foams

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Domínguez ◽  
B del Saz-Orozco ◽  
M Oliet ◽  
MV Alonso ◽  
F Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Thermal Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Kinetic Methods ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Phenolic Foam ◽  
Kinetics Of

In the present work, the thermal stability, changes in chemical structure during thermal degradation, and the kinetics of thermal degradation of a phenolic foam were studied. An 8.5 wt% of Pinus radiata wood flour reinforcement was added to the phenolic foam. A commercial phenolic resol was used as the matrix for the foam. The wood flour-reinforced foam showed a structure similar to the phenolic foam according to the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results. The wood flour increased the thermal stability of the phenolic foam in the first stage of thermal degradation ( T 5%), decreased it in the second step ( T 25%), and negligibly influenced the final stage. The activation energies of the degradation processes of the studied materials were obtained by the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa model-free kinetic methods and a 2-Gaussian distributed activation energy model. The values of the activation energies obtained by the model-free kinetic methods for the first degradation stage of the phenolic foams were in a range between 110 and 170 kJ mol−1, whereas for the wood flour it was 162 kJ mol−1 for almost all of the conversion range of its main degradation stage. The applied models showed good fits for all the materials, and the activation energies calculated were in agreement with the values found in the literature.

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