Attitudes of medical students toward disabilities in Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Ajuwon ◽  
Foluso Ebun Afolabi Lesi ◽  
Oluwakemi Odukoya ◽  
Carrie Melia
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Children With Disabilities ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Further Education ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Individuals With Disabilities

AbstractThis study investigated the attitudes of dental and medical students toward disability issues in Nigeria. The setting was the College of Medicine, University of Lagos (CMUL), Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria. The researchers surveyed two groups of 500-level students (i.e., 142 medical and 42 dental students). Participants voluntarily and anonymously completed a survey in July 2013 after a year-long exposure to disabilities in class modules and community-based experiences. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted. The researchers found three factors, namely: caring for children with disabilities, eliminating disabilities and outlook toward disabilities. Participants exhibited the greatest sympathy toward caring for children with disabilities and for eliminating disabilities. However, participants overall had a negative outlook toward individuals with disabilities. Additionally, younger participants and female participants tended to be more sympathetic toward individuals with disabilities. Although the trends found in this research were largely positive, the researchers identified some negative patterns. Specifically, participants admitted to feeling frustrated while caring for individuals with disabilities. They also reported feeling that families of children with disabilities do not love and care for their children as much as other families. These findings, among other things, indicate that medical students in Nigeria could benefit from further education about disabilities.

scholarly journals Development of teaching quality evaluation questionnaire for preclinical courses: an exploratory factor analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan He ◽  
Xiaofei Ye ◽  
Nannan Feng ◽  
Hengye Huang ◽  
Yulan Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Teaching Effectiveness ◽  
Teaching Quality ◽  
Teacher Characteristics ◽  
Course Quality ◽  
Teaching Attitudes

Abstract Background Course quality assessment contributes to evaluate teaching effectiveness and to improve student learning. Several course quality assessment questionnaires have been carried out associated with teaching quality evaluation of medical education. However, little is known about views of medical students regarding the quality of preclinical courses. To fill this gap, we aimed to develop a novel multi-dimension instrument for assessing teaching quality with the perception of medical students in preclinical courses.Methods The original Teaching Quality Evaluation Questionnaire (TQEQ) containing seven dimensions: course contents, teaching abilities, teaching methods, teaching attitudes, learning outcomes, teacher characteristics, student subjection, consisting of 47 items was formed according to literature reviews and group design. We sent the original questionnaires with items in a random order to medical students of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. After collecting the valid questionnaires, the exploratory factor analysis was conducted to assess construct validity and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used for evaluating internal consistency reliability of the questionnaires.Results In total, 590/646 (91.3%) of participants completed the questionnaire regarding preclinical course evaluation. The exploratory factor analysis yielded seven common factors, learning outcomes, teaching attitudes, student subjection, teaching abilities, teaching methods, teacher characteristics, teaching interactions, consisting of 39 items explained 58.449% of total variance and the factor loading value was above 0.4. In addition, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from 0.669 to 0.914.Conclusion This study provides a new, validated and useful instrument for measuring teaching effectiveness of preclinical courses based on the views of medical students. It is feasible for use in medical schools.

scholarly journals Once in the Door, Grit May Matter More: An Evaluation of Grit in Medical Students

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Ursua ◽  
Jacob Altholz ◽  
Steven Durning ◽  
Dario Torre ◽  
Ting Dong
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
College Admission ◽  
Medical College Admission Test ◽  
Validity Evidence ◽  
Clinical Knowledge ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Medical Licensing ◽  
Admission Test

ABSTRACT Introduction Health professions educators seek understanding of the process of learner performance and achievement. Grit, defined as passion and perseverance for long-term goals, has been implicated in this process. Research suggests that effort counts twice in achievement: skill times effort equals skill and, subsequently, skill times effort equals achievement. Research also suggests that an individual’s interest influences job performance and satisfaction. Grit, composed of Perseverance of Effort and Consistency of Interest, has been shown to positively correlate with performance and achievement in various disciplines. Limited research reveals Grit negatively correlates with resident attrition and physician burnout. This study evaluates relationships between Grit and medical student performance measures. We gather validity evidence for Grit scale use among medical students and, subsequently, use this data to evaluate for differences in Grit score by gender and assess whether there is a relationship between Grit and standardized exam scores. We hypothesize that Grit will not vary with gender and that it will be positively associated with standardized examination scores. Methods Enrolled students receive the 12-item Grit survey. An exploratory factor analysis evaluates validity evidence of Grit. Descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson correlation, and moderation analysis evaluate if Grit score differs by gender and if there are relationships with standardized exams. Results The survey response rate is 59% (412/698) and exploratory factor analysis replicates the two-factor structure of Grit found in other fields—Perseverance of Effort and Consistency of Interest. Average Grit scores do not significantly differ by gender. Grit weakly correlates with United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 1 (r = 0.10,  = 0.36) and United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (r = 0.12, P=0.29). Grit weakly and negatively correlates with Medical College Admission Test score (r = − 0.18, P<0.05). Grit is not a significant moderator of the relationship between Medical College Admission score and Step exams scores. Conclusion Exploratory factor analysis results provide preliminary validity evidence for Grit scale use in medical students. Grit does not significantly moderate the Medical College Admission Test-Step score relationship. Grit correlates negatively with Medical College Admission Test scores. Though the correlations in this study were not significant, the results showed that Grit may tend to positively correlate with Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge examinations. Given that these three exams are taken at different levels of training, the stepwise progression towards positive correlation may suggest that the theory “effort counts twice” applies to medical training.

scholarly journals Dimensions of Existential, Relatedness and Growth (ERG) Needs of Medical Students for Rural Posting: An Analytical Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Shanmugapriya ◽  
Tanjul Saxena ◽  
Seema Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Factor Loading ◽  
Initial Attempt ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Final Questionnaire

The retention of rural doctors in India is a very big challenge. Despite the mandatory rural postings, year by year rural health statistics indicate an abysmal picture of rural doctors’ vacancies and their shortfalls in many states. Various studies stipulate that rural doctors are quitting rural postings; the reasons are job dissatisfaction, lack of physical facilities, and the dearth of educational exposure for children, low advancements opportunities, etc. A reliable instrument to identify the motivational needs of doctors towards their rural postings, suitable to Indian context is the need of the hour for both policymakers and doctors alike. So, this study aims to acquire the reliability of the Existential, relatedness, and Growth needs of Doctors’ questionnaire and to obtain the dimensions of needs as an initial attempt. An ERG motivational need questionnaire was developed to determine the needs of medical students and doctors to practice in rural areas of India. A literature search and pilot study with 203 medical students were carried out and appropriate items were extracted. This study was conducted in Jaipur, Chennai, and Pondicherry with 203 medical students. The developed questionnaire was initially with 58 items and reduction of items was done through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The reliability of the instrument was measured using internal consistency reliability, by Cronbach alpha coefficient. The instrument is developed with three constructs namely Existential needs (EN), Relatedness Needs (RN), and Growth Needs (GN) with a 5-point Likert scale. The exploratory factor analysis after five rotations converged to 10 factors with 65.971% of the total variance and 0.855 Kaiser-Meyer- Olkin index indicating sampling adequacy. The initial 58 items were reduced by 32 items in the final questionnaire. Factor loading ranged from 0.439- 0.797, consequently the 10 factors were labelled, and their reliability scores are 0.794, 0.782, 0.760, 0.708, 0.788, 0.802, 0.711, 0.615, 0.645, and 0.525. The result obtained has proven that the extracted 10 factors have good reliability to obtain the dimensions of Existential, relatedness, and growth needs. The study results have implications in addressing the problem of rural doctors’ shortage.

scholarly journals Exploratory factor analysis and reliability of the Primary Health Care Engagement (PHCE) Scale in rural and remote nurses: findings from a national survey

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (06) ◽  
pp. 608-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie G. Kosteniuk ◽  
Norma J. Stewart ◽  
Chandima P. Karunanayake ◽  
Erin C. Wilson ◽  
Kelly L. Penz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Rural And Remote ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Contemporary Approach

Aim The study purpose was to provide evidence of validity for the Primary Health Care Engagement (PHCE) Scale, based on exploratory factor analysis and reliability findings from a large national survey of regulated nurses residing and working in rural and remote Canadian communities. Background There are currently no published provider-level instruments to adequately assess delivery of community-based primary health care, relevant to ongoing primary health care (PHC) reform strategies across Canada and elsewhere. The PHCE Scale reflects a contemporary approach that emphasizes community-oriented and community-based elements of PHC delivery. Methods Data from the pan-Canadian Nursing Practice in Rural and Remote Canada II (RRNII) survey were used to conduct an exploratory factor analysis and evaluate the internal consistency reliability of the final PHCE Scale. Findings The RRNII survey sample included 1587 registered nurses, nurse practitioners, licensed practical nurses, and registered psychiatric nurses residing and working in rural and remote Canada. Exploratory factor analysis identified an eight-factor structure across 28 items overall, and good internal consistency reliability was indicated by an α estimate of 0.89 for the final scale. The final 28-item PHCE Scale includes three of four elements in a contemporary approach to PHC (accessibility/availability, community participation, and intersectoral team) and most community-oriented/based elements of PHC (interdisciplinary collaboration, person-centred, continuity, population orientation, and quality improvement). We recommend additional psychometric testing in a range of health care providers and settings, as the PHCE Scale shows promise as a tool for health care planners and researchers to test interventions and track progress in primary health care reform.

scholarly journals Escala para homofobia: validez y confiabilidad en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad de bogotá (colombia), 2010 / homophobia scale: validity and reliability in medical students of a university from bogota (colombia), 2010

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Heidi Celina Oviedo ◽  
Edwin Herazo
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Scale Validity ◽  
Cronbach Alpha ◽  
Good Internal Consistency ◽  
De Medicina

Objetivo: Determinar la validez y confiabilidad de la escala para homofobia (EHF) enestudiantes de medicina de una universidad de Bogotá, Colombia, 2010. Método: Serealizó un estudio de validación con la participación de 124 estudiantes de sexto a décimosemestre, en edades entre 19 y 34 años de edad, media de 23,7 años (DE=2,7);y 66,1%, mujeres y 33,9% hombres. Resultados: Se estimó alfa de Cronbach y omegade McDonald como medidas de confiabilidad y análisis factorial exploratorio paraconocer la estructura interna de la escala. El alfa de Cronbach fue 0,81 y la omega deMcDonald, 0,82. La estructura interna dio cuenta de un único factor responsable del49,2% de la varianza. Conclusión: La EHF muestra buena consistencia interna y unfactor en estudiantes de medicina de sexto a décimo semestre de una universidad deBogotá, Colombia. La escala mide con aceptable validez y confiabilidad el prejuiciohacia personas homosexuales en estudiantes de medicina. Este desempeño permiteel uso en nuevas investigaciones.Objective: To determine the validity and reliability of the Homophobia Scale (HS) inmedical students of a university in Bogotá, Colombia, 2010. Method: A validation studywas conducted with the participation of 124 students from sixth to tenth semester,aged between 19 and 34 years old, average 23.7 years (SD=2.7); and 66.1% womenand 33.9% men. Results: It was estimated Cronbach alpha and McDonald omegaas measures of reliability; and exploratory factor analysis to determine the internalstructure of the scale. Cronbach alpha was 0.81; and McDonald omega, 0.82. Theinternal structure showed a single factor responsible for 49.2% of the total variance.Conclusion: HS shows good internal consistency and a single factor in medical studentsfrom sixth to tenth semester at a university in Bogotá, Colombia. HS measureswith acceptable validity and reliability the prejudice toward homosexuals in medicalstudents. This performance allows use in further research.

Measuring Impact of Stress in Sandwich Generation Caring for Demented Parents

GeroPsych ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence M. Solberg ◽  
Lauren B. Solberg ◽  
Emily N. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Social Worker ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sandwich Generation ◽  
Item Questionnaire ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adult Caregivers ◽  
The Impact

Stress in caregivers may affect the healthcare recipients receive. We examined the impact of stress experienced by 45 adult caregivers of their elderly demented parents. The participants completed a 32-item questionnaire about the impact of experienced stress. The questionnaire also asked about interventions that might help to reduce the impact of stress. After exploratory factor analysis, we reduced the 32-item questionnaire to 13 items. Results indicated that caregivers experienced stress, anxiety, and sadness. Also, emotional, but not financial or professional, well-being was significantly impacted. There was no significant difference between the impact of caregiver stress on members from the sandwich generation and those from the nonsandwich generation. Meeting with a social worker for resource availability was identified most frequently as a potentially helpful intervention for coping with the impact of stress.

The Hierarchical Model of Exercise Dependence

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayatri Kotbagi ◽  
Laurence Kern ◽  
Lucia Romo ◽  
Ramesh Pathare
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Preliminary Version

Abstract. Physical exercise when done excessively may have negative consequences on physical and psychological wellbeing. There exist many scales to measure this phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to create a scale measuring the problematic practice of physical exercise (PPPE Scale) by combining two assessment tools already existing in the field of exercise dependency but anchored in different approaches (EDS-R and EDQ). This research consists of three studies carried out on three independent sample populations. The first study (N = 341) tested the construct validity (exploratory factor analysis); the second study (N = 195) tested the structural validity (confirmatory factor analysis) and the third study (N = 104) tested the convergent validity (correlations) of the preliminary version of the PPPE scale. Exploratory factor analysis identified six distinct dimensions associated with exercise dependency. Furthermore, confirmatory factor analysis validated a second order model consisting of 25 items with six dimensions and four sub-dimensions. The convergent validity of this scale with other constructs (GLTEQ, EAT26, and The Big Five Inventory [BFI]) is satisfactory. The preliminary version of the PPPE must be administered to a large population to refine its psychometric properties and develop scoring norms.

Subclinical Sadism and the Dark Triad

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Johnson ◽  
Rachel A. Plouffe ◽  
Donald H. Saklofske
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Antisocial Personality Traits

Abstract. The Dark Triad is a constellation of three antisocial personality traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Recently, researchers have introduced a “Dark Tetrad” that includes subclinical sadism, although others suggest considerable overlap between psychopathy and sadism. To clarify the position of sadism within the Dark Triad, an online study was conducted with 615 university students. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that a six-factor solution fit the data best, representing Machiavellianism, psychopathy, physical sadism, verbal sadism, narcissism, and vicarious sadism. Furthermore, convergent validity was supported through sadism’s correlations with the HEXACO personality traits. The results support sadism’s inclusion within the Dark Tetrad as a unique construct but with some conceptual overlap with psychopathy.

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