Effects of Moisture Content and Impact Energy on the Cracking Characteristics of Walnuts

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feizollah Shahbazi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Optimum Moisture Content ◽  
Test Apparatus ◽  
Cracking Characteristics ◽  
Impact Energies ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Kernel Yield

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of moisture content and energy of impact on the cracking characteristics of walnuts. A sample of fresh harvested walnuts was divided into four portions and conditioned under sunshine for different time durations to obtain different levels of moisture content [9.2–29.7%, wet basis (w.b.)]. An impact test apparatus was used to apply different impact energies in the range of 0.13–1.11 J to samples with different moisture content. Data obtained on the quantity of fully cracked and unbroken kernel, fully cracked but broken kernel and uncracked nuts were used in the computation of the nuts cracking characteristics. Results showed that moisture content, impact energy and interaction effects of these two variables have significant effect on the walnuts cracking characteristics. Full cracking of nuts increased with impact energy and decreasing moisture content. The optimum moisture content for cracking walnuts that gave the best result combination of high whole kernel yield and low kernel breakage was found to be about 16%. The optimum impact energy for cracking was found to be about 1.01 J (1.01 ± 0.1 J). The results of this study show that development of a centrifugal impact cracker, which uses impact to crack walnuts, is possible. In the designing of the walnut cracker, the radius and speed of the cracker should be such that create impact energy and velocity of about 1.01 J and 11 m/s, respectively, and walnuts should be conditioned to the moisture content of about 16% for optimum efficiency.

scholarly journals Breakage Susceptibility of Wheat and Triticale Seeds Related to Moisture Content and Impact Energy

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
F. Shahbazi ◽  
A Dowlatshah ◽  
S. Valizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Impact Energies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Content Range ◽  
Wheat Seeds

Abstract Mechanical damage of seeds due to harvest, handling and other process is an important factor that affects the quality and quantity of seeds. Seed damage result in lower grain value, storability problem, and reduced seed germination and seedling vigor and subsequent yield of crops. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of moisture content and impact energy on the breakage susceptibility of wheat and triticale seeds. The experiments were conducted at five moisture contents of 7.5, 12, 17, 22 and 27% w.b. and at the impact energies of 0.05 and 0.1 J. The percentage of breakage of both wheat and triticale seeds increased as impact energy increased. The analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between breakage susceptibility of wheat and triticale seeds at the 1% probability level. Triticale seeds had more breakage than wheat seeds. For both wheat and triticale seeds as the moisture content of the seeds increased, the amount of the percentage breakage of seeds decreased as a polynomial. The average values of percentage breakage of wheat seeds decreased from 43.81 to 19.88% as the moisture content increased from 7.5 to 27%. Over this same moisture content range the percentage breakage of triticale seeds varied from 81.34 to 37.77%. Below the moisture contents of 17% for the wheat and 22% for the triticale the percentage breakage of seeds increased dramatically.

scholarly journals The Effect of Sorbitol and Conservation Period on The in Vitro Evolution of Solanum Tuberosum L. Plantlets

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Iustina Brînduşa Ciobanu ◽  
Dana Constantinovici
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Impact Energies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wheat Seeds

Abstract Mechanical damage of seeds due to harvest, handling and other process is an important factor that affects the quality and quantity of seeds. Seed damage result in lower grain value, storability problem, and reduced seed germination and seedling vigor and subsequent yield of crops. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of moisture content and impact energy on the breakage susceptibility of wheat and triticale seeds. The experiments were conducted at five moisture contents of 7.5, 12, 17, 22 and 27% w.b. and at the impact energies of 0.05 and 0.1 J. The percentage of breakage of both wheat and triticale seeds increased as impact energy increased. The analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between breakage susceptibility of wheat and triticale seeds at the 1% probability level. Triticale seeds had more breakage than wheat seeds. For both wheat and triticale seeds as the moisture content of the seeds increased, the amount of the percentage breakage of seeds decreased as a polynomial. The average values of percentage breakage of wheat seeds decreased from 43.81 to 19.88% as the moisture content increased from 7.5 to 27%. Over this same moisture content range the percentage breakage of triticale seeds varied from 81.34 to 37.77%. Below the moisture contents of 17% for the wheat and 22% for the triticale the percentage breakage of seeds increased dramatically.

scholarly journals Impact resistance of steel materials to ballistic ejecta and shelter development using steel deck plates

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yamada ◽  
Kohei Tateyama ◽  
Shino Naruke ◽  
Hisashi Sasaki ◽  
Shinichi Torigata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Energy ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Corrugated Plates ◽  
Shelter Construction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ballistic Ejecta

AbstractThe destruction caused by ballistic ejecta from the phreatic eruptions of Mt. Ontake in 2014 and Mt. Kusatsu-Shirane (Mt. Moto-Shirane) in 2018 in Japan, which resulted in numerous casualties, highlighted the need for better evacuation facilities. In response, some mountain huts were reinforced with aramid fabric to convert them into shelters. However, a number of decisions must be made when working to increase the number of shelters, which depend on the location where they are to be built. In this study, we propose a method of using high-strength steel to reinforce wooden buildings for use as shelters. More specifically, assuming that ballistic ejecta has an impact energy of 9 kJ or more, as in previous studies, we developed a method that utilizes SUS304 and SS400 unprocessed steel plates based on existing impact test data. We found that SUS304 is particularly suitable for use as a reinforcing material because it has excellent impact energy absorption characteristics due to its high ductility as well as excellent corrosion resistance. With the aim of increasing the structural strength of steel shelters, we also conducted an impact test on a shelter fabricated from SS400 deck plates (i.e., steel with improved flexural strength provided by work-hardened trapezoidal corrugated plates). The results show that the shelter could withstand impact with an energy of 13.5 kJ (2.66 kg of simulated ballistic ejecta at 101 m/s on impact). In addition, from the result of the impact test using the roof-simulating structure, it was confirmed the impact absorption energy is further increased when artificial pumice as an additional protective layer is installed on this structure. Observations of the shelter after the impact test show that there is still some allowance for deformation caused by projectile impact, which means that the proposed steel shelter holds promise, not only structurally, but also from the aspects of transportation and assembly. Hence, the usefulness of shelters that use steel was shown experimentally. However, shelter construction should be suitable for the target environment.

IMPACT ENERGY AND DUCTILITY INDEX OF KEVLAR REINFORCEMENT WITH KENAF POLYESTER COMPOSITE

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Haznida Bakar ◽  
Koay Mei Hyie ◽  
C.M. Mardziah ◽  
N.R. Nik Roselina ◽  
Nik Rozlin Nik Masdek
Keyword(s):  
Impact Energy ◽  
Hybrid Composite ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Impact Damage ◽  
Ductility Index ◽  
Absorption Energy ◽  
Polyester Composite ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Impact Absorption Energy ◽  
Impact Absorption

This research focuses on the reinforcement of Kevlar in treated kenaf composite, specifically in the study of impact properties as well as the characteristics. The kenaf was treated with 6% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution at a specific period of time before being made into laminates. Impact test was conducted using an instrumented drop tower device at 36J level according to the standard ASTM D7136. Microstructures of the fractured specimens were also analyzed. The results of the study indicated that treated kenaf/Kevlar hybrid composite has better impact absorption energy than pure kenaf composite. Compared to the pure kenaf composite, the hybrid composite absorbs more impact energy and appears to have lower impact damage at the same impact energy level. This is because the Kevlar fibres play an important role to prevent and delay the destruction of composites.

scholarly journals The Effect of Layers and Bullet Type on Impact Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Using a Single Stage Gas Gun (SSGG)

2014 ◽  
Vol 564 ◽  
pp. 428-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N.A. Safri ◽  
Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan ◽  
N. Razali ◽  
Shahnor Basri ◽  
Noorfaizal Yidris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Energy ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Gas Gun ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this work is to study the best number of layer with the higher impact energy using Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP). The number of layers used in this study was 25, 33, 41, and 49. The impact test was performed using Single Stage Gas Gun (SSGG) for each layers given above with different bullets such as blunt, hemispherical and conical bullets. The gas gun pressure was set to 5, 10, 15 and 20 bar. All of the signals captured from the impact test were recorded using a ballistic data acquisition system. The correlation between the impact energy in terms of number of layer and type of bullet from this test are presented and discussed. It can be summarise that as the number of layer increases, impact energy also increases. In addition, from the results, it was observed that by using different types of bullets (blunt, hemispherical, conical), there is only a slight difference in values of energy absorbed by the specimen.

scholarly journals Infestation of four mustard varieties by Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) in relation to different levels of irrigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Mannan ◽  
N Tarannum
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Aphid Population ◽  
Lipaphis Erysimi ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Different Levels

An experiment was conducted to find out the influence of three irrigation levels (no irrigation, one irrigation and two irrigation) on four mustard varieties (Tori- 7, BARI Sharisha-6, BARI Sharisha-9 and BARI Sharisha-8). The non-irrigated plots had highest aphid population (34.96/plant) and lowest (11.16 aphids/plant) in two irrigation. The variety BARI Sharisha-8 showed lowest (5.34 aphids/plant) aphid infestation and its yield was highest (2.05 ton/ha). Interaction effects indicated that the crop escaped from the aphid incidence in the variety BARI Sharisha-8 irrigated 2 times and produced highest yield (2.37 ton/ha). The differences in the aphid population at three irrigation levels affected the yield contributing characters and it was negatively correlated (correlation coefficient value ‘r’ ranged from -0.91 to 1.0).Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(4): 625-632, December 2016

scholarly journals Crushing Susceptibility of Vetch Seeds Under Impact Loading

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
F. Shahbazi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Impact Loading ◽  
Impact Damage ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Mathematical Relationships ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMechanical damage of seeds due to harvest, handling and other process is an important factor that affects the quality and quaintly of seeds. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of moisture content and the impact energy on the breakage susceptibility of vetch seeds. The experiments were conducted at moisture contents of 7.57 to 25% (wet basis) and at the impact energies of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 J, using an impact damage assessment device. The results showed that impact energy, moisture content, and the interaction effects of these two variables significantly influenced the percentage breakage in vetch seeds (p<0.01). Increasing the impact energy from 0.1 to 0.3 J caused a significant increase in the mean values of seeds breakage from 41.69 to 78.67%. It was found that the relation between vetch seeds moisture content and seeds breakage was non-linear, and the extent of damaged seeds decreased significantlyas a polynomial (from 92.47 to 33.56%) with increasing moisture (from 7.57 to 17.5%) and reached a minimum at moisture level of about 17.5%. Further increase in seed moisture, however, caused an increase in the amount of seeds breakage. Mathematical relationships composed of seed moisture content and impact energy, were developed for accurately description the percentage breakage of vetch seeds under impact loading. It was found that the models have provided satisfactory results over the whole set of values for the dependent variable.

scholarly journals Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Lime and Different Levels of Sulphur

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-589
Author(s):  
Imnatemjen Aier ◽  
◽  
D. Nongmaithem ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Stover Yield ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Kernel Yield ◽  
Plot Design

A field experiment was conducted in the Experimental Research Farm of School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development (SASRD), Nagaland University during the kharif season 2018. Groundnut variety ICGS-76 was sown @ 70 kg ha-1 for 60×20 cm2 spacing. The experiment was laid in split plot design with three replications. The main plot treatments consisted of two lime levels: lime @ 0 t ha-1 and lime @ 3 t ha-1 while the sub- plot treatments consisted of five sulphur levels: sulphur @ (0 kg ha-1, 10 kg ha-1, 20 kg ha-1, 30 kg ha-1 and 40 kg ha-1 along with recommended dose of fertilizer at 20:60:40 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1 respectively in the form of diammonium phosphate and murate of potash. The results showed that application of lime @ 3 t ha-1 gave higher growth and yield attributes compared to no lime and also application of sulphur @ 40 kg ha-1 gave higher growth and yield attributes compared to lower doses of sulphur though there was only slight increase in the attributes between each successive doses of sulphur. Overall application of lime and sulphur increased all the yield attributes of groundnut, where the highest number of pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, 100 kernels weight, pod yield, kernel yield and stover yield were recorded when treatment was done with lime @ 3 t ha1 and sulphur @ 40 kg ha-1.

scholarly journals Effect of Sand Percentage on the Compaction Properties and Undrained Shear Strength of Low Plasticity Clay

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
Iyad Alkroosh ◽  
Ali Al-Robay ◽  
Prabir Sarker ◽  
Saif Alzabeebee
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Undrained Shear Strength ◽  
Optimum Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Sand Content ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
Undrained Shear

This paper investigates the influence of sand content on the mechanical behavior of a low plasticity clay that collected from south of Iraq (Sumer town). Samples have been prepared with sand contents of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the clay weight. Standard Proctor and unconfined compression tests have been carried out and the optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, and undrained shear strength have been determined. The results show a gradual increasing trend of the maximum dry density with the increase of the sand content up to 30%. The highest dry density reaches 1.90 g/cm3 corresponding to an optimum moisture content of 12%. In addition, this paper shows that the undrained shear strength is inversely proportional to the increase of the percentage of sand. The results of this work provide a useful addition to the literature regarding the behaviour or low plasticity clay-sand mixture.

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