scholarly journals The effect of 17 years of increased salt iodization on the prevalence and nature of goiter in Croatian schoolchildren

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 995-1000
Author(s):  
Maja Vučinić ◽  
Vesna Kušec ◽  
Sandra Dundović ◽  
Jasenka Ille ◽  
Miroslav Dumić
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
Thyroid Abnormalities ◽  
Urine Iodine ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Abstract Background High goiter prevalence caused by iodine deficiency (medium content 5.6 mg potassium iodide [KI]/kg of salt, median urine iodine concentration [UIC] 68 μg/L) in Croatia was observed in 1991 and 1995 when salt was iodized with 10 mg KI/kg. A new regulation introduced in 1996, specified 25 mg KI/kg of salt resulting in an increase of median UIC to 248 μg/L. Afterwards, goiter prevalence was only assessed in two small studies. Methods In this study, we investigated the prevalence and etiology of goiter in 3594 schoolchildren 17 years after an increase in salt iodization in Croatia. Thyroid size was determined by palpation in 1777 girls and 1817 boys aged 10–18 years. In goitrous children, a thyroid ultrasound and thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG) antibody measurements were performed. Results Goiter was found in 32 children (0.89% vs. 2.8% in 1991, p<0.00001 and 27% in 1995, p<0.00001), simple goiter (SG) in 18/32 (56%) goitrous children vs. 126/152 (82.8%) in 1991 p<0.00001, autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) in 13/32 (40.6%) vs. 19/152 (12.5%) in 1991 p<0.0009, nodules in four: two cysts, toxic adenoma and carcinoma (in 1991 two adenomas and one cyst), Graves’ disease was not found (four in 1991). Subclinical hypothyroidism was found in three children. Thyroid disease was diagnosed in four of 32 children before the investigation. Increased iodine supply decreased goiter prevalence and SG/AT ratio in goitrous patients. Conclusions As thyroid abnormalities were found in 0.89% of children and some required treatment, thyroid examination is important in apparently healthy children regardless of sufficient iodization.

scholarly journals Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies as a Marker of Iodine Status in Healthy Euthyroid Women in First Trimester of Pregnancy Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in Raipur, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (25) ◽  
pp. 1857-1861
Author(s):  
Rachita Nanda ◽  
Suprava Patel ◽  
Prasant Kumar Nayak ◽  
Eli Mohapatra ◽  
Sarita Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies ◽  
Urine Iodine ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

BACKGROUND The importance of adequate iodine status in pregnancy is undoubted as its deficiency is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes for the mother as well as the foetus and neonate. Although median urine iodine concentration can assess iodine status of the population but not at an individual level. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of iodine and identify its effects on thyroid function during the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODS The study was carried out on 341 euthyroid healthy pregnant women using urine iodine concentration and other parameters of thyroid panel at a tertiary care hospital. RESULTS Median (interquartile range) urine iodine concentration and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were 227.37 (161.7, 343.86) μg / L and 1.8 (1.1, 2.7) mIU / L respectively and Mean ± SD of free thyroxine and thyroid peroxidase antibodies were 14.53 ± 2.02 pmol / L and 38.23 ± 9.29 kIU / L respectively. Only thyroid peroxidase antibodies showed significant difference across groups with different iodine status. A positive correlation of urine iodine concentration (UIC) with thyroid peroxidase antibodies was observed (r = 0.137, P = 0.011). Multiple regression analysis revealed that thyroid peroxidase antibodies can serve as an independent predictor of iodine status in the presence of normal levels of TSH and FT4 (t - 3.063, CI; 0.880, 4.038, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Thyroid peroxidase antibodies progressed positively with increase in urine iodine concentration indicating its role as a marker of iodine nutritional status and for early identification of women who can develop autoimmune thyroiditis resulting in hypothyroidism even prior to elevation of thyroid stimulating hormone levels. KEY WORDS Anti-TPO Ab, Free Thyroxine, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Urine Iodine Concentration

scholarly journals Relationship Between Thyroid Hormonal Status in Patients with a Hypothyroid Form of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Iodine Concentrations in Drinking Water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olha Kasiyan ◽  
Halyna Tkachenko ◽  
Natalia Kurhaluk ◽  
Svitlana Yurchenko ◽  
Alek Manenko
Keyword(s):  
Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Supply Network ◽  
Thyroid Status ◽  
Thyroglobulin Antibodies ◽  
Regressive Analysis

AbstractThe current study aimed to identify correlative and regressive dependencies between the water iodine concentration and the levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs), and thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) in the serum of 168 in patients (34 men and 134 women) with a hypothyroid form of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis who use water from the supply network and individual wells. Based on the water iodine concentration, low and moderate degrees of iodine endemia in the location of the patients were determined. In the groups of men and women using water from different water supply sources, there were direct correlations between the water iodine concentrations and the TgAbs and TPOAb titers as well as an inverse dependence between iodine and TSH levels. Multivariate regressive analysis indicated that TgAb and TSH in the group of women using water from a supply network and TPOAb titers in the group of women using well water were independent factors associated with water iodine concentrations. Statistically significant correlations and regressive dependencies between the water iodine concentrations and the biomarkers of the thyroid status of the patients indicate the risk of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis progression, especially among women with additional iodine intake.

Association of Salt Iodization and Urine Iodine Concentration in Schoolchildren from Public Schools in Northeast of Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata de Oliveira Campos ◽  
Sara Cristina Rebouças Lima ◽  
Jair de Souza Braga Filho ◽  
Joice Santos de Jesus ◽  
Sara Moreira Anunciação ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Urine Iodine

scholarly journals Marked Biological Variance in Endocrine and Biochemical Markers in Childhood: Establishment of Pediatric Reference Intervals Using Healthy Community Children from the CALIPER Cohort

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1393-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Bailey ◽  
David Colantonio ◽  
Lianna Kyriakopoulou ◽  
Ashley H Cohen ◽  
Man Khun Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
Total Triiodothyronine ◽  
Total Thyroxine

BACKGROUND Reference intervals are indispensable in evaluating laboratory test results; however, appropriately partitioned pediatric reference values are not readily available. The Canadian Laboratory Initiative for Pediatric Reference Intervals (CALIPER) program is aimed at establishing the influence of age, sex, ethnicity, and body mass index on biochemical markers and developing a comprehensive database of pediatric reference intervals using an a posteriori approach. METHODS A total of 1482 samples were collected from ethnically diverse healthy children ages 2 days to 18 years and analyzed on the Abbott ARCHITECT i2000. Following the CLSI C28-A3 guidelines, age- and sex-specific partitioning was determined for each analyte. Nonparametric and robust methods were used to establish the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles for the reference intervals as well as the 90% CIs. RESULTS New pediatric reference intervals were generated for 14 biomarkers, including α-fetoprotein, cobalamin (vitamin B12), folate, homocysteine, ferritin, cortisol, troponin I, 25(OH)-vitamin D [25(OH)D], intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone, total thyroxine (TT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine. The influence of ethnicity on reference values was also examined, and statistically significant differences were found between ethnic groups for FT4, TT3, TT4, cobalamin, ferritin, iPTH, and 25(OH)D. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes comprehensive pediatric reference intervals for several common endocrine and immunochemical biomarkers obtained in a large cohort of healthy children. The new database will be of global benefit, ensuring appropriate interpretation of pediatric disease biomarkers, but will need further validation for specific immunoassay platforms and in local populations as recommended by the CLSI.

scholarly journals Thyroid Functions in Bamboo-Shoots Consuming Children of Tripura, North-east India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrajit Ray ◽  
A. K. Chandra ◽  
Saru Kumar Debbarma ◽  
Sekhar Kumar Mookerjee ◽  
Ajoy Datta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North East ◽  
Bamboo Shoots ◽  
The Village

Abstract PurposeInformation on thyroid functions in populations consuming potent antithyroidal bamboo-shoots (BS) was found scanty. Therefore, to assess thyroid function in BS consuming children was found relevant.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 127 children from 3 villages. Thyroid volume (TV), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin antibody (Tg-Ab), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab), urinary iodine (UI), urinary thiocyanate (USCN), salt iodine (SI), water iodine (WI), and BS consumption pattern were assessed. ResultsVariable-wise overall mean±SDs/medians/interquartile ranges (IQR) were - age: 8.69±1.69/8.77/7.22-9.74 y, TVol: 0.82±0.27/0.82/0.67-0.96 ml, FT4: 19.5+5.6/20.1/16.9-22.0 pmol/L, FT3: 4.27+1.24/4.22/3.35-4.96 pmol/L, TSH: 2.44+1.39/2.33/1.60-3.15 mIU/L, Tg-Ab: 15.2+10.0/12.5/11.1-14.5 IU/ml, TPO-Ab: 5.58+12.25/3.89/2.90-5.11 IU/ml, UI: 117.4±58.5/108/73-160.5 µg/L, USCN: 0.99+0.67/0.8/0.5-1.2 mg/dl, WI: 4 .69±4.56/3.0/1.35–7µg/L, and BS consumption: 153.8±01.4/119/71.4–214.3 g/person/day respectively. Only 80.3% salt samples had ≥15 ppm iodine. Thyroid dysfunction prevalence was 6.3%. There were positive correlations between TV and FT4 (r=0.2466, p=0.005), UI and TSH (r=0.2633, p=0.003), TSH and FT4 (r=0.2135, p=0.016), TSH and FT3 (r=0.1898, p=0.033), USCN and FT4 (r=0.2477, p=0.005), Tg-Ab and TPO-Ab (r=0.3768, p=<0.001), and negative correlations between Tg-Ab and TSH (r=-0.2024, p=0.023), Tg-Ab and FT4 (r=-0.1869, p=0.035). In boys, USCN had a positive correlation with TPO-Ab (r=0.3069, p=0.018). The village having highest levels of BS consumption (p=0.037) and median UI showed higher TSH levels (p=0.037) and higher FT3 level (p=0.001) compared to the village of lowest BS consumption.ConclusionsThe BS consuming children appear at risk of developing hypothyroidism by Tg-Ab, which may partly be diminished by reducing BS consumption.

scholarly journals THYROID STATUS OF ATHLETES IN VARIOUS DISCIPLINES

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (S1) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
R Radzhabkadiev ◽  
K Vybornaya ◽  
C Lavrinenko ◽  
A Vasilev
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Thyroid Status ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Normal Limits

Aim. The article deals with the assessment of the thyroid status of athletes engaged in physical activity of varying intensity. Materials ant methods. 146 elite athletes involved in bobsleigh, biathlon, shooting and snowboarding participated in the study. We determined the serum concentration of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (f.T3), free thyroxin (f.T4) and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-ab) with the COBAS e411 immunochemistry analyzer (Roche, Germany). The integral thyroid index ((f.T3 + f.T4)/TSH) was used for the assessment of the level of function of the thyroid proper. The conversion index of thyroxin to triiodothyronine (f.T4/ f.T3) was also studied. Results. 40 % of the bobsleigh athletes examined and 29 % of the snowboarders had high serum f.T3. The concentration of f.T4 in all examined athletes both male and female was within normal limits. Approximately 25 % of the male athletes examined had low II values. Among female athletes, 25 % of shooters and 33 % of bobsleigh athletes had low II values. In male biathletes and bobsleigh athletes, TPO-ab was 56 % higher than in shooters and snowboarders. In 43 % of bobsleigh athletes, 19 % of shooters, 10 % of biathletes and snowboarders, the content of TSH in males exceeded the reference intervals. Among females, TSH was high in 25 % of shooters and bobsleigh athletes. Conclusion. There were no statistically significant differences in the content of thyroid hormones in the compared sports groups, which can probably be explained by the activity of deiodinases at the local, intracellular level. At the same time, in a large number of respondents surveyed, the indicators of II and TPO-ab were outside the physiological norm.

scholarly journals Relationship between Different Psoriasis Types and Thyroid Dysfunction: A Retrospective Analysis

Scanning ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Juan Du ◽  
Chunyue Ma ◽  
Runnan Wang ◽  
Lanmei Lin ◽  
Luhui Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Thyroxine

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between different psoriasis types and thyroid dysfunction. Methods. The data of patients diagnosed with psoriasis between January 2013 and October 2018 who underwent thyroid function tests were collected. Free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb), and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were measured. The thyroid function of patients with psoriasis vulgaris, pustular psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis was evaluated, and the differences in hormone levels and antibodies in the pituitary-thyroid axis with psoriasis type were analyzed. Results. The data of a total of 468 patients were analyzed in this study. The proportion of normal hormone levels was higher among vulgaris patients ( P < 0.001 ), while the erythrodermic patients were more likely to have decreased FT3 or FT4 but normal TSH ( P < 0.001 ). FT3 levels were lower in pustular patients ( P < 0.05 ), FT4 levels were lower in erythrodermic patients ( P < 0.05 ), and TSH levels were higher in patients with psoriatic arthritis ( P < 0.05 ). TPOAb levels were higher than normal in all patients, but there was no significant difference in the levels of TPOAb and TGAb among 4 types of the patients. Conclusion. Psoriasis is related to thyroid dysfunction, especially in patients with atypical psoriasis types. The possibility of complications should be considered in erythrodermic patients.

NO LONGTERM SEVERE THYROID DYSFUNCTION SEEN IN PATIENTS WITH PREEXISTING REDUCED SERUM TT3 CONCENTRATIONS AFTER A SINGLE LARGE DOSE OF IODINATED CONTRAST

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 840-845
Author(s):  
Si Hai-Long ◽  
Qin Qin ◽  
Liu Yuan-Yuan ◽  
Zhao Bing-Rang
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
World Health ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Iodinated Contrast ◽  
Total Triiodothyronine ◽  
Total Thyroxine ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: After an intravenous bolus injection of 100 mL of iodinated contrast agent (370 mgI/mL), the amount of iodine atoms entering the blood is tens of thousands of times the daily dose of iodine recommended by the World Health Organization. However, the effect of iodinated contrast in patients with nonthyroidal illness, manifested as reduced serum total triiodothyronine (TT3) concentrations, is unclear. We studied the effect of iodinated contrast on thyroid function and auto-antibodies in patients with reduced TT3 after diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study. One hundred and fifty-four stable angina pectoris patients with reduced TT3 and normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) were enrolled from January, 2017, to June, 2018. All subjects had no history of thyroid dysfunction and had no recent infections, tumors, trauma, or other critical illnesses. Fourty-one patients underwent coronary angiography and 113 patients underwent coronary intervention. Results: There were 6 patients (3.9%) with hypothyroidism and 30 patients (19.5%) developed subclinical hypothyroidism (SCHypo) on the first day after surgery. There were 6 patients (3.9%) with hypothyroidism, 6 patients (3.9%) with SCHypo, and 18 patients (11.7%) with subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCHyper) at the first month postsurgery. There were 23 patients (14.9%) with SCHyper and 6 patients (3.9%) with SCHypo at the sixth month after surgery. No patient with longterm severe thyroid dysfunction occurred during follow-up. The levels of free triiodothyronine, FT4, TT3, total thyroxine, and TSH showed statistically significant changes at 1 day, and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperative ( P<.005). The level of rT3 showed no statistically significant change at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperative ( P>.05). The levels of thyroglobulin antibody and thyroid peroxidase antibody decreased at 6 months postoperative ( P<.001). Conclusion: The risk of subclinical thyroid dysfunction and transient hypothyroidism occurred with a single large dose of iodinated contrast in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease, but no longterm severe thyroid dysfunction occurred. Patients with preoperative thyroid antibody elevation were more likely to have subclinical thyroid dysfunction after surgery. Abbreviations: FT3 = free triiodothyronine; FT4 = free thyroxine; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; rT3 = reverse triiodothyronine; SCHyper = subclinical hyperthyroidism; SCHypo = subclinical hypothyroidism; TGAB = thyroglobulin antibody; TPOAB = thyroid peroxidase antibody; TT3 = total triiodothyronine; TT4 = total thyroxine; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone; WHO = World Health Organization

Thyroid evaluation of children and adolescents with Williams syndrome in Zhejiang Province

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Jun Chen ◽  
Chai Ji ◽  
Dan Yao ◽  
Zheng-Yan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Williams Syndrome ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Thyroid Antibodies ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine

AbstractBackground:The objective of the study was to describe the prevalence of abnormal thyroid function and volume in children and adolescents with Williams syndrome (WS) in Zhejiang Province, China.Methods:Thyroid function, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroid antibodies (thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin) were measured in 83 patients with WS, aged 0.2–16.5 years. Twenty-three patients were followed for an average of 1.7 years (0.4–4.1), and multiple TSH determinations were considered. Thyroid ultrasonography was performed on 49 patients.Results:One patient was diagnosed with overt hypothyroidism, and 23 patients (27%) had subclinical hypothyroidism (SH). Thyroid antibodies were absent in all patients. In five age groups (0–1 years, 1–3 years, 3–6 years, 6–9 years, 9–18 years), the prevalence of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism was 25%, 28.5%, 44.4%, 16.7% and 4.7%, respectively. Through ultrasound examination, 21 patients (42%) were observed to have thyroid hypoplasia (TH), and there were no cases of thyroid haemiagenesis. The incidence rate of TH increased with age, rising from 20% in the youngest group to 66% in the oldest.Conclusions:SH and TH is common in children and adolescents with WS. Yearly evaluation of thyroid must be performed in all patients in this population, regardless of the result of the neonatal screening. Age under 6 years and existing thyroid abnormalities are risk factors for developing SH, and a shorter follow-up interval is needed for screening in these individuals, SH is often self-limiting, and clinicians should be alert to overt hypothyroidism.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of the effect of diosgenin on autoimmune thyroiditis in a rat model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengfei Zhang ◽  
Lingling Qin ◽  
Boju Sun ◽  
You Wu ◽  
Fengying Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Camp Response Element Binding ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Element Binding Protein

AbstractIn a mouse model of Graves’ disease (GD), diosgenin has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on GD by alleviating goitre. However, research on the effect of diosgenin on autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is lacking. In this study, transcriptomics was used to comprehensively analyse the protective effect of diosgenin against AIT in rats and the possible mechanism. The results showed that in the diosgenin-intervention group, compared to the model group, the expression of serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine was decreased and that of thyroid-stimulating hormone was increased; these changes were accompanied by the downregulation of thyroglobulin, TSH receptor antibody and thyroid peroxidase expression in serum. Furthermore, transcriptome detection, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry verification revealed that in thyroid tissue, the relative mRNA and protein expression of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP response element-binding protein (Creb) were increased and the mRNA expression of S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) was decreased in the diosgenin groups. In summary, diosgenin alleviates the development of AIT, possibly via the activation of the cAMP/PKA/Creb pathway and downregulation of S100A9 gene expression.

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