scholarly journals The Hindu Kush–Karakorum and linguistic areality

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Liljegren
Keyword(s):  
Word List ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Clause Structure ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Lexical Structure ◽  
Hindu Kush ◽  
The One

Abstract The high-altitude Hindu Kush–Karakoram region is home to more than 50 language communities, belonging to six phylogenies. The significance of this region as a linguistic area has been discussed in the past, but the tendency has been to focus on individual features and phenomena, and more seldom have there been attempts at applying a higher degree of feature aggregation with tight sampling. In the present study, comparable first-hand data from as many as 59 Hindu Kush–Karakoram language varieties, was collected and analyzed. The data allowed for setting up a basic word list as well as for classifying each variety according to 80 binary structural features (phonology, lexico-semantics, grammatical categories, clause structure and word order properties). While a comparison of the basic lexicon across the varieties lines up very closely with the established phylogenetic classification, structural similarity clustering gives results clearly related to geographical proximity within the region and often cuts across phylogenetic boundaries. The strongest evidence of areality tied to the region itself (vis-à-vis South Asia in general on the one hand and Central/West Asia on the other) relates to phonology and lexical structure, whereas morphosyntactic properties mostly place the region’s languages within a larger areal or macro-areal distribution. The overall structural analysis also lends itself to recognizing six distinct micro-areas within the region, lining up with geo-cultural regions identified in previous ethno-historical studies. The present study interprets the domain-specific distributions as layers of areality that are each linked to a distinct historical period, and that taken together paint a picture of a region developing from high phylogenetic diversity, through massive Indo-Aryan penetration and language shifts, to today’s dramatically shrinking diversity and structural stream-lining propelled by the dominance of a few lingua francas.

scholarly journals The key milestones of liberalization process of Canadian immigration policy in 1945-2012

2018 ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Mariia Burtseva
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Canadian Immigration Policy ◽  
Immigration Legislation ◽  
Canadian Immigration ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
The One

Nowadays, different countries and their governments are faced with challenges caused by the current migration crisis. Different issues of immigration process have a great influence on the various areas of society’s life. Thousands of refugees and immigrants are looking for their new home. As a result, a number of states are going through a crisis of multiculturalism and tolerance. All these problems encourage the studying of the mass relocation and different practices of immigration policy, especially the successful ones. It is important because the best practices can serve as a positive example for other countries. And in the second half of the 20th century, Canada was one of the regions with successful experience of immigration policy. Therefore, the article focuses on Canadian immigration policy and on the specificities of this area of Canada’s policy during the period from 1945 to 2012. The main attention is paid to the transformation processes and changes in the basic principles and goals of the Canadian immigration system. These processes started in the first decades after the end of World War II, and they lasted until the first decade of the 21st century. On the one hand, this paper examines the process of rejection of the concept of White Canada with its significant characteristics such as restrictive and discriminative norms of the immigration legislation. On the other hand, this article investigates the steps forward the new immigration policy of the Canadian state, which was based on the principles of liberalization, democracy, and the strategy of the Open Doors for the newcomers. In addition, the author identified certain chronological stages in the development of Canadian immigration policy during the historical period from 1945 to 2012. These stages are important because they made possible to provide an overview of identifying structural features that were commonly found at the different stages of Canada’s immigration policy. Finally, based on the research, the author summarizes the fundamental differences in Canadian immigration policy, as well as proposes her own scheme of dividing the historical development of this area of Canada’s federal policy from 1945 to 2012.

scholarly journals Capital city in the perceptions of "the best Lithuanian"

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Loreta Vaicekauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Structural Features ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Hierarchical Relationship ◽  
Social Meanings ◽  
Social Associations ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

The paper examines the ideology of the best language in the Lithuanian speech community. The research is based on synthesis of various metalinguistic data collected during previous research by the author. The regularity of the findings and stereotypical attitudes found in the data suggest that the idea of ​​the best Lithuanian in the Lithuanian speech community is closely linked to the largest city of Lithuania and the one of the highest social status – the capital Vilnius. Through the association with the city of Vilnius, the language of the „metropolis” and the „capital” acquires prestigious social meanings and the highest position in the hierarchy of Lithuanian language varieties. Metalinguistic localization in the metropolis gives following attributes to the best Lithuanian: non-dialectal, grammatical, correct, spoken by educated persons. Additional social values are developed through the association with the dwellers of the capital city and the urban center of the country itself: “modern”, “youthful”, “international”, “cosmopolitan”, “advanced”, as well as “self-confident”, “successful”, “wealthy”, “educated” and “cultivated”. All these attributions can be linked to the category dynamism, a valuable social value for, especially, young members of the community. Compared to the studies conducted elsewhere, it can be assumed that both linking of the ‘best speech’ with the speech of the metropolis or the capital city and the positive social associations of the capital city, is universal. All the research data collected using different methods during different investigations point to that there is basically no hierarchical relationship between the Vilnius speech and the standard Lithuanian in the best language perceptions of the Lithuanians. These two varieties are being integrated into one concept of the best speech spoken by best speaker, the one of the highest status, the most dynamic and competent as well possessing the best personality traits. Neither the stereotypical features associated with Vilnius speech (such as language mixing), nor the structural features of it (such as the so-called vowel lengthening, heavily criticized by the Lithuanian standard speech norm-setters), do not affect the concept of the best language by the community. Vilnius residents themselves and the general speech community evaluate linguistic features and prestige of the Vilnius speech differently from normative textbooks. The research presented in the paper makes it possible to predict that the link between capital Vilnius and the best speech of the community is the condition that will allow the speech of Vilnius to be taken over by language users and spread.

Biological and In silico Studies on Synthetic Analogues of Tyrosine Betaine as Inhibitors of Neprilysin - A Drug Target for the Treatment of Heart Failure

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (17) ◽  
pp. 1899-1904
Author(s):  
Daniel Fabio Kawano ◽  
Marcelo Rodrigues de Carvalho ◽  
Mauricio Ferreira Marcondes Machado ◽  
Adriana Karaoglanovic Carmona ◽  
Gilberto Ubida Leite Braga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Binding Modes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
In Silico Studies ◽  
Nep Inhibition

Background: Fungal secondary metabolites are important sources for the discovery of new pharmaceuticals, as exemplified by penicillin, lovastatin and cyclosporine. Searching for secondary metabolites of the fungi Metarhizium spp., we previously identified tyrosine betaine as a major constituent. Methods: Because of the structural similarity with other inhibitors of neprilysin (NEP), an enzyme explored for the treatment of heart failure, we devised the synthesis of tyrosine betaine and three analogues to be subjected to in vitro NEP inhibition assays and to molecular modeling studies. Results: In spite of the similar binding modes with other NEP inhibitors, these compounds only displayed moderate inhibitory activities (IC50 ranging from 170.0 to 52.9 µM). However, they enclose structural features required to hinder passive blood brain barrier permeation (BBB). Conclusions: Tyrosine betaine remains as a starting point for the development of NEP inhibitors because of the low probability of BBB permeation and, consequently, of NEP inhibition at the Central Nervous System, which is associated to an increment in the Aβ levels and, accordingly, with a higher risk for the onset of Alzheimer's disease.

Towards effective link prediction: A hybrid similarity model

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Longjie Li ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Hongsheng Luo ◽  
Xiaoyun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Link Prediction ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Similarity Model ◽  
Weight Calculation ◽  
Stable Performance ◽  
Grey Relation ◽  
Important Research Direction

Link prediction is an important research direction in complex network analysis and has drawn increasing attention from researchers in various fields. So far, a plethora of structural similarity-based methods have been proposed to solve the link prediction problem. To achieve stable performance on different networks, this paper proposes a hybrid similarity model to conduct link prediction. In the proposed model, the Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) approach is employed to integrate four carefully selected similarity indexes, which are designed according to different structural features. In addition, to adaptively estimate the weight for each index based on the observed network structures, a new weight calculation method is presented by considering the distribution of similarity scores. Due to taking separate similarity indexes into account, the proposed method is applicable to multiple different types of network. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other prediction methods in terms of accuracy and stableness on 10 benchmark networks.

Eastern Orthodoxy and Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 479-496
Author(s):  
Effie Fokas
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Eastern Orthodoxy ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the relationship between ‘Orthodoxies’ and ‘Europes’, highlighting the multiplicity of Eastern Christian Orthodox approaches and attitudes towards Europe, from one majority Orthodox national context to another and one historical period to another, ranging from anti-Europeanism (and anti-Westernism) to Europhilism. It also draws attention to differences in Orthodox stances on the idea of Europe, on the one hand, and the political reality of the European unification project, on the other. A temporal perspective is particularly relevant in changing attitudes to the European Union. Special attention is paid to external perspectives on the relationship between ‘Orthodoxy’ and ‘Europe’, often politicized and influenced by the political turmoil in the Balkans. The chapter closes with reference to the situation of flux characterizing contemporary conceptions of Europe, and the impact of the latter on ‘Orthodoxy’ in relation to ‘Europe’.

Philosophical Ideas of Yanaihara Tadao:Nationalism, Pacifism and the Concept of the “Just War”

2021 ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
Anna D. Bertova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Just War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
World War ◽  
Postwar Japan ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The One ◽  
Second World

Prominent Japanese economist, specialist in colonial politics, a professor of Im­perial Tokyo University, Yanaihara Tadao (1893‒1961) was one of a few people who dared to oppose the aggressive policy of Japanese government before and during the Second World War. He developed his own view of patriotism and na­tionalism, regarding as a true patriot a person who wished for the moral develop­ment of his or her country and fought the injustice. In the years leading up to the war he stated the necessity of pacifism, calling every war evil in the ultimate, divine sense, developing at the same time the concept of the «just war» (gisen­ron), which can be considered good seen from the point of view of this, imper­fect life. Yanaihara’s theory of pacifism is, on one hand, the continuation of the one proposed by his spiritual teacher, the founder of the Non-Church movement, Uchimura Kanzo (1861‒1930); one the other hand, being a person of different historical period, directly witnessing the boundless spread of Japanese militarism and enormous hardships brought by the war, Yanaihara introduced a number of corrections to the idealistic theory of his teacher and proposed quite a specific explanation of the international situation and the state of affairs in Japan. Yanai­hara’s philosophical concepts influenced greatly both his contemporaries and successors of the pacifist ideas in postwar Japan, and contributed to the dis­cussion about interrelations of pacifism and patriotism, and also patriotism and religion.

scholarly journals Structural Similarities and Differences between Two Functionally Distinct SecA Proteins, Mycobacterium tuberculosis SecA1 and SecA2

2015 ◽  
Vol 198 (4) ◽  
pp. 720-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Swanson ◽  
Thomas R. Ioerger ◽  
Nathan W. Rigel ◽  
Brittany K. Miller ◽  
Miriam Braunstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Signal Peptide ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Structural Difference ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Suppressor Mutations

ABSTRACTWhile SecA is the ATPase component of the major bacterial secretory (Sec) system, mycobacteria and some Gram-positive pathogens have a second paralog, SecA2. In bacteria with two SecA paralogs, each SecA is functionally distinct, and they cannot compensate for one another. Compared to SecA1, SecA2 exports a distinct and smaller set of substrates, some of which have roles in virulence. In the mycobacterial system, some SecA2-dependent substrates lack a signal peptide, while others contain a signal peptide but possess features in the mature protein that necessitate a role for SecA2 in their export. It is unclear how SecA2 functions in protein export, and one open question is whether SecA2 works with the canonical SecYEG channel to export proteins. In this study, we report the structure ofMycobacterium tuberculosisSecA2 (MtbSecA2), which is the first structure of any SecA2 protein. A high level of structural similarity is observed between SecA2 and SecA1. The major structural difference is the absence of the helical wing domain, which is likely to play a role in howMtbSecA2 recognizes its unique substrates. Importantly, structural features critical to the interaction between SecA1 and SecYEG are preserved in SecA2. Furthermore, suppressor mutations of a dominant-negativesecA2mutant map to the surface of SecA2 and help identify functional regions of SecA2 that may promote interactions with SecYEG or the translocating polypeptide substrate. These results support a model in which the mycobacterial SecA2 works with SecYEG.IMPORTANCESecA2 is a paralog of SecA1, which is the ATPase of the canonical bacterial Sec secretion system. SecA2 has a nonredundant function with SecA1, and SecA2 exports a distinct and smaller set of substrates than SecA1. This work reports the crystal structure of SecA2 ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(the first SecA2 structure reported for any organism). Many of the structural features of SecA1 are conserved in the SecA2 structure, including putative contacts with the SecYEG channel. Several structural differences are also identified that could relate to the unique function and selectivity of SecA2. Suppressor mutations of asecA2mutant map to the surface of SecA2 and help identify functional regions of SecA2 that may promote interactions with SecYEG.

scholarly journals Review of New American Studies on the Civil War (1861–1865) and Reconstruction in the USA (1865–1877) for 2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 225-239
Author(s):  
Ilya Sokov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Scientific Principle ◽  
Question Analysis ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
The One ◽  
American Nation

Introduction. Studies of American historians on the Civil War and Reconstruction continue to be central issues in the 21st century. There is an increased public demand for these studies. The author of the analytical review of American publications tries to answer the question of what this interest is related to. Methods. The author of the review uses the methodological tools such as the scientific principle of objectivity, the special historicalcomparative method and the systematic approach to answer this question. Analysis. The author points out the main areas of studying new aspects marked by American historians of the mid-19th century. These areas include the issues and interpretations on military, political, everyday, anthropological, social and cultural, and economic history. Besides, new approaches in peer-reviewed monographs for the comprehensive coverage of the study material of this issue are highlighted. Results. The interest of academicians and the American public to studying the historical period of the Civil War and Reconstruction, on the one hand, tells about carrying the deep psycho-civilizational trauma by all subsequent generations of both white and black Americans at this time, and on the other hand, this war debunks the myth of God’s chosen destiny of the American nation to build a “City on a Hill”. Constant refinements, additions, revisions, and reinterpretations of the events and consequences of the Civil War and Reconstruction in contemporary American historiography only confirm this conclusion. The publications selected by the reviewer on this issue for 2019 not only introduce new American historical works to Russian Americanists, but also provide an opportunity to expand their own research on this issue.

scholarly journals CONCEPT OF THE STUDY OF ART BY R.J. COLLINGWOOD AS AN OBJECT OF THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
M. V. Ternova
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Art History ◽  
Art Criticism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Rudyard Kipling ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
The One

The article analyzed concept of the study of art by Robin George Collingwood (1889-1943), a well-known English neo-hegelian philosopher. His significant part of the theoretical heritage is connected with the explanation of the nature of art and with the consideration of its condition during the period of the changing Oscar Wilde era to the era of Rudyard Kipling. The circle of problem such as content and form, character, image, mimesis, reflection, emotion, art and "street man" identified. All of them in Collingwood's presentation and interpretation significantly expanded the space of research not only English, but also European art criticism. The concept of study of art is "built" on the basis of an active understanding of historical and cultural traditions accented. The concept of art criticism of R.G. Collingwood – a famous English philosopher of the XIX-XX centuries, on the one hand, has self-importance, and on the other, although based on the traditions of contemporary humanities, still expands art history analysis of aesthetics through aesthetics and psychology. Recognizing the exhaustion of the English model of romanticism, R.G. Collingwood tries to outline the prospects for the development of art in the logic of the movement "romanticism – realism – avant-garde", which leads to the actualization of the problem of "mimesis – reflection". At the same time, the theorist's attention is consciously concentrated around the concept of "subject", the understanding of which is radically changing at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Theoretical material in the presentation of R.G. Collingwood is based on the work of Shakespeare, Reynolds, Turner, Cezanne, whose experience allows us to focus on the problem of "artist and audience". It is emphasized that Collingwood's position is ahead of its time, stimulating scientific research in the European humanities. The existence of indicative tendencies, which are distinguished in the logic of European cultural creation of the historical period, is emphasized.

scholarly journals “Pagan Christmas: Winter feast of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush” and the true frontiers of ‘Greater Peristan’

1970 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Peter Zoller
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Hindu Kush ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
The One ◽  
Indian Himalayas

As can be seen, the title and subtitle of the book under review are part of the title of the following review article. A normal book review starts with some sentences describing what the book is about, followed by a discussion what the reviewer particularly likes about the book, and then followed by bringing up anything the reviewer dislikes about it. This is then rounded up with some general observations and appraisals. This strategy is also a broad guideline for the first third of the following text. However, the text also oversteps considerably the boundaries of a standard book review for the following reasons: Augusto Cacopardo defines his ‘Peristan’2 as a culturally quite coherent area extending through the high mountains from northwestern Afghanistan throughout the northern regions of Pakistan to the southwestern border of Tibet.3 The traditional cultures of this ‘Peristan’ have Indo-Iranian and even Indo-European roots, yet they are, in his opinion, remarkably little affected by the high civilizations of India and pre-Islamic Iran.4 However, it is important to understand that ‘Peristan’ has, on the one hand, indeed preserved archaisms not found elsewhere in South Asia, but due to strong influence of Islam it has also simultaneously lost, or preserved only sporadically, cultural traditions still authentically preserved e.g. in the Indian Himalayas. Cacopardo’s analysis of the Kalasha winter feasts has a strong historical-cultural dimension and he repeatedly refers to cultural parallels in the Himalayas (see section 7. ‘The Hindus of the Himalayas’, pp. 235ff.). His observations on these parallels – which are absolutely justified – nevertheless also caused me to trespass the boundaries of a book review and extend it considerably into a review article. Since the true frontiers of ‘Greater Peristan’ enclose in my view a significantly larger geographical area than envisaged by the Cacopardo Brothers,5 the following article presents also very many data not found or discussed in the publication under review. In order to keep a clear overview of this long review article, it has been divided into four main sections. However, ‘Section I’ only follows after the ‘Preliminary remarks’ and the ‘Opening’:

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