scholarly journals The Intercultural Dimension of Military Action for Combating Hypothetical Adversaries

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Paul Tudorache ◽  
Lucian Ispas
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
Military Action ◽  
Organic Structure ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
The Military

Abstract Defining and analyzing the current typology of threats determines the military structures to operationally and, implicitly, organizationally adapt in order to ensure their ability to deter and combat hypothetical opponents in any operational environment. From the point of view of efficiency and effectiveness of action, it is no longer sufficient to engage the joint and multinational military structures alone, inter agency and intergovernmental action approaches being necessary. On these grounds, the intercultural dimension of the action of the military structures undergoes changes, moving from the internal plan, of the inter force relationships in the organic structure of the multinational military force into the external one, defined by the interactions between the latter and the structures/forces/elements within other agencies, intergovernmental organizations, to which the local population is added

MILITARY POWER AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN MAINTAINING MILITARY BALANCE IN EASTERN EUROPE

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-197
Author(s):  
Viliam PASTOR
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
European Security ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
European Origin ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Balance

Abstract: The frequent increasingly challenges, registered in the Eastern European security environment, require an unconventional approach due to the fact that classical typology of conflict has long become history, being replaced by the asymmetric type of conflict. Can European society overcome the new atypical security crises imposed by the military threat of Eastern European origin? Can the balance of military power be maintained so that Western society continues to enjoy security and democracy? These are just two legitimate questions that European states need to have a clear answer to, based on resource allocations in the military operational environment. Moreover, it is clear that security requires investments from a financial point of view and these must be continuous and at the minimum accepted level, like 2% of GDP, at the level of each NATO Member State.

The motive of Slavic kinship and multilingualism in the memoirs of Russian officers — participants in the Hungarian campaign of 1849

2020 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2 (11)) ◽  
pp. 61-79
Author(s):  
Ildikó Rosonczy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Military Operation ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Northern Territories ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
The Military

In the middle of the nineteenth century, about 40 per cent of the population of the Habsburg monarchy were Slavs. In the revolutionary year of 1848, larger and smaller nationalities that were at different stages of the nation-building process and who differed in their confessional affiliation as well as their social and political claims, were each demanding different degrees of national autonomy within the Monarchy. In 1849, it came to a head when Russian military intervention was requested by Francis Joseph I in order to suppress the Hungarian armed resistance. This coincided with the period of the so-called national awakening among the Slavic-speaking nationalities of the Monarchy, when linguistic kinship was becoming more and more obvious, the doctrine of Slavic reciprocity was born, and a sense of Slavic community appeared. The Russian army travelled to the Hungarian battleground through Moravia and the northern territories, which were mainly inhabited by Slavic peoples. Officers and soldiers of the Russian army easily found a common language with the Moravians, Poles, Ukrainians, Ruthenians, and Slovaks, as well as with Germans (Saxons) and Hungarians who spoke local Slavic dialects. This article examines the idea of linguistic kinship as reflected in the memoirs of officers of the Russian army who fought in the Hungarian Campaign of 1849 and strives to explore what role kindred Slavic languages played in the contacts between soldiers and the local population, and how these officers evaluated the military operation from the point of view of the future of the Slavic peoples living in the Habsburg Monarchy. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the wartime behaviour of ethnic Poles in Russian service.

scholarly journals The International Military Tribunal for the Far East: "The Japanese Operation in the Khalkhyn Gol Area Was an Aggressive War"

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-53
Author(s):  
Ravdangiin Bold
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Far East ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Military Action ◽  
World Community ◽  
International Military Tribunal ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Military Tribunal ◽  
The World ◽  
The Military

More than 20 Soviet, Mongolian and Japanese witnesses who had taken part in the battles in the area of the Khalkhyn Gol (English “Khalkha River”) were heard in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, held in Tokyo in 1946-1948. The events were presented to the world community to the extent appropriate. Although some believe that the Tokyo Trial was an event where the victors in the war were able to impose their views and the decision on the war’s losers, the Tribunal was a very important event that revealed the causes of military action in the Khalkhyn Gol area and came to conclusions of international significance. The Tokyo Trial found that the military action near the Khalkhyn Gol was “an aggressive war unleashed against the MPR and the USSR” and prepared by Japan in advance. It was a reasoned conclusion from the point of view that “War is a continuation of politics by other means” as well as from the point of view of international law. On the other hand, at the time, the Tokyo Trial made a political judgement that the military action in the Khalkhyn Gol area was “an aggressive war”, that undoubtedly makes those events a real war for Mongolia. The article was written based on the decision of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East on the military activities in the Khalkhyn Gol area.

Domestic military missions in Latin America: Civil-military relations and the perpetuation of democratic deficits

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Nicole Jenne ◽  
Rafael Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Civil Military Relations ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The Military

Abstract Latin American militaries are today in many regards inoperative and obsolete as an instrument of defence. Yet, they seek to maintain their organisational power and privileges. Governments, on the other hand, lack the adequate means to fight criminality, persisting poverty and social inequality. In an apparent win-win situation, Latin American governments have used the military as a wildcard to step in where civilian state capacity falls short, including for urban and border patrols, literacy campaigns and to collect garbage, among many other tasks. The military's manifold internal use has been defended mainly based on pragmatic reasons. We argue instead that the ostensive pareto optimality between militaries and governments has had negative effects for civil-military relations from a democratic governance point of view that takes into consideration the efficiency and effectiveness of how the state delivers basic services across different policy areas.

The Fragility of Alliance Diplomacy

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Paul Poast
Keyword(s):  
Military Force ◽  
Military Alliances ◽  
Military Action ◽  
Treaty Negotiations ◽  
Meaning And Purpose ◽  
Defensive Action ◽  
The Military ◽  
Do So

This introductory chapter provides an overview of alliance treaties. Alliance treaties are documents calling on the signatories to cooperate in responding with active military force to a non-signatory's aggression. The documents are written and signed by official representatives of states, and the signatory states become allies. The military action specified in the document can be either offensive or defensive. Defensive action entails protecting another signatory under attack, while offensive action entails protecting a non-signatory by attacking its aggressor. Reflecting the variety of documents that can constitute an alliance treaty, a negotiation can be a simple conversation between diplomats or a series of formal meetings involving officials from numerous countries. A negotiation concludes in either agreement, meaning it produces an alliance treaty signed by all the participants, or nonagreement, meaning the talks end without a signed alliance treaty and the participants have no plans to continue the talks. This book assesses why alliance treaty negotiations end in agreement or nonagreement. Since states have attempted but failed to negotiate alliance treaties, there is a need to explore the process that distinguishes groups of states that form alliances from groups of states that attempt to do so but fail. Only then can one truly understand the meaning and purpose of military alliances.

scholarly journals ANALIZA GEOGRAFSKIH DEJAVNIKOV BOJIŠČA 14. ARMADE V 12. SOŠKI OFENZIVI

2018 ◽  
pp. 77-99
Author(s):  
ANTON RIBIČ
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Use Of Space ◽  
Geographical Factors ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Military Units

Povzetek Pri razčlenjevanju zgodovinskega primera vojaške izrabe prostora in uporabe taktičnih postopkov pri doseganju strateških ciljev ugotavljamo prepletenost dejavnikov in posameznih dogodkov v povezavi z rezultati izvedenih vojaških aktivnosti. S presojo zgodovinskih okoliščin vojaških ravnanj interpretiramo vzroke in posledice ter izpeljujemo načela delovanja vojaških enot; tako odkrivamo temeljne resnice in splošna pravila oboroženega boja. Vrednotenje učinkov geografskih dejavnikov na obvladovanje in rabo nekega geografskega območja z vojaškimi tehnologijami po uveljavljenih pravilih delovanja vojaških enot ima osrednjo vlogo pri proučevanju součinkovanja prostora in vojaške sile. Izraba prostora 14. armade v 12. soški ofenzivi je bila zelo spretna glede na takrat še neuveljavljena načela bojevanja. Uporaba vojaške taktike infiltracije posebnih udarnih enot v globino obrambe je temeljila na izrabi učinkov prostora in vremena. Proti ustaljeni obliki izrabe prostora v frontalni taktiki bojevanja je bila uporabljena metoda napada tvegana, a ključna za preboj na Tolminskem mostišču. V prispevku so opisani vojaškogeografski dejavniki zgornjega in srednjega soškega bojišča ter ocena učinkov terena in vremena na bojno delovanje 14. armade v 12. soški ofenzivi. V obravnavi zgodovinskega primera spoznamo geografske dejavnike, ki so določali in usmerjali aktivnosti enot v 12. soški ofenzivi. Ključne besede: geografski dejavniki, operativno okolje, študija primera, 12. soška ofenziva. Abstract When analysing the historical case of the military use of space and tactical procedures in the achievement of strategic goals, we have identified the intertwinement of the features and individual events related to the results of the accomplished military activities. By analysing the historical circumstances surrounding military actions, we interpret the causes and consequences and derive the principles of operation of military units. In this way, we discover the fundamental truths and general rules of an armed conflict. The evaluation of the impact of geographical factors on the management and use of a certain geographical area with the military means of technology following the established rules of engagement of military units plays the central role in the examination of mutual effects of space and military force. The use of space by the 14th Army in the Twelfth Isonzo Offensive was very clever considering the fact that, at the time, the principles of warfare had not yet been in place. The use of military infiltration tactics of special strike units in defence in depth was based on the use of space and weather effects. Used against the well-established use of space in the front warfare tactics, the method of attack which was used was risky, but crucial for the breakthrough at the Tolmin bridgehead. The article describes the military and geographical factors of the upper and central battlefields of the Isonzo as well as the assessment of terrain and weather impacts on combat operations of the 14th Army in the Twelfth Isonzo Offensive. The study of this historical case reveals the geographical factors, which determined and directed the activities of units in the Twelfth Isonzo Offensive. Key words: Geographical factors, operational environment, case study, the Twelfth Isonzo Offensive.

scholarly journals State, Soldier, Professionality

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Gábor Boldizsar
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Western World ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Legal Environment ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
The Military

Abstract Defense is one of the oldest state responsibilities. Without the defense, protection or physical security the state, the power is unable to act on its own free will. The state is not able to fulfil its other functions (collection, distribution, regulation and sanctions) according to the interests of the society. Clausewitz stated that the use of military power is the continuation of politics. In other words, politics aims to reach these aims by the implementation of military forces or war. Of course, to achieve the aims of the politics there are lots of instruments (diplomacy, politics, economics, information, ...) which have to be coordinated with the use of forces. This way of thinking is named as the comprehensive approach. But politics has other important roles in order to achieve the aims. In the application of military force aims should be set to provide the necessary resources (human and material) and the appropriate legal environment. Professional military professionalism achieves its full potential in the case of three elements – aims, resources and legal environment - are harmonized for long-term. In the process of political decision-making professional military experts help to reach efficient choice. After the political decision is made the military does its best to act in order to achieve the aims. In the western world the national armed forces have significantly reduced their strengths and abandoned the conscription-based military system. NATO and the EU in recent decades have carried out a number of operations. These operations were based on defending the member states’ individual or collective’ interests and values by strengthening peace and security. This new operational environment expects numbers of new skills and competencies from the 21th century’s soldiers.

Verhältnismäßigkeit im Humanitären Völkerrecht: Gewissensentscheidungen aus dem Blickwinkel des militärisch operativen Planungsprozesses

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Sophie Scheidt
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Military Planning ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Subjective Element ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality ◽  
The Military

According to international humanitarian law, military decision makers must balance military necessity and humanitarian considerations when using military force against an adversary on a case-by-case basis. Determining whether or not, from a normative point of view, there is proportionality between the values weighed against each other, this article examines how these criteria are applied in the military planning and decision-making process. It discusses how the subjective element of the principle of proportionality is influenced by current technological developments in the field of artificial intelligence and what implications this might have for the legal and ethical responsibilities of military decision makers.

scholarly journals Design of Military Actions in the Operational Environment Hybrid Type

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
Mihai Marcel Neag
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Collective Defense ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Military

Abstract Collective defense arrangements promoted by security-related institutions have generally proven that they can produce the deterrent effect of the armed conflict. However, hybrid warfare actions have challenged the capability of countering and threatening hybrid threats. The paper seeks a point of view on developments in the current operational environment, focusing on the review of the military operations typology in identifying potential measures to counteract the actions of the hybrid war and highlighting the need for a new approach to the construction of armed power in terms of new types risks, challenges and threats

IMPROVING MECHANISMS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN THE STATE BORDER SERVICE OF UKRAINE, PUBLIC ORGANISATIONS AND POPULATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Iakiv Serhiiovych Halaniuk
Keyword(s):  
Political Stability ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Border Area ◽  
Public Control ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mechanism Model ◽  
Public Organisations ◽  
The Military

The article highlights the author’s approach to improving coopera- tion mechanisms of the State Border Service of Ukraine with public organiza- tions and population. There has been analyzed public control as a means their cooperation and priorities of improving the cooperation, particularly, forms and methods of organizing citizens’ feedback, introduction of the assessment pro- cedure of the efficiency of the SBSU and population and public organization. There have been stated conceptual pillars of the public control development in the SBSU, developed by the author, including public control forms and resource provision. There has been considered a mechanism algorithm of the public par- ticipation in the development of the border administration through submitting petitions or proposals concerning a legally enforceable enactment draft (or the legally enforceable enactment currently in force). There has been represented a mechanism model of discussing legally enforceable enactments and public peti- tions, developed by the author. It is noted that one of the mechanisms of interac- tion of the SBSU with the public is effective public control, which becomes an in- tegral part of ensuring national security and political stability. The conditions of permanence of Ukraine's threats in the border area, and in certain areas and their exacerbation, along with further reforms of the institutes of Ukrainian statehood, cause the problem of establishing and implementing public control in the border area as an important and urgent one.It is proved that public control is intended to determine the correctness of the military-force policy in the border area, the validity of the scale and optimality of the forms of activity of the border guards. In accordance with all this, in the subject area of public control should be: political decisions on issues of border security, including international agreements; the expediency and validity of government programs for the provision and reform of the border authorities of Ukraine, assess- ment of the effectiveness of these programs and the procedure for making changes to them.

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