Phonological derivation from proximal to distal demonstratives in Chinese

Linguistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzhi Shi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
New Type ◽  
Definite Articles

Abstract Every language has at least two demonstratives or deictic terms, a proximal one and a distal one, and some languages in addition have a medial (or some other additional) demonstrative. Demonstratives exhibit a variety of grammatical and pragmatic functions, and they also serve as major sources for the development of various important grammatical devices, such as copulas, relativizers, definite articles, and complementizers. However, lexical sources for demonstratives remain largely unknown, as do the mechanisms leading to their emergence. Based on a database of more than 1000 subdialects of Chinese, this article demonstrates that the distal demonstratives in these subdialects are phonologically derived from their corresponding proximal demonstratives, which were themselves grammaticalized from classifiers in Late Medieval Chinese. This finding identifies a new type of mechanism leading to the emergence of grammatical items: within a pair of two closely related grammatical elements, the basic and unmarked member originates from a lexical source, and gives rise to the other member through certain phonological principles. The domain of demonstratives thus illustrates how processes of grammaticalization and phonological derivation can interact giving rise to the emergence of new grammatical forms.

Hydroxyl-containing bis(sulfonates). Reaction of 1,4-dibromo-2,3-butanedione with water, methanol and sodium sulfite

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Gerasimos M. Tsivgoulis ◽  
Dimitris G. Vachliotis ◽  
Golfo G. Kordopati ◽  
Panayiotis V. Ioannou
Keyword(s):  
13C Nmr ◽  
Sodium Sulfite ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carbonyl Carbon ◽  
1H And 13C Nmr ◽  
Sodium Sulfonate ◽  
Pure Product ◽  
Methylene Groups ◽  
New Type ◽  
High Yields

Sulfonates are well-known substances with a variety of applications, e.g. as surfactants. On the other hand, bis(sulfonates) bearing hydroxyl or keto group(s) in between the sulfonate groups can be used with or without further modification as starting materials for the preparation of new type of molecules capable to form either complexes or in general supramolecular structures. The synthesis of three hydroxyl-bearing bis(sulfonates), 2-hydroxypropane-1,3-bis(sodium sulfonate) 4, DL-2,3-dihydroxybutane-1,4-bis(sodium sulfonate) 8, and sodium 2,3,4-trihydroxy-1-sulfonate 7 (as by-product) via the Strecker sulfonation are described. Interestingly, under similar conditions, sulfonation of 1,4-dibromo-2,3-butanedione 9 was found to be very complicated and no pure product could be isolated, despite previously reported results on sulfonation of α-halogenated ketones in high yields. There are indications that SO3 2 -  attacks at the carbonyl carbon of 9 followed by rearrangement and expulsion of SO4 2 - . 1,4-dibromo-2,3-butanedione 9, bearing two keto groups next to methylene groups, can potentially exist as enols or in the case of its solution in hydroxylic solvents in the form of hemiketals or geminal diols. This behavior of 9 when is dissolved in CDCl3, CD3OD and D2O was studied by means of UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR and the nature of the adducts formed was elucidated.

Regeneration from duplicating fragments of the Drosophila wing disc

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-126
Author(s):  
Jane Karlsson ◽  
R. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Wing Disc ◽  
The Other ◽  
Posterior Compartment ◽  
Drosophila Wing ◽  
Polar Coordinate ◽  
New Type ◽  
Coordinate Model

It is a general rule that of two complementary Drosophila imaginal disc fragments, one regenerates and the other duplicates. This paper reports an investigation of an exception to this rule. Duplicating fragments from the periphery of the wing disc which lacked presumptive notum were found to regenerate notum structures during and after duplication. The propensity for this was greatest in fragments lying close to the presumptive notum, with the exception of a fragment confined to the posterior compartment, which did not regenerate notum. Structures were added sequentially, and regeneration stopped once most of the notum was present. These results are not easily explained by the polar coordinate model, which states that regeneration cannot occur from duplicating fragments. Since compartments appear to be involved in this type of regeneration as in others, it is suggested that a new type of model is required, one which permits simultaneous regeneration and duplication, and assigns a major role to compartments.

scholarly journals A Hooked-Collar for Bridge Piers Protection: Flow Fields and Scour

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su-Chin Chen ◽  
Samkele Tfwala ◽  
Tsung-Yuan Wu ◽  
Hsun-Chuan Chan ◽  
Hsien-Ter Chou
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Horseshoe Vortex ◽  
Flow Fields ◽  
Bridge Pier ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bridge Piers ◽  
Vortex Strength ◽  
Numerical Tests ◽  
Scour Hole ◽  
New Type

A new type of collar, the hooked-collar, was studied through experiments and numerical methods. Tests were conducted using a hooked collar of a width of 1.25b and a height of 0.25b, where b is the bridge-pier width. The hooked-collar efficiency was evaluated by testing different hooked-collar placements within the bridge-pier, which were compared to the bridge-pier without any collar. A double hooked-collar configuration, one placed at the bed level and the other buried 0.25b, was the most efficient at reducing the scour hole. In other cases, a hooked-collar positioned 0.25b above the bed slightly reduced the scour hole and had similar scour patterns when compared to the pier without the hooked-collar. The flow fields along the vertical symmetrical plane in the experiments are also presented. Laboratory experiments and numerical tests show that maximal downflow is highly reduced along with a corresponding decrease in horseshoe vortex strength for the experiments with the hooked-collar, compared to cases without the hooked-collar. The flow fields reveal that the maximum turbulent kinetic energy decreases with the installation of the hooked-collar.

scholarly journals technical level of small-town shoemaking in Gdańsk Pomerania in the 14th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Blusiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Professional Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Purposeful Selection ◽  
Selection Of

Based on the late medieval leather artefacts from Puck, Gniew, Lębork and Chojnice, an attempt was made to assess the level of shoemaking production at that time. Microscopic analyses of leather goods and production waste proved that in the field of tanning the activities related to the mechanical treatment of leather were carefully performed, although with insufficient professional knowledge concerning the process. The results of the identification of the animal origin of the leather confirmed the purposeful selection of raw material with different properties for individual footwear elements and the ability to properly cut it. The quality of the shoemaking products was highly rated in terms of technology and style. However, in the analysed collections a clearly perceptible difference in craftsmanship and assortment of products from Gniew and the other three towns was noticed.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK ORGANIOLEPTIK OTAK-OTAK IKAN YANG DIBERI EDIBLE COATING KARAGINAN DENGAN PENAMBAHAN ASAP CAIR

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Irma Q Bariah ◽  
Siegfried Berhimpon ◽  
Eunike Louisje Mongi
Keyword(s):  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Edible Coating ◽  
The Other ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
New Type ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Edible coating is a new type of packaging made of biopolymer. The advantages of edible coating is enable to protect the food product, the original appearance of the product can be maintained and the product can be eaten as well as environmentally friendly. The study aim was to look at the organoleptic characteristics of fish cake coated with edible coating of carrageenan were given a liquid smoke. The treatments  given were variation of carrageenan concentration i,e. 0%, 1%, 1,5%, 2%, 2,5%, 3%. The experiment was designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). To determine the effect of treatments, the data were tested using organoleptical tests consists of hedonic and texture.The results shown that hedonic test of the appearance and color of the raw sample have significant effect (p>0,05), while the other test showed no significant effect (p>0,05). However, the organoleptical score for taste, smell and texture shown a tendency that the fish cake coated, have  higher score than without coated. Keywords: Edible coating, Carrageenan, Fish cake, Liquid smoke.

Hell Disarmed? The Function of Hell in Reformation Spirituality

Numen ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 366-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarald Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Ars Moriendi ◽  
Religious Importance ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Medieval Christianity

In Late Medieval Christianity, the concept of hell was closely connected to the sacrament of penance. Hell could be avoided through the right use of penance. And the cleansing sufferings in purgatory could to a certain extent replace the eternal sufferings in hell. The Protestant Reformation rejected purgatory, and returned to a traditional dualistic view of the relationship between heaven and hell. At the same time, hell seems to lose some of its religious importance in early Protestant spirituality. This change is illustrated through a comparison of two central texts belonging more or less to the same genre: on the one hand the famous Late Medieval illustrated Ars moriendi and on the other Luther's Sermon von der Bereitung zum Sterben from 1519.

Orthonormal basis of wavelets with customizable frequency bands

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (06) ◽  
pp. 1650050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Toda ◽  
Zhong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Infinite Number ◽  
Orthonormal Basis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Just Intonation ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Orthonormal Bases ◽  
Major Scale ◽  
Dilation Factor ◽  
New Type

We already proved the existence of an orthonormal basis of wavelets having an irrational dilation factor with an infinite number of wavelet shapes, and based on its theory, we proposed an orthonormal basis of wavelets with an arbitrary real dilation factor. In this paper, with the development of these fundamentals, we propose a new type of orthonormal basis of wavelets with customizable frequency bands. Its frequency bands can be freely designed with arbitrary bounds in the frequency domain. For example, we show two types of orthonormal bases of wavelets. One of them has an irrational dilation factor, and the other is designed based on the major scale in just intonation.

The junctional complex in the intestine of Sagitta setosa (Chaetognatha): the paired septate junction

1980 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-246
Author(s):  
M. Duvert ◽  
D. Gros ◽  
C. Salat
Keyword(s):  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Septate Junction ◽  
Junctional Complex ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Central Ring ◽  
Straight Path ◽  
New Type ◽  
Pleated Sheet ◽  
Tight Formation

The junctional complex of the intestine of Sagitta setosa has been studied in tissues stained with uranyl acetate or after lanthanum impregnation, and by freeze-cleavage. All types of junctions have been characterized in both perpendicular and tangential planes. From the apex to the base of the cell the following junctions occur in this order: a zonula adhaerens; a septate junction where the septa occur in pairs; a pleated sheet septate junction; and numerous gap junctions of the A-type. From the upper part of the cells inwards to the septate junction, the membranes follow a relatively straight path. In the lower part of the cells the membranes are deeply interdigitating. At the intersection between 3 cells a very different junction is to be observed where small units, periodically disposed, bind the membranes of the 3 adjoining cells. Each unit is composed of 3 short segments which bind the cell membranes to a central ring 16.6 +/− 2.3 nm in outer diameter. The paired septate junction constitutes a new type. Its main features are that the septa are paired and occur in 2 formations, one the ‘loose formation’, with elements between the septa of each pair, and the other, a ‘tight formation’. After lanthanum impregnation, the thickness of each septum is seen to be about 3 nm and the undulation period 12.6 +/− 1.6 nm. On freeze-fractures 10-nm particles are found on crests on the PF face and in furrows on the EF face. The possible significance of this type of junction is discussed. The junctional complex described is analogous to those found in various invertebrate epithelia.

Reformulating Government-Citizen Relations in a Digitally Connected World

2016 ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
Helin Alagöz Gessler
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Security Dilemma ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Type ◽  
The One

This chapter analyses the effects of social media on political communication and the role they play in government-citizen relations by focusing on the Twitter ban phenomenon in Turkey in March 2014. The chapter asks the reasons of government intervention in social media, particularly Twitter. It argues that Twitter makes, on the one hand, a significant contribution to the evolution of political participation as it diversifies the process and methods of political communication. On the other hand, it introduces a new type of security dilemma which encourages governments to consider taking measures against social media to protect their authority.

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