scholarly journals Too Many Nonprofits? An Empirical Approach to Estimating Trends in Nonprofit Demand Density

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Harrison ◽  
Jeremy Thornton

AbstractWe examine the claim that nonprofit markets have become more crowded over time. A naïve examination of the data indicates that the number of nonprofits has increased rapidly over the past two decades. However, this approach does not account for increases in population, income, or other demand factors that would alter a population’s ability to support additional nonprofits. We attempt to quantify a standard unit of demand for nonprofits over time, by exploiting the panel nature of our data. Our findings indicate that nonprofit density, normalized for changes in demand, in 2005 is lower than it was in 1990. We are also able to examine the impact of incremental increases in population to absorb a nonprofit. Overall, we find that it takes far more people to support nonprofit entry in 2005 compared to 1990. It is likely that technological shifts in production and management techniques introduced since 1990 allow firms to serve larger numbers of people. Consistent with our findings, this type of change would result in fewer nonprofits per market, serving larger numbers of people. Our results therefore provide evidence that growth in the nonprofit sector has not necessarily implied increased density or greater competition in the sector.

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Huriye Armagan DOGAN

Memento value in heritage is one of the most essential characteristics facilitating the association between the environment and its users, by connecting structures with space and time, moreover, it helps people to identify their surroundings. However, the emergence of the Modern Movement in the architectural sphere disrupted the reflection of memory and symbols which serve to root the society in its language. Furthermore, it generated an approach that stood against the practice of referring to the past and tradition, which led to the built environment becoming homogeneous and deprived of memento value. This paper focuses on the impact of memento value on the perception and evaluation of cultural heritage. Furthermore, it investigates the notions which are perceived to influence the appraisal of cultural heritage by applying them to the Kaunas dialect of the Modern Movement with an empirical approach.


2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray Last

Too often, research into the health of a particular community is brief and superficial, focusing only on what is public and leaving the private health of women and children ‘foggy’. By contrast, long-term anthropology can offer access to processes taking place within a local culture of illness. Here, an account of a community’s experience of health over the past 50 years not only outlines the key changes as seen anthropologically but also shows how even close ethnography can initially miss important data. Furthermore, the impact of a researcher – both as a guest and as a source of interference – underlines how complex fieldwork can be in reality, especially if seen through the eyes of the researcher’s hosts.


Author(s):  
Jeroen Duindam

The never-ending lists of kings imparted the view of an unbroken chain extending into the past, but they also suggested the repeated rise and fall of ruling houses. Did dynasties necessarily follow the organic trajectory of birth, growth, maturity, old age, and death? ‘Persistence and change’ compares cyclical views of dynastic power throughout history and across the globe. It also asks how scale, change over time, and regional variety impacted dynasties. Finally, it considers the rise of Europe: royalty worldwide would undergo the impact of modernization first and foremost in the shape of European military and commercial dominance.


Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 948-948
Author(s):  
Meletios A Dimopoulos ◽  
Sosana Delimpasi ◽  
Eirini Katodritou ◽  
Eleftheria Hatzimichael ◽  
Marie-Christine Kyrtsonis ◽  
...  

Abstract Abstract 948 Renal impairment (RI) is a common presenting complication of multiple myeloma (MM) and is associated with increased risk of treatment related toxicity and early death. The management of RI in patients with MM requires vigorous supportive measures and the immediate institution of antimyeloma therapy. After the introduction of novel agents a significant improvement of the survival of patients with MM has been observed; however, the impact of these therapies on the survival of MM patients who present with RI has not been extensively studied. In order to analyze the impact of RI in newly diagnosed patients with MM over the past 20 years, we analyzed 1773 patients with symptomatic myeloma who were treated within the Greek Myeloma Study Group (GMSG). Patients were divided in groups according to the date of initial treatment (1/1/1990-31/12/1994, 1/1/1995-31/12/1999, 1/1/2000-31/12/2004, after 1/1/2005). Thalidomide became available in Greece after 1/1/2000 and bortezomib after 1/1/2005. eGFR was calculated by the modified MDRD formula and the degree of RI was rated as severe when eGFR was <30 ml/min, moderate when eGFR was 30–59 ml/min and mild (or no RI) when eGFR >60 ml/min. The frequency of RI over time was similar as well as the proportion of patients who presented with severe RI (17% vs. 21% vs. 17% vs. 19%) for the respective time periods (p=0.496). More patients >65 years started therapy after 2000 (44% vs. 50% vs. 59% vs. 59%, respectively, p<0.001), especially patients >75 years (13% vs. 18% vs. 24% vs. 32%, respectively, p<0.001). Anemia (Hb <10 g/dl; p=0.007) and ISS-3 disease (p=0.001) were more common after 1/1/1995; there were no other significant differences in the characteristics of the patients during the respective time periods. No patients received upfront novel agents before 31/12/1999, while 20% received upfront novel agent in the period 2000–2004 (almost exclusively thalidomide) and 73% after 1/1/2005 (mostly thalidomide and bortezomib). Myeloma response (≥PR) to frontline therapy was achieved in 56.5% & 54% of patients in the period 1990–1994 & 1995–1999 vs. 67% and 72% of patients in the periods 2000–2004 and after 2005 (p<0.001). The median survival of patients has improved significantly during the past 20 years: 39 months (1990-1994), 31 months (1995-1999), 40.5 months (2000-2004), 54 months after 2005 (p<0.001). The median OS for patients with severe RI has improved significantly from 18 months & 19.5 months in the 1990–1994 & 1995–1999 to 29 months and 32 months for the periods 2000–2004 and after 2005 (p=0.005). For patients with moderate RI the OS improved from 33 & 26 months between 1990–1994 & 1995–1999 to 40 & 44 months in the periods 2000–2004 and after 2005 (p=0.003). For patients with an eGFR ≥60 ml/min the OS improvement was less pronounced (48.5 months vs. 45 months vs. 51 months for the periods 1990–1994 & 1995–1999 & 2000–2004 respectively (p=0.076) and only after 2005 a significant improvement in OS is observed (median OS has not been reached; 3-year OS rate is 73%, p<0.001). For patients with severe RI early death rates (<2 months from initiation of therapy) were 12% vs. 7% for patients with moderate RI vs. 3% for patients with mild or no RI (p<0.001) and remained unchanged over time. We then adjusted for differences between groups in a multivariate model: treatment after 1/1/2000 was independently associated with improved survival compared to patients treated before 31/12/1999 (p<0.001). After adjusting for the degree of RI in the model, the hazards ratios (HR) for death for patients with severe RI for the 2000–2004 and after 2005 periods were 0.485 & 0.387 respectively compared to patients treated before 2000 (p<0.001 for both comparisons). For patients with moderate RI the respective HRs were 0.65 (p=0.003) & 0.57 (p=0.001), while for patients with mild or no RI the HRs were 0.85 (p=0.1) & 0.66 (p=0.003) for the 2000–2004 and after 2005 periods, respectively. In conclusion, the incidence of RI at diagnosis of MM has remained unchanged during the past 20 years, despite the increasing numbers of older patients who are diagnosed and treated for MM. The risk of early death is almost 2 to 4-fold higher in patients with severe RI vs. patients with moderate or no RI and has not improved over time. However, after the introduction of novel therapies there has been a significant improvement of the survival of patients with RI, which is more pronounced in patients with severe RI. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Author(s):  
Julian V. Roberts

Increasingly, courts around the world are being required to sentence offenders for crimes committed years or even decades earlier. Prevailing conceptions of harm and culpability change over time. Policymakers concerned with punishment and sentencing should be sensitive to changes in the absolute and relative seriousness of crimes as well as the absolute and relative severity of punishments. Ordinal rankings of offenses have evolved over the past 50 years, as has our understanding of the impact of various sanctions. Issues raised by sentencing for crimes committed much earlier illustrate the need for a time-sensitive approach. Should defendants be sentenced according to standards prevailing at the time of the offense or according to current standards? In a just system, offenders would be judged by the standards prevailing when they took the decision to offend. A time-sensitive approach would apply the sentencing standards of the earlier time yet also consider time-relevant mitigation and aggravation in the subsequent period. The offender’s conduct and the victim’s suffering during the period are both relevant factors. Passage of time often changes our evaluation of the offense and the offender. When this occurs, the nature of the sentence should change. Likewise for long-serving prisoners, whose sentences should be reviewed after years have passed, in case they are no longer deemed proportionate.


2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Shulman-Laniel ◽  
Jon S. Vernick ◽  
Beth McGinty ◽  
Shannon Frattaroli ◽  
Lainie Rutkow

Objectives:Over the past two decades, all U.S. states have incorporated alcohol ignition interlock technology into sentencing laws for individuals convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI). This article provides the first 50-state summary of these laws to include changes in the laws over time and their effective dates. This information is critical for policy makers to make informed decisions and for researchers to conduct quantitative evaluation of the laws.Methods:Standard legal research and legislative history techniques were used, including full-text searches in the Westlaw legal database and identification of state session laws. Because ignition interlock device (IID) laws often change over time, we identified the date of each law's initial enactment as well as the effective date of each law in its current form.Results:Beginning with California and Washington in 1987, all 50 states have enacted IID laws as a sentencing option for DWI offenders. Initially, most of these laws were discretionary. Today, however, 48 states mandate IID installation for at least some types of DWI offenders to maintain lawful driving privileges. Of these, 27 mandate an IID for all offenders; seven mandate an IID for repeat offenders only; and 21 for some combination of specific groups of DWI offenders, including repeat offenders, offenders with a blood alcohol content above a legislatively-specified level, and aggravated offenders (including those who harm someone else or who are convicted of a DWI with a child in the vehicle).Conclusion:States have wrestled with a number of IID policy issues, including for whom to mandate IIDs and whether to suspend a license for DWI prior to reinstating driving privileges with or without an IID. By understanding how state interlock laws differ, policy makers and researchers can ultimately better ascertain the impact of these laws.


2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shena Ashley

AbstractChanges in the scope and structure of public sector funding over the past few decades have had significant effects on the organizational environment in which nonprofit organizations operate. This article presents an integrative model within which the empirical literature regarding government funding effects on nonprofits is reviewed. This model conceptualizes the effects as deriving from two discrete forces – supply dynamics that have immediate population-level influences and a set of implementation dynamics that shape competition via organizational effects. This integrated model provides coherence to the literature and supplies a framework for future research.


Author(s):  
Patricia Puente Guerrero

Numerosos estudios han abordado las características y antecedentes de las personas que se encuentran o han estado en prisión, así como las importantes consecuencias que esta condición ha implicado en el devenir de sus vidas. Sin embargo, muchos menos trabajos han sido dedicados a analizar específicamente la conexión entre aquella y la situación de sinhogarismo, sin que apenas se haya prestado atención a dicha cuestión en nuestro país. Las investigaciones en esta materia apuntan a que ambas circunstancias se encuentran estrechamente relacionadas e interactúan de forma compleja a lo largo del tiempo, en conexión con otros factores, tanto relativos al pasado como al presente, en la conformación final de la historia de vida de cada individuo. Con base en los datos recopilados por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística en la más reciente Encuesta a las personas sin hogar, realizada en el año 2012, se analizan diversos aspectos relacionados con las características, antecedentes personales y familiares y condiciones de vida de las personas en situación de sin hogar en función de si habían estado o no en prisión en algún momento de su vida. A nivel global, y en la línea de la literatura previa, los hallazgos sugieren que esta experiencia aporta un valor negativo añadido a la ya de por sí desafortunada situación de sinhogarismo, comportando unas peores condiciones de vida, a la vez que caracteriza a las personas sin hogar con antecedentes más desfavorables a lo largo de su infancia y adolescencia. Tales resultados evidencian la necesidad de diseñar e implementar estrategias de intervención que resulten eficaces para el logro efectivo de la inserción social y laboral de estos colectivos y, particularmente, de apostar por estrategias preventivas que incidan sobre las raíces de ambas condiciones. A lot of research has been conducted on the characteristics and backgrounds of people who are or have ever been imprisoned, as well as on the impact this condition has entailed on their lives. However, much less work has been specifically aimed at analysing the connection between imprisonment and homelessness, and hardly any attention has been paid to this topic in Spain. Previous research in this area has shown that both circumstances are closely related and interact in complex ways over time, in connection to other factors, both referring to the past and present time, in the final shaping of the individual’s life story. On the basis of the data collected by the National Institute of Statistics from its latest Survey to Homeless People, conducted in 2012, characteristics, backgrounds and life conditions of homeless people who had and had not been in prison are compared. In support of previous research, overall findings suggest that the fact of being an exprisoner adds negative value to the already adverse situation of homelessness, since life conditions were less favourable among individuals from the second group, who also reported coming from disadvantaged backgrounds to a greater extent. Such results evince a need for designing and implementing intervention strategies that are truly effective for achieving social inclusión and employability among these groups and, particularly, the relevance of developing preventive strategies to address the roots of both conditions.


2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Hoerder

Both migrations and attitudes towards them have deep historical roots. To pronounce the present migration and the economic crisis triggered by derivative bankers in the fall of 2008 as “new without historical precedent” overlooks the impact of patterns of the past on the present and prevents an understanding being reached of continuities and comparisons. It is not migrants who are “uprooted”, as some would have it, but historical memory is deliberately being uprooted. This essay starts by addressing the multiple problems of present-day debates about migration and historicising the perspectives. It critiques the anti-immigrant ascriptions, labels and ideologies. It goes on to present the data and discuss the geographies of migrant trajectories in the context of translocal, transregional, transnational and global connectivity. An integrative Transcultural Societal Studies approach will be proposed. The essay will then deal with migrant agency, that is the actions of migrants, criticising “victimization” approaches and argue that Otherness is a resource as well as a framework for exploitation. Remittances will serve as an example of the intersection between migrant agency and states’ needs. The conclusion will briefly place the present in the context of global inequalities, of the economic aspect and of anti-immigrantism, as well as the ideological national-essentialist aspect.


Antiquity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (361) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Marina Andreou

Coastal erosion of archaeological sites has long been a problem for archaeologists seeking to understand maritime interactions in the past. A new model, using ArcGIS to collate various sources of data relating to processes of erosion over time along the south coast of Cyprus, is showcased here, with the hope that it can be expanded and adapted for use elsewhere in prioritising sites according to rates of destruction.


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