Metal nanoantimicrobials for textile applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Carla Giannossa ◽  
Daniela Longano ◽  
Nicoletta Ditaranto ◽  
Maria Angela Nitti ◽  
Federica Paladini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Transition Metals ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Short Description ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Silver Copper ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
Novel Applications

AbstractResearch on the nanomaterials containing one or more transition metals is growing tremendously, thanks to the large number of preparation processes available and to the novel applications that can be envisaged in several fields. This review presents an overview of the selected studies in the field of antimicrobial textiles, employing bioactive nanophases of elements/compounds such as silver, copper, or zinc oxide. In addition, the history of use of these antimicrobials and their mechanism of action are shortly reported. Finally, a short description is provided of the deposition/preparation methods, which are being used in the authors’ labs for the development of the textiles modified by the novel nanoantimicrobials.

scholarly journals Nanomedicine Reformulation of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
David M. Stevens ◽  
Rachael M. Crist ◽  
Stephan T. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
Novel Applications ◽  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
Extensive Clinical Experience ◽  
Higher Doses

The chloroquine family of antimalarials has a long history of use, spanning many decades. Despite this extensive clinical experience, novel applications, including use in autoimmune disorders, infectious disease, and cancer, have only recently been identified. While short term use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine is safe at traditional therapeutic doses in patients without predisposing conditions, administration of higher doses and for longer durations are associated with toxicity, including retinotoxicity. Additional liabilities of these medications include pharmacokinetic profiles that require extended dosing to achieve therapeutic tissue concentrations. To improve chloroquine therapy, researchers have turned toward nanomedicine reformulation of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to increase exposure of target tissues relative to off-target tissues, thereby improving the therapeutic index. This review highlights these reformulation efforts to date, identifying issues in experimental designs leading to ambiguity regarding the nanoformulation improvements and lack of thorough pharmacokinetics and safety evaluation. Gaps in our current understanding of these formulations, as well as recommendations for future formulation efforts, are presented.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Action, Efficacy and Safety of Emergency Hormonal Contraception (levonorgestrel and ulipristal acetate) and Attitudes of Pharmacists

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Milosavljević ◽  
Katarina Ilić ◽  
Dušanka Krajnović
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Emergency Contraception ◽  
Hormonal Contraception ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Ulipristal Acetate ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Emergency Contraceptive ◽  
History Of Use

Summary Emergency hormonal contraception is used to prevent unintended pregnancy postcoitally. The mechanism of action of the most frequently used hormonal preparations for emergency contraception, levonorgestrel (LNG) and ulipristal acetate (UPA), is still not fully known, but clinical trials indicate that they act by inhibiting or delaying ovulation. LNG has a long history of use for emergency contraception, proven safety and high efficacy if administered in the preovulation period. The newest emergency contraceptive, UPA, available only with a prescription, is indicated within this period of 120 hours after sexual intercourse and the data indicate that UPA does not lose efficacy within this period. Clinical trials showed its noninferiority versus LNG and its effect on the potentially occurring pregnancy is being additionally monitored. However, many misconceptions and controversial opinions about emergency contraception are still present, even among pharmacists. A search of Medline database identified 20 papers published from January 1993 to December 2012, on pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes and practices related to emergency contraception. In these papers, the attitudes of pharmacists pertaining to the dispensing regime of emergency contraception were different. Research in Australia has shown that personal attitudes and religious convictions influence the practice of dispensing emergency contraception. In the research conducted in New Mexico, 30% of pharmacists were against prescribing emergency contraception for religious or moral reasons. There were no published data in regards to pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes and dispensing practice in Serbia and such research is highly recommended.

scholarly journals Emerging Potential of Metallodrugs to Target Coronavirus: Efficacy, Toxicity and their Mechanism of Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1191-1207
Author(s):  
Pinki ◽  
Subhash ◽  
Ashu Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Transition Metals ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Bioactive Constituents

On eleventh March 2020, the contagion of the novel COVID-19 was announced by the WHO. Right now, there are no new enlisted medications that can viably cure the COVID-19 contagion. Some recently utilized drugs and combinations with their harmfulness profiles have been contemplated. The frequently announced poisonous impacts of these medicines, for example, hepatotoxicity, retinal harm, nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. One of the most broadly examined drugs is favipiravir. The surface collaboration of favipiravir with organometallic composites came about by doping of transition metals of first row of the periodic table was analyzed to choose the most reasonable metallofullerenes for COVID-19 treatment. Some acknowledged pharmacophore edifices of bioactive constituents can be valuable in the explanation of against SARS-CoV-2 particulars. The advantage of utilizing arrangements encompassing phytochemicals is their sky-scraping wellbeing for ill persons and no negative reaction. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were recently affirmed by the USFDA for anaemia therapy and variations have additionally exhibited its effectiveness against viruses in vitro for COVID-19. The adequacy of the Zn2+ salt enhancement could likewise be improved with Nigella sativa as its major bioactive segment would fill in as ionophore to permit Zn2+ to enter pneumocytes-the objective cell for the coronavirus (COVID-19). This review article depicts the utilization of medications, their usefulness and their harmful impacts for COVID-19 patients.

Cultivation Tool Design: Design and Construction of Two Novel Cultivation Tools

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-388
Author(s):  
Glenn J. Evans ◽  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Russell R. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Flat Surface ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Front Edge ◽  
Soil Block ◽  
History Of ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
History Of Use

Cultivation tools have a long history of use. The integration of cultivation within current organic and conventional weed management programs is conditional on the availability of functional, practical cultivation tools. However, there are performance and operational limitations with current cultivation tools. Serviceable improvement in weed control is the impetus behind creation of new tool designs. The primary objective of this research was to design and construct two cultivators that might address the limitations of current cultivation tools. A secondary objective was to identify historical influences on the technology, availability, and capability of cultivation tools. Two new tractor-mounted cultivators were designed and constructed as loose extractions of antique handheld tools. The first tool, a block cultivator, has a flat surface in the front of the tool that rests against the soil and limits the entrance of a rear-mounted blade. The second tool resembles a stirrup hoe, where a horizontal steel blade with a beveled front edge slices through the upper layer of the soil. Block and stirrup cultivator units were mounted on a toolbar with a traditional S-tine sweep, so that the novel cultivators could be compared directly with a common standard. Relative to the S-tine sweep, the stirrup cultivator reduced weed survival by about one-third and the block cultivator reduced weed survival by greater than two-thirds. Of the three tools, block cultivator performance was least influenced by environmental and operational variances.

scholarly journals Recruiting Perovskites to Degrade Toxic Trinitrotoluene

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7387
Author(s):  
Yuri A. Mastrikov ◽  
Roman Tsyshevsky ◽  
Fenggong Wang ◽  
Maija M. Kuklja
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Explosive Material ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
Novel Applications ◽  
Universal Measure ◽  
Insight Into

Everybody knows TNT, the most widely used explosive material and a universal measure of the destructiveness of explosions. A long history of use and extensive manufacture of toxic TNT leads to the accumulation of these materials in soil and groundwater, which is a significant concern for environmental safety and sustainability. Reliable and cost-efficient technologies for removing or detoxifying TNT from the environment are lacking. Despite the extreme urgency, this remains an outstanding challenge that often goes unnoticed. We report here that highly controlled energy release from explosive molecules can be accomplished rather easily by preparing TNT–perovskite mixtures with a tailored perovskite surface morphology at ambient conditions. These results offer new insight into understanding the sensitivity of high explosives to detonation initiation and enable many novel applications, such as new concepts in harvesting and converting chemical energy, the design of new, improved energetics with tunable characteristics, the development of powerful fuels and miniaturized detonators, and new ways for eliminating toxins from land and water.

“What Freedom?”

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-331
Author(s):  
John Owen Havard
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Free Condition ◽  
Narrative Design ◽  
Economic Liberalism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
John Owen

John Owen Havard, “‘What Freedom?’: Frankenstein, Anti-Occidentalism, and English Liberty” (pp. 305–331) “If he were vanquished,” Victor Frankenstein states of his monstrous creation in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818), “I should be a free man.” But he goes on: “Alas! what freedom? such as the peasant enjoys when his family have been massacred before his eyes, his cottage burnt, his lands laid waste, and he is turned adrift, homeless, pennyless, and alone, but free.” Victor’s circumstances approximate the deracinated subject of an emergent economic liberalism, while looking to other destitute and shipwrecked heroes. Yet the ironic “freedom” described here carries an added charge, which Victor underscores when he concludes this account of his ravaged condition: “Such would be my liberty.” This essay revisits the geographic plotting of Frankenstein: the digression to the East in the nested “harem” episode, the voyage to England, the neglected episode of Victor’s imprisonment in Ireland, and the creature’s desire to live in South America. Locating Victor’s concluding appeal to his “free” condition within the novel’s expansive geography amplifies the political stakes of his downfall, calling attention to not only his own suffering but the wider trail of destruction left in his wake. Where existing critical accounts have emphasized the French Revolution and its violent aftermath, this obscures the novel’s pointed critique of a deep and tangled history of English liberty and its destructive legacies. Reexamining the novel’s geography in tandem with its use of form similarly allows us to rethink the overarching narrative design of Frankenstein, in ways that disrupt, if not more radically dislocate, existing rigid ways of thinking about the novel.

Reading Statelessness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyndsey Stonebridge
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
The Novel ◽  
History Of The Novel ◽  
Political Sovereignty ◽  
History Of

Hannah Arendt’s analysis of the failure of human rights to address statelessness is well known. Less commented upon is how important literature was to her thought. This chapter shows how Arendt’s 1940s essays on Kafka connect the history of the novel to shifting definitions of legal and political sovereignty. Arendt reads The Castle as a blueprint for a political theory that is also a theory of fiction: in the novel K, the unwanted stranger, demolishes the fiction of the rights of man, and with it, the fantasy of assimilation. In a parallel move, Kafka also refuses to assimilate his character into the conventions of fiction. Arendt’s reading changes the terms for how we might approach the literature of exile and of human rights.

V.S. Naipaul, Caribbean Writing, and Caribbean Thought

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Public Intellectual ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Derek Walcott ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Kamau Brathwaite ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
History Of ◽  
Principal Subject ◽  
Intellectual Formation

This book presents a new portrait of V.S. Naipaul, one of the twentieth-century’s most controversial writers about colonialism and its aftermath, by looking at his relationship with the Caribbean, the region of his birth. It argues that whilst Naipaul presented himself as a global public intellectual—a citizen of nowhere—his writing and thought was shaped by his Caribbean intellectual formation, and his investment in Caribbean political debates. Focusing on three key forms of Caribbean writing—the novel, the historical narrative, and the travel narrative—it shows how the generic, stylistic, and formal choices of writers had great political significance. Telling the story of his creative and intellectual development at three crucial points in Naipaul’s career, it offers a new intellectual biography of its principal subject. By showing Naipaul’s crucial place in the history of Caribbean ideas, it also provides new perspectives on a number of major writers and thinkers from the region, including C.L.R. James, Eric Williams, Kamau Brathwaite, Sylvia Wynter, George Lamming, Derek Walcott, Maryse Condé, and David Scott.

The Oxford History of the Novel in English

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
English Language ◽  
Book History ◽  
World Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Novel ◽  
History Of The Novel ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Volume Nine of this series traces the development of the ‘world novel’, that is, English-language novels written throughout the world, beyond Britain, Ireland, and the United States. Focusing on the period up to 1950, the volume contains survey chapters and chapters on major writers, as well as chapters on book history, publishing, and the critical contexts of the work discussed. The text covers periods from renaissance literary imaginings of exotic parts of the world like Oceania, through fiction embodying the ideology and conventions of empire, to the emergence of settler nationalist and Indigenous movements and, finally, the assimilations of modernism at the beginnings of the post-imperial world order. The book, then, contains chapters on the development of the non-metropolitan novel throughout the British world from the eighteenth to the mid twentieth centuries. This is the period of empire and resistance to empire, of settler confidence giving way to doubt, and of the rise of indigenous and post-colonial nationalisms that would shape the world after World War II.

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