scholarly journals Design, preparation and properties of novel flame retardant thermosetting vinyl ester copolymers based on castor oil and industrial dipentene

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Mao ◽  
Shouhai Li ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
Kun Huang ◽  
Jianling Xia
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Vinyl Ester ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Excellent Thermal Stability ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Polar Groups ◽  
Curing Method ◽  
Surface Flame

Abstract A novel bio-based flame-retardant thermosetting vinyl ester resin monomer was synthesized from castor oil. The chemical structures of the monomer was characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR. In order to improve its rigidity and expand its application in the field of bio-based materials, it was mixed with certain proportions of another reactive bio-based VER monomer, which had rigid and strong polar groups, and then a series of copolymers were prepared with thermal curing method. Then their tensile property, hardness, morphology of fractured surface, flame retardant property, DMA and thermostability were all investigated. The results indicated that the copolymers had relatively high tensile strength of 11.2 MPa, and the limiting oxygen index is above 23% in all prepared copolymers. DMA demonstrates that the glass transition temperature of the cured resins is up to 56.1°C. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the copolymers have excellent thermal stability.

scholarly journals The Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Fire Property of a Phosphorus-Containing Flame-Retardant Styrene Copolymer

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Sun ◽  
Yazhen Wang ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Tianyuan Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

A 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) acrylate, (6-oxidodibenzo [c,e][1,2] oxaphosphinin-6-yl) methyl acrylate (DOPOAA), has been prepared. Copolymers of styrene (St) and DOPOAA were prepared by emulsion polymerization. The chemical structures of copolymers containing levels of DOPOAA were verified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. The thermal properties and flame-retardant behaviors of DOPO-containing monomers and copolymers were observed using thermogravimetric analysis and micro calorimetry tests. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), it was found out that the T5% for decomposition of the copolymer was lower than that of polystyrene (PS), but the residue at 700 °C was higher than that of PS. The results from micro calorimetry (MCC) tests indicated that the rate for the heat release of the copolymer combustion was lower than that for PS. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) for combustion of the copolymer rose with increasing levels of DOPOAA. These data indicate that copolymerization of the phosphorus-containing flame-retardant monomer, DOPOAA, into a PS segment can effectively improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the copolymer.

Protection of polyester fabric from ignition by a new chemical modification method

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA Younis
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Polyester Fabric ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Adhesion Promoter ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Pet Fabric ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Modification Method

The purpose of this research is to improve ignition properties and anti-dripping of polyester fabric by using adhesion promoter (AP). The ignition properties of the untreated and treated specimens with durable flame retardant coating and non-durable flame retardant coating were estimated by horizontal flame chamber (UL-94), single-flame source and limiting oxygen index (LOI). The chemical structures of the pre- and final composites have been determined by Fourier transform infrared spectra with attenuated total reflection analysis spectroscopy. The mechanical tests and thermal properties were applied to study their tensile strength and thermal behaviors. The results show that AP has improved the flame retardancy and dripping of PET fabric compared to blank. The char yield increased from 8% to 18%, LOI from 17.5% to 27.5%.

The Effects of Coupling Agent on the Flame Retardant Properties of PP/ATH Nanocomposites

2015 ◽  
Vol 1115 ◽  
pp. 406-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatimah A’thiyah Sabaruddin ◽  
Noorasikin Samat ◽  
A.I.H Dayang Habibah
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Coupling Agents ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

It is known that polymeric materials are easily to get on fire due to their chemical structures. Thus the flame retardant material such as aluminium hydroxide (ATH) is used to improve the flame retardancy property of polymers. Polypropylene (PP) with various amount of nanosized ATH particles of (5, 10, 20, 30, 40 wt%) were compounded with an extruder machine. The effects of two different type of coupling agent (3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP)) on the flame retardant properties were compared. All samples were characterized with two flame tests; the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL94 horizontal burning test (UL94 HB). It is found that both tests showed improvement on the flame resistance properties of the nanocomposites, mainly at high ATH loadings. Type of coupling agents affects the flame retardancy properties of PP/ATH nanocomposites.

scholarly journals An Effective Method for Preparation of Liquid Phosphoric Anhydride and Its Application in Flame Retardant Epoxy Resin

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2205
Author(s):  
Qian Li ◽  
Yujie Li ◽  
Yifan Chen ◽  
Qiang Wu ◽  
Siqun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
The Impact

A novel liquid phosphorous-containing flame retardant anhydride (LPFA) with low viscosity was synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) and further cured with bisphenol-A epoxy resin E-51 for the preparation of the flame retardant epoxy resins. Both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements revealed the successful incorporation of DOPO on the molecular chains of MeTHPA through chemical reaction. The oxygen index analysis showed that the LPFA-cured epoxy resin exhibited excellent flame retardant performance, and the corresponding limiting oxygen index (LOI) value could reach 31.2%. The UL-94V-0 rating was achieved for the flame retardant epoxy resin with the phosphorus content of 2.7%. With the addition of LPFA, the impact strength of the cured epoxy resins remained almost unchanged, but the flexural strength gradually increased. Meanwhile, all the epoxy resins showed good thermal stability. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal decomposition temperature (Td) of epoxy resin cured by LPFA decreased slightly compared with that of MeTHPA-cured epoxy resin. Based on such excellent flame retardancy, low viscosity at room temperature and ease of use, LPFA showed potential as an appropriate curing agent in the field of electrical insulation materials.

Research on Properties of Flame Retardant Silk Georgette

2012 ◽  
Vol 441 ◽  
pp. 284-288
Author(s):  
Hong Lu ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Jin Ping Guan
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Graft Copolymerization ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Color Fastness ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Wrinkle Resistance ◽  
Garment Design

In this paper, four kinds of silk georgettes with different density were chosen as samples. The flame retardant formaldehyde-free vinyl phosphate dimethyl-2-(methacryloyloxyethyl) phosphate (DMMEP) was grafted onto them by graft copolymerization technique. Some tests such as Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), vertical flammability, wrinkle resistance and color fastness were examined. Through the discussion and analysis of the experiment results, the properties of original and treated fabrics were compared and suggestions were given for the flame retardant process and garment design.

Flame Retardation of Plain Weave Fabrics Made of Polyacrylonitrile Pre-Oxidized Yarns

2011 ◽  
Vol 175-176 ◽  
pp. 465-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Shi ◽  
Hua Wu Liu ◽  
Ping Xu ◽  
Dang Feng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Plain Weave ◽  
Weave Fabric ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Flame Retardation ◽  
Fabric Structures

Plain weave fabrics of polyacrylonitrile pre-oxidation yarns (PANOF) were prepared by small rapier loom. The flame retardation properties, mechanical properties and wear behaviors of PANOF plain weave fabrics were tested. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of these PANOF plain weave fabric samples was 31%, which meets the criterion of flame-retardant fabrics. These fabrics neither melt nor shrunk when left in flame for a short period of time and the fabric structures were well maintained. Compared with flammable polyacrylonitrile fabrics, the polyacrylonitrile pre-oxidation fabrics exhibited excellent flame retardation properties, with satisfactory mechanical properties and comfortable handle.

Development of thermally stable and hygienic colored cotton fabric made by treatment with natural coconut shell extract

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
MD Teli ◽  
Pintu Pandit
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

As far as the value addition of textile is concerned, flame retardancy of textile materials is considered to be one of the most important properties in textile finishing by both industries as well as academic researchers. Flame-retardant property with thermal stability was imparted to cotton by using green coconut ( Cocos nucifera Linn) shell extract, a natural waste source of coconut. Coconut shell extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry and its phytochemical analysis was also carried out. The coconut shell extract (acidic after extraction) was applied in three different pH (acidic, neutral, and alkaline) conditions to the cotton fabric. Flame-retardant properties of the untreated and the treated cotton fabrics were analyzed by limiting oxygen index and vertical flammability. The study showed that all the treated fabrics had good flame resistance property compared to that of the untreated fabric. The limiting oxygen index value was found to increase by 72.2% after application of the coconut shell extract from alkaline pH. Pyrolysis and char formation behavior of the concerned fabrics were studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis in a nitrogen atmosphere. The physicochemical composition of the untreated and coconut shell extract treated cotton fabrics were analyzed by attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Also, treated cotton fabric showed natural brown color and antibacterial property against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The durability of the flame-retardant functionality to washing with soap solution has also been studied and reported in this paper.

The Flammability of Polyacrylonitrile and Its Copolymers I. The Flammability Assessment Using Pressed Powdered Polymer Samples

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Michael E. Hall ◽  
A. Richard Horrocks
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Acrylic Polymer ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Convenient Means ◽  
Burning Rates ◽  
Polymer Flammability

This paper is the first in a series of four which investigates the burning behaviour and the influence of flame retardant species on the flam mability of fibre-forming polymer and copolymers of acrylonitrile. A pressed powdered polymer sheet technique is described that enables a range of polymer compositions in the presence and absence of flame retardants to be assessed for limiting oxygen index, burning rate and char residue deter minations. The method offers a rapid, reproducible and convenient means of screening possible flame retardant systems, and LOI values compare favourably with those of films and fabrics comprising the same polymeric type. Burning rates, however, are sensitive to changes in physical sample character such as form (film vs. powder sheet) and density. Thus the technique forms an excellent basis for the generation of burning data which will enable comprehensive studies of acrylic polymer flammability and flame retardancy to be undertaken.

Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant Polyamide 66

2020 ◽  
Vol 977 ◽  
pp. 102-107
Author(s):  
Yu Lei Zheng ◽  
Shuang Chen ◽  
Jia Hui Wang ◽  
Ru Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Polyamide 66 ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Phosphorus Containing

Polyamide 66 (PA66) benefits from excellent mechanical properties and good chemical resistance, which enabled wide application of this material in various industrial fields; however, it suffers from high flammability. Generally, preparation of a flame retardant PA from a reactive flame retardant involves a two-step process. In this study, the flame retardant PA66s (FRPA66s) are synthesized via a one-pot melt copolycondensation route by using a reactive phosphorus-containing flame retardant (FR-B). Then, molecular weight, some mechanical and thermal properties along with flame retardant properties of FRPA66s were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), instron material testing, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) analysis, vertical burning test (UL 94), and limiting oxygen index test (LOI) techniques. The experimental results confirmed that FRPA66s synthesized by the one-pot method have very similar properties compared to those obtained via the two-step process. Moreover, the prepared materials showed good non-flammability behavior with limiting oxygen index value of over 30% and a vertical burning test result of V-0 rating.

Flammability and mechanical properties of poly(styrene–butadiene–styrene) copolymer–containing intumescent flame retardants

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 816-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiren Huang ◽  
Jianwei Yang ◽  
Zhengzhou Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Flame-retardant properties of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and its two microcapsules, APP with a shell of melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin (MFAPP) and APP with a shell of epoxy resin (EPAPP), were studied in styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS). The results indicate that APP after the microencapsulation leads to an increase in limiting oxygen index in SBS compared with APP. When dipentaerythritol is incorporated into the SBS composites containing the APP microcapsules, a further improvement in flame retardancy of the composites is observed. The microencapsulation does not result in much improvement of mechanical properties. Moreover, the effect of a compatibilizer (SBS grafted with maleic anhydride) on flame-retardant and mechanical properties of SBS/APP composites was investigated.

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