Zur statistischen Signifikanz empirischer Häufigkeitsverteilungen / On the Statistical Significance of Empirical Frequency Distributions

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 284-289
Author(s):  
Max Hermann Poech
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Frequency Distributions

scholarly journals Impact of a school-based food garden on attitudes and identification skills regarding vegetables and fruit: a 12-month intervention trial

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn Somerset ◽  
Katherine Markwell
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Intervention Trial ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Dietary Behaviours ◽  
School Based ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Attitudinal Changes ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

AbstractObjectiveTo determine changes in ability to identify specific vegetables and fruits, and attitudes towards vegetables and fruit, associated with the introduction of a school-based food garden.DesignA 12-month intervention trial using a historical control (controln132, interventionn120), class-based, self-administered questionnaires requiring one-word answers and 3-point Likert scale responses.SettingA state primary school (grades 4 to 7) in a low socio-economic area of Brisbane, Australia.InterventionThe introduction of a school-based food garden, including the funding of a teacher coordinator for 11 h/week to facilitate integration of garden activities into the curriculum.Main outcome measuresAbility to identify a series of vegetables and fruits, attitudes towards vegetables and fruit.AnalysisFrequency distributions for each item were generated andχ2analyses were used to determine statistical significance. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to detect major trends in data.ResultsThe intervention led to enhanced ability to identify individual vegetables and fruits, greater attention to origins of produce (garden-grown and fresh), changes to perceived consumption of vegetables and fruits, and enhanced confidence in preparing fruit and vegetable snacks, but decreased interest in trying new fruits.ConclusionsThe introduction of this school-based food garden was associated with skill and attitudinal changes conducive to enhancing vegetable and fruit consumption. The ways in which such changes might impact on dietary behaviours and intake require further analysis.

scholarly journals Investigation of Entrepreneurship Trends and General Competency Levels of University Students Studying at Faculty of Sports Sciences

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebru Olcay Karabulut ◽  
Pinar Karacan Doğan
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
General Level ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
General Competency ◽  
Meaningful Relationship ◽  
Sports Sciences ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study is to determine the general competency beliefs and entrepreneurial levels of undergraduate students studying at faculty of sports sciences by different demographic variables.The sample group consists of total 1230 students, 541 women and 689 men, who have been educated in the sport sciences of five different universities and have been chosen by chance.In this study, the entrepreneurship scale, composed of 36 items, developed by Yılmaz and Sümbül (2009) and the entrepreneurship scale, developed by Jerusalem and Schwarzer (1992) and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), composed of 10 items, developed and adapted to Turkish by Çelikkaleli and Çapri (2008) were used as data collection tool.For statistical analysis of the data obtained from the study, the mean and frequency distributions were obtained. In order to determine the relationship between gender variables and the scores of the participants, t-test was performed and ANOVA test was performed to determine the relationship between the grades (points/marks) of the participants. Kruskal Wallis test was used for non-parametric tests because the variables studied did not meet the normal distribution and homogeneity conditions. In order to determine the relationship between the two scales, Pearson correlation test was performed and presented as results and tables. For statistical significance .05 significance level was selected.The results of the study show that the group has a high level of competency and entrepreneurship, that there is no meaningful relationship between gender variables and general competency and entrepreneurship levels, but that there is a meaningful relationship with the university variables they are studying. It has been determined that there is a positive correlation between the general level of competence of the students and the levels of entrepreneurship.

Factors Affecting Variability of Trapnet Catches

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1079-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Hamley ◽  
Thomas P. Howley
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Aplodinotus Grunniens ◽  
Catch Per Effort ◽  
Ambloplites Rupestris ◽  
True Values

We summarized the literature relating to sampling characteristics of trapnets, and examined the variability of trapnet catches from Long Point Bay, Lake Erie. In Long Point Bay the frequency distributions of numbers of fish caught per trapnet lift were very skewed, peaking at zero for all species. Standard deviations of raw catches of even the most commonly taken species (Ambloplites rupestris, Perca flavescens, Aplodinotus grunniens) were high, about twice as large as their means. From 50 to 65% of the variability of transformed catches could be attributed to differences in soak time, sampling location, season, and year. Precision of estimating abundances of fish from catch-per-effort data is low for trapnets as well as for other sampling gear. Our fishing effort of nine trapnet lifts per sampling design cell sufficed to estimate, with 95% confidence, geometric mean catches in Long Point Bay to within a factor of 2 of their true values. To estimate them to within 20–25% would have required about 100 lifts. Regarding possible future changes of abundance, it would take 3 yr of observation to establish statistical significance of a decrease of arithmetic mean catches to half the levels observed in 1971–78.

scholarly journals The Physicians’ Oath through the Eyes of the Bulgarian Medical Students: Empirical Survey

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Krumova Marinova ◽  
Boryana Mitkova Parashkevova-Simeonova ◽  
Galya Dimitrova Chamova ◽  
Galina Ilieva Petrova ◽  
Vanya Bancheva Slavova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Hippocratic Oath ◽  
Professional Relationships ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Empirical Survey ◽  
Declaration Of Geneva

Abstract Background Upon graduation physicians in Bulgaria are required by law to take the Hippocratic Oath and its’ different adapted variants are used in the medical schools. The goal of this survey was to investigate medical students’ in 4th, 5th and 6th year of their undergraduate training perception and preferences about the two versions: the adapted Hippocratic Oath currently used in one medical school (Version-1) and the newly-revised Declaration of Geneva “The Physician’s Pledge”, 2017 (Version-2). Methods An empirical survey was carried out, using direct individual self-administered questionnaire from February to April 2018. Students’ lists of total 239 medical students provided by the institution’s authority were used. 183 students responded (total response rate of 76.57%). Methods of descriptive and analytical statistics were used based on the nature of the data: relative frequency distributions, Pearson Chi-Square nonparametric test for hypothesis assessment – statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results In a closed response binominal question force choice format respondents gave higher preference as overall perception to Version-1 (61.7%) and there were not statistically significant differences according to their basic socio-demographic characteristics (Pearson Chi-Square test - p> 0.05 for all hypotheses). The ranking of the clauses of the preferred version considered to be decisive indicated the highest preference to the wording in the two versions referring to the field of professional relationships in doctor-patient sphere: the doctor’s obligation to always be ready to provide medical care from the Version-1 (54.5%) and the nondiscrimination about the Version-2 (41.4%). In the particular aspect of the relations between teachers, students and colleges and the respect for human life, preferences were rather pointing to the wordings of the Version-2: respectively 54.4% and 63.2% of respondents and in the area of doctor-patient relationships greater preference was given to the wording of the Version-1: 59.3% of respondents. Conclusions The current survey was inspired by the latest revision of the Declaration of Geneva. There are the position expressed by the students towards both Oath versions as a bond between tradition and reality. Our finding could serve for further discussions regarding the Bulgarian practice of administering the Physicians’ Oath.

scholarly journals Comparison of Physician-Documented Versus Patient-Reported Collection of Comorbidities Among Patients With Prostate Cancer Upon First Visit to the Urology Clinic

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Fleshner ◽  
Amy Tin ◽  
Nicole Benfante ◽  
Sigrid Carlsson ◽  
Andrew J. Vickers
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Physician Review ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Urology Clinic

Purpose To determine whether patient-reported collection of comorbidities online is sufficiently accurate to warrant use as part of a physician-reviewed, baseline medical history. Methods Comorbidities were collected for a sample of 213 new prostate cancer visits to our urology clinic through an online survey (called Baseline Medical History) before the clinical encounter. The frequency distributions of comorbidities as reported by patients before physician review were compared with those documented by physicians for a sample of 298 consecutive patients presenting to the same urology clinic before the survey went live. Results The overall frequency distribution of comorbidities and life expectancy estimates were similar between the two groups. A few comorbidity categories were reported with higher frequency in the patient-reported group compared with the physician-documented group, including neurologic comorbidities (7.5% v 1.7%; difference 6%; 95% CI, 2.0% to 10%; P = .001) and back pain (24% v 13%; difference 12%; 95% CI, 4.8% to 19%; P = .001). A similar trend was seen for vascular conditions, although the difference did not meet conventional levels of statistical significance. Genitourinary comorbidities, including problems with urination and erectile dysfunction, were better captured by the physician-reported group compared with the patient-reported group (68% v 53%; difference 15%; 95% CI, 7% to 24%; P = .001), as were other musculoskeletal comorbidities (8.7% v 1.9%; difference 7%; 95% CI, 3.2% to 11%; P = .001). Conclusion Patients completing a medical history, at their own pace and in the comfort of their own home, provide relatively accurate and complete information, even before physician review. Patient reporting of comorbidities thus seems to be a reliable starting point for the documentation of the medical history in the clinic.

Earthquakes Induced by Wastewater Injection, Part II: Statistical Evaluation of Causal Factors and Seismicity Rate Forecasting

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 2483-2497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iason Grigoratos ◽  
Ellen Rathje ◽  
Paolo Bazzurro ◽  
Alexandros Savvaidis
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
B Value ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Seismicity Rate ◽  
Seismicity Rates ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Semi Empirical

ABSTRACT Wastewater disposal has been reported as the main cause of the recent surge in seismicity rates in several parts of central United States, including Oklahoma. In this article, we employ the semi-empirical model of the companion article (Grigoratos, Rathje, et al., 2020) first to test the statistical significance of this prevailing hypothesis and then to forecast seismicity rates in Oklahoma given future injection scenarios. We also analyze the observed magnitude–frequency distributions, arguing that the reported elevated values of the Gutenberg–Richter b-value are an artifact of the finiteness of the pore-pressure perturbation zones and a more appropriate value would be close to 1.0. The results show that the vast majority (76%) of the seismically active blocks in Oklahoma can be associated with wastewater disposal at a 95% confidence level. These blocks experienced 84% of the felt seismicity in Oklahoma after 2006, including the four largest earthquakes. In terms of forecasting power, the model is able to predict the evolution of the seismicity burst starting in 2014, both in terms of timing and magnitude, even when only using seismicity data through 2011 to calibrate the model. Under the current disposal rates, the seismicity is expected to reach the pre-2009 levels after 2025, whereas the probability of a potentially damaging Mw≥5.5 event between 2018 and 2026 remains substantial at around 45%.

scholarly journals Reasons Given by California Physical Therapists for Not Belonging to the American Physical Therapy Association

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 1224-1230
Author(s):  
Susan M McGinty ◽  
Michael C Cicero ◽  
Jessica ME Cicero ◽  
Lori Schultz-Janney ◽  
Kari L Williams-Shipman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Therapy ◽  
Physical Therapists ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
American Physical

Background and Purpose. In 1997, only 22% of licensed physical therapists living in California were members of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). This 1998 study was designed to identify the reason(s) why most licensed physical therapists in California choose not to belong to their profession's national association and to examine the demographics of nonmembers. Subjects. The subjects were a random sample of 400 California licensed physical therapists who were not members of APTA. Methods. The survey instrument included a demographic questionnaire and statements for response using a 5-point Likert-type scale. Frequency distributions were calculated for responses and demographic data. Nonparametric analyses were used to determine statistical significance. Chi-square analysis was used to compare responses to statements by gender and by full-time versus part-time work status. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to determine any relationships between demographic data (eg, gender and work status). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine any differences in responses to specific representation questions by those respondents who worked in specific practice environments. All statistical tests were 2-tailed tests conducted at the P&lt;.05 level, unless otherwise indicated. Means, standard deviations, and ranges were used where appropriate. Results. There was a 67% response rate. Eighty-nine percent of the respondents had been members of APTA. Eighty-eight percent of the respondents believed that APTA national dues were too high, and 90% thought California Chapter dues were too high. Discussion and Conclusion. Cost was the primary reason given for APTA nonmembership in California.

The Way of Starting Smoke and the Frequency of Use: A Nationwide Study in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inanc BB ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify and appraise the data distribution of reasons behind starting tobacco use of individuals by sex and the individuals’ using status of smoking tobacco products by sex and age group in 2014 and 2016. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 8 325 adults in Turkey, aged 15 years and over, selected via a stratified, twostage proportionate-to-size sampling method. Data were obtained from faceto- face interviews by trained research assistants, using a standard validated questionnaire. Data is available for the years bienally. The study variables analyzed were years, sex, cause, age groups and using smoke frekans. Chi square analysis was used to predict outcomes. Descriptive statistics were given as frequency distributions and percentages on collected data. In addition, chisquare test was used for statistical evaluation. The level of significance in the study was taken as p <0.05. Results: 50.2% in 2014; 43.5% in 2016 individuals were smoking. Men rates are higher than women. Starting to smoke causes were, curiosity, friend effect and desire were. Statistical significance in between genders, in terms of frequency of smoke and starting smoke causes in 2014 and 2016 (p<0.000). Conclusion: Smoking is an important public health problem in the world and in our country. Young population’s overly smoking habit, the presence of psychosocial reasons which were seen in our study may indicate the need for psychological support in smoking. However, regardless of the reason, the precautions to be determined across the country resolutely and results should be obtained than.

Imaging molecules adsorbed onto electrodes under potential control by scanning probe microscopy

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 376-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J. Tao ◽  
J.A. DeRose ◽  
P.I. Oden ◽  
S.M. Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Surface Charge ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Scanning Probe Microscopy ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Electrochemical Methods ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Afm Imaging ◽  
Special Circumstances

Clemmer and Beebe have pointed out that surface structures on graphite substrates can be misinterpreted as biopolymer images in STM experiments. We have been using electrochemical methods to react DNA fragments onto gold electrodes for STM and AFM imaging. The adsorbates produced in this way are only homogeneous in special circumstances. Searching an inhomogeneous substrate for ‘desired’ images limits the value of the data. Here, we report on a reversible method for imaging adsorbates. The molecules can be lifted onto and off the substrate during imaging. This leaves no doubt about the validity or statistical significance of the images. Furthermore, environmental effects (such as changes in electrolyte or surface charge) can be investigated easily.

Influence of Maternal Education on Food Consumption and Energy and Nutrient Intake in a Group of Pre-School Children from Madrid

2003 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 439-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navia ◽  
Ortega ◽  
Requejo ◽  
Perea ◽  
López-Sobaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
School Children ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Dietary Adequacy ◽  
Consumption Energy ◽  
Maternal Educational Level ◽  
Energy And Nutrient Intake

A study was conducted on the influence of maternal education level on food consumption, energy and nutrient intake, and dietary adequacy in 110 pre-school children from Madrid, Spain. With increasing maternal education, children consumed more sugar (p < 0.05), fruit (p < 0.05), and fish (p < 0.05). Snacking was more frequent with decreasing maternal education (p < 0.05). Though statistical significance was not reached, the consumption of pre-cooked foods was greater among children of mothers educated to a higher level, a phenomenon probably related to the work situation of these women. With respect to dietary composition, no significant differences were found between groups for macronutrient, fiber and energy intakes, except for energy supplied by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which was greater in the children of less educated women (p < 0.01). This is probably due to their greater consumption of sunflower seed oil. The diets of children belonging to well-educated mothers came closer to meeting the recommended intakes for folate, vitamin C, and iodine. It would seem that maternal educational level influences the food habits of children. Mothers with less education may require special advice in this area.

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