Neopterin Concentration in Serum and Chosen Markers of Inflammatory Process in Children with Acute Diarrhea Caused by Rotavirus or Salmonella

Pteridines ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
Jolanta Kozlowska-Murawska ◽  
Anna Obuchowicz
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Serum Neopterin ◽  
Group I ◽  
Neopterin Concentration

Abstract Neopterin concentrations reflect the activation of the cellular immune system. Neopterin is released by macrophages stimulated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which is produced by activated T lymphocytes. Raised neopterin concentrations in body fluids are found in various disorders, e.g. viral infections (AIDS, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis), intracellular bacteria infections (Mycobacteruim tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae), autoimmune disorders and malignancy. Neopterin concentrations are low or not significantly increased in bacterial infections, with exception of infections with intracellular bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of neopterin in the differential diagnosis of viral (Rotavirus) and bacterial (Salmonella) origin of diarrhoea.129 children, aged 1 month -14 years, who were hospitalized for rotavirus gastroenteritis or salmonellosis were included into the study. Rotavirus was identified by latex test and Salmonella by stool cultures and the children were divided into 2 groups: with rotavirus infection (group I (R) - 71 children) and with salmonellosis (group II (S) - 58 children). In this study it was analyzed: disease duration before hospitalization, the general condition of a child on admission, body temperature, the number of loose and bloody stools and the number of vomits. On their admission to hospital, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), leukocyte count, and in the sera of all children C-reactive protein (CRP) and neopterin concentrations were determined. The serum neopterin concentrations were analyzed by ELISA.Mean neopterin concentration was 35.0 nmol/L in patients with salmonellosis, and it was significantly higher than in patients with rotavirus infection (22.0 nmol/L; p <0,001). The neopterin level that reliably discriminated between rotavirus diarrhoea and salmonellosis was 22 nmol/L: neopterin concentration higher than 22 nmol/L suggested diarrhoea caused by Salmonella, and neopterin concentrations equal or lower than 22 nmol/L suggested a rotavirus diarrhoea The combination of the results of two (neopterin >10 nmol/L and CRP >10mg/L) or three (neopterin >10nmol/L, ESR >10mm/h, CRP >10mg/L) serum markers helps to achieve better results. The best specificity (100%) was obtained for CRP concentration >15mg/L and neopterin concentration >37 nmol/L.We conclude that serum neopterin concentrations in children with acute diarrhea are not a laboratory indicator diversifying salmonellosis and rotavirus infection, because it increases in both infections. However higher concentrations indicate salmonellosis.

Neopterin as a marker of inflammation

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-156
Author(s):  
Magdalena Bartold ◽  
Joanna Matowicka-Karna
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Neopterin Concentration ◽  
Living Bacteria

Neopterin is a non-specific marker of immunological response of human body of cellular type. It belongs to the chemical group known as pteridines. Neopterin has been widely associated with inter alia viral infections, bacterial infections (by intracellular living bacteria), parasitic infections, skin burns or autoimmune diseases. Neopterin is a very important parameter diagnostically not only in diagnosis and monitoring of treatment but also a reliable indicator of macrophages’ activity. Most frequently neopterin concentration is measured in body fluids like blood, serum or urine, but it may be used as an indicator in other body fluids.

scholarly journals Update of a clinical prediction model for serious bacterial infections in preschool children by adding a host-protein-based assay: a diagnostic study

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. e000416
Author(s):  
Chantal van Houten ◽  
Josephine Sophia van de Maat ◽  
Christiana Naaktgeboren ◽  
Louis Bont ◽  
R Oostenbrink
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Host Protein ◽  
Diagnostic Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
C Statistic ◽  
Serious Bacterial Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

ObjectiveTo determine whether updating a diagnostic prediction model by adding a combination assay (tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, interferon γ induced protein-10 and C reactive protein (CRP)) can accurately identify children with pneumonia or other serious bacterial infections (SBIs).DesignObservational double-blind diagnostic study.SettingTwo hospitals in Israel and four hospitals in the Netherlands.Patients591 children, aged 1–60 months, presenting with lower respiratory tract infections or fever without source. 96 of them had SBIs. The original Feverkidstool, a polytomous logistic regression model including clinical variables and CRP, was recalibrated and thereafter updated by using the assay.Main outcome measuresPneumonia, other SBIs or no SBI.ResultsThe recalibrated original Feverkidstool discriminated well between SBIs and viral infections, with a c-statistic for pneumonia of 0.84 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.92) and 0.82 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.86) for other SBIs. The discriminatory ability increased when CRP was replaced by the combination assay; c-statistic for pneumonia increased to 0.89 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.96) and for other SBIs to 0.91 (95% CI 0.87 to 0.94). This updated Feverkidstool improved diagnosis of SBIs mainly in children with low–moderate risk estimates of SBIs.ConclusionWe improved the diagnostic accuracy of the Feverkidstool by replacing CRP with a combination assay to predict pneumonia or other SBIs in febrile children. The updated Feverkidstool has the largest potential to rule out bacterial infections and thus to decrease unnecessary antibiotic prescription in children with low-to-moderate predicted risk of SBIs.

scholarly journals Inactivation of Lrg-47 and Irg-47 Reveals a Family of Interferon γ–Inducible Genes with Essential, Pathogen-Specific Roles in Resistance to Infection

2001 ◽  
Vol 194 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen M. Collazo ◽  
George S. Yap ◽  
Gregory D. Sempowski ◽  
Kimberly C. Lusby ◽  
Lino Tessarollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Murine Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Deficient Mice

The cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ regulates immune clearance of parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Recently, a family of IFN-γ–induced genes has been identified that encode 48-kD GTP-binding proteins that localize to the endoplasmic reticulum of cells. The prototype of this family, IGTP, has been shown to be required for host defense against acute infections with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, but not for normal clearance of the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). To determine whether other members of the gene family also play important roles in immune defense, we generated mice that lacked expression of the genes LRG-47 and IRG-47, and examined their responses to representative pathogens. After infection with T. gondii, LRG-47–deficient mice succumbed uniformly and rapidly during the acute phase of the infection; in contrast, IRG-47–deficient mice displayed only partially decreased resistance that was not manifested until the chronic phase. After infection with L. monocytogenes, LRG-47–deficient mice exhibited a profound loss of resistance, whereas IRG-47–deficient mice exhibited completely normal resistance. In addition, both strains displayed normal clearance of MCMV. Thus, LRG-47 and IRG-47 have vital, but distinct roles in immune defense against protozoan and bacterial infections.

A New Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Endometrial Cancer: Neopterin

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 754-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esra Isci Bostanci ◽  
Asiye Ugras Dikmen ◽  
Gozde Girgin ◽  
Tayfun Gungor ◽  
Terken Baydar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cancer Antigen 125 ◽  
Serum Neopterin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urinary Neopterin

ObjectiveIn this study, we investigated the correlation between serum and urinary neopterin levels as well as the stage of the disease in women with endometrial cancer.Increased neopterin concentrations are reported in patients with activation of macrophages by interferon-γ, which includes the following: viral infections, autoimmune disorders, allograft rejection, and various malignant tumors. In patients with several types of cancer, high-neopterin concentrations in body fluids like serum/plasma, urine, ascites, and cerebrospinal fluid indicate the course of the disease, and it is associated with poor prognosis. In the light of foregoing, we aimed to investigate the role of neopterin as a prognostic biomarker in endometrial cancer.Materials and MethodsSerum neopterin concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and urinary neopterin by high-performance liquid chromatography in 41 patients with endometrial cancer (group 2) and 41 healthy women (group 1).ResultsIncreased urinary neopterin levels were observed in patients with endometrial cancer (P< 0.001), and the difference in the urinary neopterin levels between low and high stages of endometrial cancer was significant (P< 0.01; stage I–II vs stage III–IV, respectively). Serum neopterin levels did not show a significant difference in each group.ConclusionsThis study suggests that urinary neopterin levels are relevant in evaluating the endometrial cancer stage and follow-up of the disease. As a result, using neopterin and cancer antigen 125 together would be useful in determining the prognosis of endometrial cancer and its posttreatment progression.

Association Between Neopterin Production and other Parameters in a Population of Blood Donors

Pteridines ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Schennach ◽  
Christian Murr ◽  
Elmar Gächter ◽  
Peter Mayersbach ◽  
Diether Schönitzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Human Monocyte ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Serum Neopterin

Abstract Neopterin is released from human monocyte-derived macrophages preferentially upon stimulation with the Thlcell cytokine interferon-γ. In humans, increased concentrations of neopterin in serum and urine have been found in viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, various malignant disorders, autoimmune diseases and during allograft rejection episodes. In order to find additional parameters which might influence neopterin production, serum neopterin concentrations of 1156 blood donors were compared with other parameters routinely determined in blood transfusion. There existed correlations between serum neopterin concentration and blood donors' age (Spearman's rank correlation: rs = 0.259, ρ <0.0001), arterial diastolic blood pressure (rs 0.132, ρ <0.0001) and body mass index (rs = 0.084, ρ <0.01). Serum neopterin concentrations were lower in smokers compared to nonsmokers (Mann-Whitney test, ρ <0.0001). The data demonstrate that higher neopterin concentrations are associated with older age, higher diastolic blood pressure and higher body mass index, whereas lower neopterin concentrations are found in smokers compared to nonsmokers. It is assumed that immunopathogenetic pathways underlie these relationships, but the exact background of these associations still needs to be resolved.

Neopteryna jako wskaźnik stanu zapalnego i rozrostu nowotworowego w ostrych białaczkach

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Nowicka ◽  
Wiesława Nahaczewska ◽  
Iwona Urbanowicz ◽  
Mieczysław Woźniak
Keyword(s):  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inflammatory Condition ◽  
Acute Leukemias ◽  
Serum Neopterin ◽  
Neopterin Concentration ◽  
Cellular Immune

Introduction. Neopterin (NPT) is a sensitive marker for cellular immune responses. It is a pteridine group compound as a dye substance in insects, lower vertebrata and mammals. Neopterin is released from human monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells upon stimulation by interferon gamma produced by T-lymphocytes. High neopterin concentrations in serum and urine were shown to be a reliable indicator for the severity of bacterial, viral infections including autoimmune diseases, allograft rejections and various malignant disorders. Aim. The aim of the study was the concentration of the neopterin in acute leukemias may be an endogenous marker of unfavorable processes in acute leukemia for which the growth of the tumor, the coexistence of inflammation. Material and methods. The studies involved 80 patients suffering from acute leukemias including 53 patients with acute myeloid leukemia, 21 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 6 patients with mixed phenotype acute leukemia. The patients with acute leukemia was analyzed as a group with inflammatory condition and a group without inflammatory condition. The quantitative assessment of serum neopterin level was performed by means of immunoenzymatic test ELISA. Results. Patients with all types of leukemia showed elevated serum neopterin levels in comparison to the control group and significantly elevated neopterin levels in patients with coexisting inflammation compared to the values of these parameters in patients without inflammation. The neopterin concentration was highest in the group of patients diagnosed with acute M4 and M5 leukemia, both without inflammation (32.8 ± 13.6 nmol/l) and with co-existing inflammation (116.57 ± 97.0 nmol/l) (p = 0.00024). Conclusions. Neopterin as a marker of malignant hyperplasia may be used only in cases where inflammation does not occur.

scholarly journals Getting “Inside” Type I IFNs: Type I IFNs in Intracellular Bacterial Infections

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deann T. Snyder ◽  
Jodi F. Hedges ◽  
Mark A. Jutila
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type I Ifn ◽  
Type I Ifns ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium

Type I interferons represent a unique and complex group of cytokines, serving many purposes during innate and adaptive immunity. Discovered in the context of viral infections, type I IFNs are now known to have myriad effects in infectious and autoimmune disease settings. Type I IFN signaling during bacterial infections is dependent on many factors including whether the infecting bacterium is intracellular or extracellular, as different signaling pathways are activated. As such, the repercussions of type I IFN induction can positively or negatively impact the disease outcome. This review focuses on type I IFN induction and downstream consequences during infection with the following intracellular bacteria:Chlamydia trachomatis,Listeria monocytogenes,Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium,Francisella tularensis,Brucella abortus,Legionella pneumophila, andCoxiella burnetii. Intracellular bacterial infections are unique because the bacteria must avoid, circumvent, and even co-opt microbial “sensing” mechanisms in order to reside and replicate within a host cell. Furthermore, life inside a host cell makes intracellular bacteria more difficult to target with antibiotics. Because type I IFNs are important immune effectors, modulating this pathway may improve disease outcomes. But first, it is critical to understand the context-dependent effects of the type I IFN pathway in intracellular bacterial infections.

Increased Neopterin Concentration in Older Age Coincides with Decline of CD28+CD45RA+ T-cells

Pteridines ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Murr ◽  
Ursula Hainz ◽  
Ester Asch ◽  
Peter Berger ◽  
Brigitte Jenewein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Human Monocyte ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Serum Neopterin ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Neopterin Concentration

Abstract Neopterin is produced from human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells upon Stimulation with interferon-y, and increased neopterin concentrations thus indicate cell-mediated immune activation. In healthy individuals increasing neopterin concentrations are found with increasing age, which is also evident from the agedependency of reference values of serum neopterin concentrations. Increase of neopterin concentrations in the elderly may relate to, e.g., altered T lymphocyte differentiation with age. In this study, serum neopterin concentrations of 138 persons (median age: 34 years; interquartile range 29.0 - 67.8 years) were investigated and compared to age and to the percentage of CD28+CD45RA+ or CD28+CD45RO+ subsets among CD8+ T cells. With increasing age, the percentage of CD28+CD45RA+ in CD8+ T-cells decreased (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient: rs = -0.561; p < 0.0001) accompanied by an increase of the percentage of CD28+CD45RO+ in CD8+ T-cells (rs = +0.221; p < 0.01). Serum neopterin concentrations increased with age (rs = -+0.541; p < 0.0001). This increase of neopterin concentration was accompanied by a decreased percentage of CD28+CD45RA+ in CD8+ T-cells (r+ = -0.287; p < 0.001). Multivariate analyses revealed that the inverse relationship between the percentage of CD28+CD45RA+ in CD8+ T-cells and neopterin concentrations was at least partly independent from age. Thus, investigation allows to conclude that an increase of neopterin concentrations with older age is accompanied by a loss of naive CD28+CD45RA+ CD8+ T-cells. Data suggest that the subset of CD28+CD8+ T-cells, which is developing in states of sustained immune activation, is important for a chronic production of interferon-γ which in turn gives rise to increased neopterin concentrations.

scholarly journals A multicenter evaluation of viral bloodstream detections in children presenting to the Emergency Department with suspected systemic infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina A. Rostad ◽  
Neena Kanwar ◽  
Jumi Yi ◽  
Claudia R. Morris ◽  
Jennifer Dien Bard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Systemic Infections

Abstract Background Fever is a common symptom in children presenting to the Emergency Department (ED). We aimed to describe the epidemiology of systemic viral infections and their predictive values for excluding serious bacterial infections (SBIs), including bacteremia, meningitis and urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children presenting to the ED with suspected systemic infections. Methods We enrolled children who presented to the ED with suspected systemic infections who had blood cultures obtained at seven healthcare facilities. Whole blood specimens were analyzed by an experimental multiplexed PCR test for 7 viruses. Demographic and laboratory results were abstracted. Results Of the 1114 subjects enrolled, 245 viruses were detected in 224 (20.1%) subjects. Bacteremia, meningitis and UTI frequency in viral bloodstream-positive patients was 1.3, 0 and 10.1% compared to 2.9, 1.3 and 9.7% in viral bloodstream-negative patients respectively. Although viral bloodstream detections had a high negative predictive value for bacteremia or meningitis (NPV = 98.7%), the frequency of UTIs among these subjects remained appreciable (9/89, 10.1%) (NPV = 89.9%). Screening urinalyses were positive for leukocyte esterase in 8/9 (88.9%) of these subjects, improving the ability to distinguish UTI. Conclusions Viral bloodstream detections were common in children presenting to the ED with suspected systemic infections. Although overall frequencies of SBIs among subjects with and without viral bloodstream detections did not differ significantly, combining whole blood viral testing with urinalysis provided high NPV for excluding SBI.

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