Neopterin as a marker of inflammation

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-156
Author(s):  
Magdalena Bartold ◽  
Joanna Matowicka-Karna
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Neopterin Concentration ◽  
Living Bacteria

Neopterin is a non-specific marker of immunological response of human body of cellular type. It belongs to the chemical group known as pteridines. Neopterin has been widely associated with inter alia viral infections, bacterial infections (by intracellular living bacteria), parasitic infections, skin burns or autoimmune diseases. Neopterin is a very important parameter diagnostically not only in diagnosis and monitoring of treatment but also a reliable indicator of macrophages’ activity. Most frequently neopterin concentration is measured in body fluids like blood, serum or urine, but it may be used as an indicator in other body fluids.

A review on human body fluids for the diagnosis of viral infections: scope for rapid detection of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Sphurti S Adigal ◽  
Nidheesh V Rayaroth ◽  
Reena V John ◽  
Keerthilatha M Pai ◽  
Sulatha Bhandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Body Fluids

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF CHILDHOOD SKIN DISORDERS ATTENDING AT OUTPATIENT PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
NANDINI THUMMANAPALLY ◽  
KAVITHA LAWDYAVATH ◽  
CHARANDAS GURUVA ◽  
DEEPTHI ENUMULA ◽  
SASTRY PVK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Skin Disorders ◽  
Prior Approval ◽  
Bacterial Skin Infections

Objective: The objective of the study was to study the prevalence of various skin diseases in pediatric population. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at private children’s outpatient clinic in Warangal from March to August 2018 with the prior approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee BIPS/IEC/2018/P8. A total of 200 patients with various skin diseases of age group <17 years were included in the study. Results: Out of 200 pediatric skin disorders, male children 138 (69%) outnumbered female children 62 (31%). The mean age of the study population was found to be 5.85±4.11 years. About 64% of the patients are from rural area and 36% are from urban. The percentage of skin disorders is allergic infections (26%), bacterial infections (23%), viral infections (11%), fungal infections (7.5%), parasitic infections (6%), autoimmune disorders (4%), and skin adnexa (2.5%). Conclusion: Our study concludes that the prevalence of allergic and bacterial skin infections was found to be common among male children from rural area

scholarly journals Plasma procalcitonin in patients with ileus: relations to other inflammatory parameters

2008 ◽  
pp. 481-486
Author(s):  
P Maruna ◽  
R Fraško ◽  
R Gürlich
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Paralytic Ileus ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Surgical Stress ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Surgical Department ◽  
Inflammatory Parameters

Plasma procalcitonin (PCT) is a highly specific marker for the diagnosis of bacterial infections and sepsis. PCT levels are usually low in viral infections, chronic inflammation or postsurgical states. The purpose of this study was to characterize PCT plasma levels in patients with various types of ileus at preoperative stage, where the other inducing factors suchas a surgical stress are excluded. The prospective study was performed on 54 patients admitted to in-patient surgical department with a proven diagnosis of ileus. Patients were divided to three groups – obstructive, vascular and paralytic ileus. Plasma levels of PCT (Kryptor analysis), TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, cortisol (ELISA) and CRP (Kryptor ultrasensitive analysis) were estimated before any invasive procedure was realized. We demonstrated significant elevation of PCT in both obstructive ileus in adhesions and vascular ileus compared with healthy subjects (p<0.01). PCT levels were not elevated in paralytic ileus. The regression coefficient was the highest for PCT and CRP (r=0.78, p<0.01), for TNFα and IL-8 (r=0.76, p<0.01) in vascular ileus. There was no significant correlation between PCT and other inflammatory parameters. The different types of ileus induce an elevation of plasma PCT levels and PCT shows itself as an acute phase reactant. The highest PCT concentrations were presented in patients with vascular ileus, whereas paralytic ileus revealed similar cytokine and PCT pattern as in healthy subjects. Plasma PCT estimation extended to a measurement of CRP and IL-6 may become a useful complementary examination for diagnostics of acute abdomen in patients.

scholarly journals Analysis of Factors Affecting the Event of Diarrhea in Infants Age 0 to 2 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antika Maulida Rahayu ◽  
Ismarwati Ismarwati
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Reference Lists ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The World ◽  
Water Filters

Diarrhea is the number 2 cause of death among children under five in the world, number 3 in infants, and number 5 for all ages. There are several factors that influence the occurrence of diarrhea in infants apart from infectious factors (bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, parenteral infections). Other contributing factors are attainment of breastfeeding, food factors, and water sources used daily. The aim of this literature review is to analyze the factors that influence the incidence of diarrhea in infants aged 0 to 2 years. a process using the search stage to conduct a literature review. A search of relevant databases as well as literature and reference lists of included studies was carried out. An analysis of 10 journals conducted by researchers showed that infants aged 10 months who were fully breastfed when associated with diarrhea had lower scores (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.43-0.82), while children -children who received food and candy or milk were associated with an increased prevalence of diarrhea, namely (OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.22-2.22 and OR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.21-2.30 ). And 2.58 times higher in homes with damaged water filters (OR = 2.58, 95% CI 0.1, 10.1) compared to homes with working water filters. 15% of families with good water filters reported diarrhea, while 31% of families with damaged water filters reported diarrhea. Exclusive breastfeeding for up to 6 months can reduce the risk of diarrhea in infants.

Secondary immunodeficiency and other host-defence syndromes

2013 ◽  
pp. 81-118
Author(s):  
Gavin P Spickett
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Secondary Immunodeficiency ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Acute Bacterial Infections ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1

Introduction Classification of secondary immunodeficiency Human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2 Epstein–Barr virus Other viral infections Acute bacterial infections Chronic bacterial sepsis Bronchiectasis Fungal and parasitic infections Malignancy Myeloma Lymphoma: Hodgkin’s disease Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and myelodysplastic syndromes...

scholarly journals Eosinophils and Bacteria, the Beginning of a Story

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8004
Author(s):  
Edna Ondari ◽  
Esther Calvino-Sanles ◽  
Nicholas J. First ◽  
Monica C. Gestal
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Th2 Responses ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Eosinophils are granulocytes primarily associated with TH2 responses to parasites or immune hyper-reactive states, such as asthma, allergies, or eosinophilic esophagitis. However, it does not make sense from an evolutionary standpoint to maintain a cell type that is only specific for parasitic infections and that otherwise is somehow harmful to the host. In recent years, there has been a shift in the perception of these cells. Eosinophils have recently been recognized as regulators of immune homeostasis and suppressors of over-reactive pro-inflammatory responses by secreting specific molecules that dampen the immune response. Their role during parasitic infections has been well investigated, and their versatility during immune responses to helminths includes antigen presentation as well as modulation of T cell responses. Although it is known that eosinophils can present antigens during viral infections, there are still many mechanistic aspects of the involvement of eosinophils during viral infections that remain to be elucidated. However, are eosinophils able to respond to bacterial infections? Recent literature indicates that Helicobacter pylori triggers TH2 responses mediated by eosinophils; this promotes anti-inflammatory responses that might be involved in the long-term persistent infection caused by this pathogen. Apparently and on the contrary, in the respiratory tract, eosinophils promote TH17 pro-inflammatory responses during Bordetella bronchiseptica infection, and they are, in fact, critical for early clearance of bacteria from the respiratory tract. However, eosinophils are also intertwined with microbiota, and up to now, it is not clear if microbiota regulates eosinophils or vice versa, or how this connection influences immune responses. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of eosinophils as regulators of pro and anti-inflammatory responses in the context of both infection and naïve conditions. We propose questions and future directions that might open novel research avenues in the future.

scholarly journals When fever is not malaria in Latin America: a systematic review

BMC Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Moreira ◽  
Janaina Barros ◽  
Oscar Lapouble ◽  
Marcus V. G. Lacerda ◽  
Ingrid Felger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Emerging Infections

Abstract Background In malaria-endemic countries, febrile episodes caused by diseases other than malaria are a growing concern. However, limited knowledge of the prevalent etiologic agents and their geographic distributions restrict the ability of health services to address non-malarial morbidity and mortality through effective case management. Here, we review the etiology of fever in Latin America (LA) between 1980 and 2015 and map significant pathogens commonly implicated in febrile infectious diseases. Methods A literature search was conducted, without language restrictions, in three distinct databases in order to identify fever etiology studies that report laboratory-confirmed fever-causing pathogens that were isolated from usually sterile body sites. Data analyses and mapping was conducted with Tableau Desktop (version 2018.2.3). Results Inclusion criteria were met by 625 publications corresponding to data relative to 34 countries. Studies using serology (n = 339) predominated for viral infections, culture (n = 131) for bacteria, and microscopy (n = 62) for fungi and parasites. The pathogen groups most frequently reported were viral infections (n = 277), bacterial infections (n = 265), parasitic infections (n = 59), fungal infections (n = 47), and more than one pathogen group (n = 24). The most frequently reported virus was dengue virus (n = 171), followed by other arboviruses (n = 55), and hantavirus (n = 18). For bacteria, Staphylococcus spp. (n = 82), Rickettsia spp. (n = 70), and Leptospira spp. (n = 55) were frequently reported. Areas with biggest gaps on etiology of fever were apparent. Conclusions This review provides a landscape of pathogens causing febrile illness other than malaria in LA for over 30 years. Our findings highlight the need to standardize protocols and report guidelines for fever etiology studies for better comparability of results and improved interpretation. Lastly, we should improve existing national laboratory surveillance systems, especially from low- to middle-income countries, to inform global fever policy priorities and timely identify emerging infections threats. Study registration PROSPERO systematic review registration number: CRD42016049281

Neopterin Concentration in Serum and Chosen Markers of Inflammatory Process in Children with Acute Diarrhea Caused by Rotavirus or Salmonella

Pteridines ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
Jolanta Kozlowska-Murawska ◽  
Anna Obuchowicz
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Serum Neopterin ◽  
Group I ◽  
Neopterin Concentration

Abstract Neopterin concentrations reflect the activation of the cellular immune system. Neopterin is released by macrophages stimulated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which is produced by activated T lymphocytes. Raised neopterin concentrations in body fluids are found in various disorders, e.g. viral infections (AIDS, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis), intracellular bacteria infections (Mycobacteruim tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae), autoimmune disorders and malignancy. Neopterin concentrations are low or not significantly increased in bacterial infections, with exception of infections with intracellular bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of neopterin in the differential diagnosis of viral (Rotavirus) and bacterial (Salmonella) origin of diarrhoea.129 children, aged 1 month -14 years, who were hospitalized for rotavirus gastroenteritis or salmonellosis were included into the study. Rotavirus was identified by latex test and Salmonella by stool cultures and the children were divided into 2 groups: with rotavirus infection (group I (R) - 71 children) and with salmonellosis (group II (S) - 58 children). In this study it was analyzed: disease duration before hospitalization, the general condition of a child on admission, body temperature, the number of loose and bloody stools and the number of vomits. On their admission to hospital, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), leukocyte count, and in the sera of all children C-reactive protein (CRP) and neopterin concentrations were determined. The serum neopterin concentrations were analyzed by ELISA.Mean neopterin concentration was 35.0 nmol/L in patients with salmonellosis, and it was significantly higher than in patients with rotavirus infection (22.0 nmol/L; p <0,001). The neopterin level that reliably discriminated between rotavirus diarrhoea and salmonellosis was 22 nmol/L: neopterin concentration higher than 22 nmol/L suggested diarrhoea caused by Salmonella, and neopterin concentrations equal or lower than 22 nmol/L suggested a rotavirus diarrhoea The combination of the results of two (neopterin >10 nmol/L and CRP >10mg/L) or three (neopterin >10nmol/L, ESR >10mm/h, CRP >10mg/L) serum markers helps to achieve better results. The best specificity (100%) was obtained for CRP concentration >15mg/L and neopterin concentration >37 nmol/L.We conclude that serum neopterin concentrations in children with acute diarrhea are not a laboratory indicator diversifying salmonellosis and rotavirus infection, because it increases in both infections. However higher concentrations indicate salmonellosis.

scholarly journals Non-malarial febrile illness: a systematic review of published aetiological studies and case reports from Africa, 1980–2015

BMC Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Elven ◽  
Prabin Dahal ◽  
Elizabeth A. Ashley ◽  
Nigel V. Thomas ◽  
Poojan Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Care Providers

Abstract Background The availability of reliable point-of-care tests for malaria has heralded a paradigm shift in the management of febrile illnesses away from presumptive antimalarial therapy. In the absence of a definitive diagnosis, health care providers are more likely to prescribe empirical antimicrobials to those who test negative for malaria. To improve management and guide further test development, better understanding is needed of the true causative agents and their geographic variability. Methods A systematic review of published literature was undertaken to characterise the spectrum of pathogens causing non-malaria febrile illness in Africa (1980–2015). Literature searches were conducted in English and French languages in six databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health (CABI), WHO Global Health Library, PASCAL, and Bulletin de la Société Française de Parasitologie (BDSP). Selection criteria included reporting on an infection or infections with a confirmed diagnosis, defined as pathogens detected in or cultured from samples from normally sterile sites, or serological evidence of current or past infection. A number of published articles (rather than incidence or prevalence) reporting a given pathogen were presented. Results A total of 16,523 records from 48 African countries were screened, of which 1065 (6.4%) met selection criteria. Bacterial infections were reported in 564 (53.0%) records, viral infections in 374 (35.1%), parasitic infections in 47 (4.4%), fungal infections in nine (0.8%), and 71 (6.7%) publications reported more than one pathogen group. Age range of the study population was not specified in 233 (21.9%) publications. Staphylococcus aureus (18.2%), non-typhoidal Salmonella (17.3%), and Escherichia coli (15.4%) were the commonly reported bacterial infections whereas Rift Valley fever virus (7.4%), yellow fever virus (7.0%), and Ebola virus (6.7%) were the most commonly reported viral infections. Dengue virus infection, previously not thought to be widespread in Africa, was reported in 54 (5.1%) of articles. Conclusions This review summarises the published reports of non-malaria pathogens that may cause febrile illness in Africa. As the threat of antimicrobial resistance looms, knowledge of the distribution of infectious agents causing fever should facilitate priority setting in the development of new diagnostic tools and improved antimicrobial stewardship. Trial registration PROSPERO, CRD42016049281

Functional state of the liver in different clinical forms of respiratory viral and viral bacterial infections in children of early age

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-214
Author(s):  
H. S. Khaertynov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Acute Period ◽  
Clinical Forms ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Sick Children

The content of prealbumin, fibroncctine and urokanisasc activity are determined in 232 sick children of early age with different clinical manifestations of acute respiratory viral infections (uncomplicated forms and acute respiratory viral infections ' complicated by pneumonia). It is stated that the acute period of acute respiratory viral infections goes in the presence of a decrease the levels of prealbumin, fibronectine and an increase of urokanisase activity of blood serum. The connection between pronounced changes of the parameters studied and manifestations of the intoxication symptoms is revealed. More pronounced changes are noted in grave forms of the disease (toxicosis development) and in presence of bacterial complications (pneumonia).

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