Vergleich der Deuterium-und Kohlenstoff-13-Gehalte in Fermentations-und Syntheseethanol/Comparison of the Deuterium and Carbon-13 Contents of Ethanol Obtained by Fermentation and Chemical Synthesis

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Rauschenbach ◽  
Helmut Simon ◽  
Willibald Stichler ◽  
Heribert Moser
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
D Values ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Different Origin ◽  
D Value

The ratios of deuterium to hydrogen and carbon-13 to carbon-12 expressed as δ D ‰ and d 13C ‰ , respectively, were determined in ten synthetical ethanols of different origin and compared with those of 28 samples of ethanol which were prepared from plant material grown in different places and at different times. The δ D values of the synthetic ethanols are between - 117‰ and - 140‰ and those for ethanol obtained by fermentation between - 200‰ and - 272‰. Using glucose samples of different origins with δ D values between - 3‰ and - 76‰ and water of a δ D value of - 77‰ led to ethanol with drastically diminished deuterium contents ranging from δ D values of -211 to -247‰. The differences of the δ 13C values between ethanols obtained by fermentation of C3 and C4-plant carbohydrates are greater than those between synthetic ethanols and the ethanols obtained from the starch of C3-plants.

Note. Antimicrobial Effect of Pressurized Carbon Dioxide on Yersinia enterocolitica in Broth and Foods

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Erkmen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Antimicrobial Effects ◽  
Temperature Exposure ◽  
D Values ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
D Value

Antimicrobial effect of 15, 30 and 60 atm CO 2 pressures was studied on Yersinia enterocolitica at 25, 35 and 45 °C. Two stages were observed in the destruction curves. The earlier stage was characterized by a slow rate of inactivation in number of Y. enterocolitica, which increased sharply at the later stage. An increase of pressure and/or temperature enhanced the antimicrobial effects of CO 2. The D values of 6.1 and 4.9 min were obtained for Y. enterocolitica at 45 °C under 15 and 30 atm CO 2 pressure, respectively, while only 1.3 min D value was found at 60 atm. A rapid and significant ( p < 0.05) reduction was obtained in the number of Y. enterocolitica at treated pressures and temperatures. Pressure, temperature, exposure time, and the suspending medium influenced the inactivation rates of Y. enterocolitica.

Aerodynamics of Gliding Flight in a Falcon and Other Birds

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
VANCE A. TUCKER ◽  
G. CHRISTIAN PARROTT
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Lift Coefficient ◽  
Aerodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Wing Span ◽  
Technical Errors ◽  
Gliding Flight ◽  
Air Speed ◽  
D Values ◽  
D Value

1. A live laggar falcon (Falco jugger) glided in a wind tunnel at speeds between 6.6 and 15.9 m./sec. The bird had a maximum lift to drag ratio (L/D) of 10 at a speed of 12.5 m./sec. As the falcon increased its air speed at a given glide angle, it reduced its wing span, wing area and lift coefficient. 2. A model aircraft with about the same wingspan as the falcon had a maximum L/D value of 10. 3. Published measurements of the aerodynamic characteristics of gliding birds are summarized by presenting them in a diagram showing air speed, sinking speed and L/D values. Data for a high-performance sailplane are included. The soaring birds had maximum L/D values near 10, or about one quarter that of the sailplane. The birds glided more slowly than the sailplane and had about the same sinking speed. 4. The ‘equivalent parasite area’ method used by aircraft designers to estimate parasite drag was modified for use with gliding birds, and empirical data are presented to provide a means of predicting the gliding performance of a bird in the absence of wind-tunnel tests. 5. The birds in this study had conventional values for parasite drag. Technical errors seem responsible for published claims of unusually low parasite drag values in a vulture. 6. The falcon adjusted its wing span in flight to achieve nearly the maximum possible L/D value over its range of gliding speeds. 7. The maximum terminal speed of the falcon in a vertical dive is estimated to be 100 m./sec.

Carvacrol and Cinnamaldehyde Facilitate Thermal Destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Raw Ground Beef†

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1604-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIJAY K. JUNEJA ◽  
MENDEL FRIEDMAN
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Inactivation Kinetics ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Thermal Death ◽  
D Values ◽  
D Value

The heat resistance of a four-strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in raw ground beef in both the absence and presence of the antimicrobials carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde was tested at temperatures ranging from 55 to 62.5°C. Inoculated meat packaged in bags was completely immersed in a circulating water bath, cooked for 1 h to an internal temperature of 55, 58, 60, or 62.5°C, and then held for predetermined lengths of time ranging from 210 min at 55°C to 5 min at 62.5°C. The surviving bacteria were enumerated by spiral plating onto tryptic soy agar overlaid with sorbitol MacConkey agar. Inactivation kinetics of the pathogens deviated from first-order kinetics. D-values (time for the bacteria to decrease by 90%) in the control beef ranged from 63.90 min at 55°C to 1.79 min at 62.5°C. D-values determined by a logistic model ranged from 43.18 min (D1, the D-value of a major population of surviving cells) and 89.84 min (D2, the D-value of a minor subpopulation) at 55°C to 1.77 (D1) and 0.78 min (D2) at 62.5°C. The thermal death times suggested that to achieve a 4-D reduction, contaminated processed ground beef should be heated to an internal temperature of 60°C for at least 30.32 min. Significantly increased sensitivity to heat (P &lt; 0.05) was observed with the addition and/or increasing levels of carvacrol or cinnamaldehyde from 0.5 to 1.0%. The observed thermal death times may facilitate the design of acceptance limits at critical control points for ground beef at lower times and temperatures of heating.

scholarly journals The basic study on kappa-lambda imaging by delta-curve for the detection of a monoclonal B-cell population in the peripheral blood

Blood ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1461-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Nakano ◽  
S Kuge ◽  
S Kuwabara ◽  
M Yaguchi ◽  
Y Kawanishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Basic Study ◽  
Minor Population ◽  
D Values ◽  
A Minor ◽  
D Value

Abstract Recently, kappa-lambda analysis with the “D” value was developed by Ault to detect a minor population of malignant B cells in peripheral blood. This analysis is based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the D value is calculated by a flowcytometer and a computer. We have recently devised a more sensitive parameter for the kappa-lambda analysis than the D value called the delta-curve (delta c); the delta c applies the same principle as that of the D value. Mixing experiments with kappa- type and lambda-type chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells revealed that the delta c could not only detect a minor population of malignant kappa- B cells, but also that of malignant lambda-B cells using more sensitivity than the D value. A total of 49 blood samples obtained from 27 patients with various B-cell malignancies were investigated. D values were abnormal in 37% of all samples, while abnormal patterns of the delta c were recognized in 71%. On the other hand, 59% of samples obtained from the patients with B-cell lymphoma in aleukemic phase showed abnormal delta c, whereas D values exceeded the upper limit of the normal value in only 15% of the samples. It was suggested that the delta c could detect 3% to 7% of malignant B cells that were mixed with a population of normal lymphocytes.

Effect of Using Milk as a Heating Menstruum on the Apparent Heat Resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus Spores1

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. MAYOU ◽  
J. J. JEZESKI
Keyword(s):  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Bacillus Stearothermophilus ◽  
Survival Curves ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
D Values ◽  
D Value

Heat resistance at 121.1 C (250 F) of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores was studied using two heating menstrua. D values of 3.8 and 3.5 min were obtained when spores were heated in 0.01 M PO4 buffer, pH 6.5, and in skimmilk, pH 6.5, respectively. With buffer as a heating menstruum. increasing the pH from 6.5 to 7.2 resulted in an increase in the D value from 3.8 to 4.1 min. When the pH of skimmilk was increased from 6.5 to 7.2, D values increased from 3.5 to 5.2 min. Skimmilk as a component of the enumeration medium inhibited germination and/or outgrowth of B. stearothermophilus spores; however, this inhibition was not influenced over the pH range of 6.0 to 7.2. Addition of 10% skimmilk, pH 6.5, to the medium for enumeration of spores heated in buffer at pH 6.5 or 7.2, in each instance reduced the number of spores that could be recovered but did not change the slopes of survival curves.

Growth and Death of Selected Microorganisms in Ultrafiltered Milk

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA HAGGERTY ◽  
NORMAN N. POTTER
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Streptococcus Faecalis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
D Values ◽  
D Value

Studies were made to compare the growth and death of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli in skim milk concentrated by ultrafiltration to that in unconcentrated skim milk. Skim milk was volume concentrated to 2× in laboratory-scale stirred UF cells. Behavior of the organisms was analyzed in four inoculated milk samples: 2× retentate, 1× water-diluted retentate, milk equivalent (retentate plus permeate) and unconcentrated skim milk. Growth of each organism and of total aerobes did not vary in the four milk samples at either 7 or 13°C. For S. faecalis and E. coli, D-values for samples heated to 62.7°C did not significantly differ in the four milk samples (p&gt;0.01). The D-value of S. aureus in water-diluted retentate was slightly but significantly lower than those in the other three milk samples (p&lt;0.01), possibly due to the lowered lactose level in this sample.

Lethality of Heat to Escherichia coli 0157:H7: D-Value and Z-Value Determinations in Ground Beef

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 762-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ERIC LINE ◽  
ALFRED R. FAIN ◽  
ALICE B. MORAN ◽  
L. MICHELE MARTIN ◽  
RICHARD V. LECHOWICH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Ground Meat ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Death Time ◽  
Lean Beef ◽  
Z Value ◽  
D Values ◽  
D Value

D-values and z-values were determined for lean (2.0% fat) and fatty (30.5% fat) ground beef inoculated with approximately 107 Escherichia coli 0157:H7 cells per g. Inoculated ground meat was sealed in glass thermal death time tubes which were completely immersed in a circulating water bath and held at prescribed temperatures for predetermined lengths of time. Survival was determined by enumeration on plate count agar (PCA) containing 1% sodium pyruvate and by the 2-h indole test of Lee and McClain (7). D-values for fatty ground beef exceeded those for lean ground beef at the temperatures tested. D-values for lean and fatty ground beef at 125°F were 78.2 and 115.5 min, respectively, as enumerated on PCA plus pyruvate. D-values at 135°F were 4.1 and 5.3 min for lean and fatty beef. At 145°F D-values were determined to be 0.3 and 0.5 min. D-values calculated from 2-h indole test data for lean and fatty ground beef at 125°F were 80.1 and 121.0 min, respectively. D-values at 135°F were 4.0 and 7.4 min for lean and fatty beef and at 145°F a D-value of 0.2 min was calculated for lean beef only, due to insufficient survival of E. coli 0157:H7 in fatty beef at this temperature. The z-values determined for lean beef and fatty beef using PCA were 8.3 and 8.4°F respectively. The z-value for lean beef using the 2-h indole data was 7.8°F. No z-value for fatty beef using 2-h indole data could be determined.

scholarly journals Development of an Efficient Real-Time Quantitative PCR Protocol for Detection ofXanthomonas arboricolapv. pruni inPrunusSpecies

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Palacio-Bielsa ◽  
Jaime Cubero ◽  
Miguel A. Cambra ◽  
Raquel Collados ◽  
Isabel M. Berruete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Mediterranean Plant ◽  
Different Origins

ABSTRACTXanthomonas arboricolapv. pruni, the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of stone fruit, is considered a quarantine organism by the European Union and the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). The bacterium can undergo an epiphytic phase and/or be latent and can be transmitted by plant material, but currently, only visual inspections are used to certify plants as beingX. arboricolapv. pruni free. A novel and highly sensitive real-time TaqMan PCR detection protocol was designed based on a sequence of a gene for a putative protein related to an ABC transporter ATP-binding system inX. arboricolapv. pruni. Pathogen detection can be completed within a few hours with a sensitivity of 102CFU ml−1, thus surpassing the sensitivity of the existing conventional PCR. Specificity was assessed forX. arboricolapv. pruni strains from different origins as well as for closely relatedXanthomonasspecies, non-Xanthomonasspecies, saprophytic bacteria, and healthyPrunussamples. The efficiency of the developed protocol was evaluated with field samples of 14Prunusspecies and rootstocks. For symptomatic leaf samples, the protocol was very efficient even when washed tissues of the leaves were directly amplified without any previous DNA extraction. For samples of 117 asymptomatic leaves and 285 buds, the protocol was more efficient after a simple DNA extraction, andX. arboricolapv. pruni was detected in 9.4% and 9.1% of the 402 samples analyzed, respectively, demonstrating its frequent epiphytic or endophytic phase. This newly developed real-time PCR protocol can be used as a quantitative assay, offers a reliable and sensitive test forX. arboricolapv. pruni, and is suitable as a screening test for symptomatic as well as asymptomatic plant material.

Thermotolerance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894, Escherichia coli B, and an rpoS-Deficient Mutant of Escherichia coliO157:H7 ATCC 43895 Following Exposure to 1.5% Acetic Acid

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1184-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLE C. WILLIAMS ◽  
STEVEN C. INGHAM
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Deficient Mutant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stressed Cells ◽  
D Values ◽  
D Value

On a beef carcass, Escherichia coli may sequentially encounter acid- and heat-intervention steps. This study tested whether acid stress (1.5% [vol/vol] acetic acid, pH 4.0, 37°C, 15 min) would enhance subsequent heat resistance of E. coli. Initially, cells (E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894, nonpathogenic E. coli B [strain FRIK-124], and rpoS-deficient mutant 813-6 [derived from E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43895]) were acid stressed and transferred to 54°C tiypticase soy broth (TSB), and survivors were immediately enumerated after at least three intervals of 12, 2, and 6 min, respectively, by plating. The ATCC 43894 and 813-6 strains survived the acid stress but strain FRIK-124 did not. Acid-stressed ATCC 43894 had significantly lower D values than the non-acid-stressed controls. Strain 813-6 had significantly lower D values than strain ATCC 43894, with no significant difference between acid-stressed and non-acid-stressed cells. In a second experiment, cooling of cells prior to plating resulted in an increased D value for acid-stressed ATCC 43894 cells, such that it was not significantly different from the D value for non-acid-stressed Controls. Using this protocol, there was no significant difference in D values between acid-stressed and non-acid-stressed ATCC 43894 cells in prewarmed TSB (54, 58, and 62°C), in prewarmed ground beef slurry (GBS; 58°C), or in TSB and GBS inoculated at 5°C and heated to 58°C. The acid stress tested does not enhance subsequent heat resistance of E. coli.

scholarly journals Development of a Phytomelatonin-Rich Extract from Cultured Plants with Excellent Biochemical and Functional Properties as an Alternative to Synthetic Melatonin

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca Pérez-Llamas ◽  
Josefa Hernández-Ruiz ◽  
Alberto Cuesta ◽  
Salvador Zamora ◽  
Marino B. Arnao
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
By Products

Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule with multiple and various functions. In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in the consumption of melatonin supplements for reasons other than those related with sleep (as an antioxidant, for anti-aging, and as a hunger regulator). Although the chemical synthesis of melatonin has recently been improved, several unwanted by-products of the chemical reactions involved occur as contaminants. Phytomelatonin, melatonin of plant origin, was discovered in several plants in 1995, and the possibility of using raw plant material as a source to obtain dietary supplements rich in phytomelatonin instead of synthetic melatonin, with its corresponding chemical by-products was raised. This work characterizes the phytomelatonin-rich extract obtained from selected plant material and determines the contents in phytomelatonin, phenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Additionally, the antioxidant activity was measured. Finally, a melatonin-specific bioassay in fish was carried out to demonstrate the excellent biological properties of the natural phytomelatonin-rich extract obtained.

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