scholarly journals Evaluation of Immunogenic Effect of Toxoplasma gondii RecombinantSAG-1 Antigen with Propranolol as Adjuvant in BALB/c Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 632-639
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Abasi ◽  
Shahram Shahabi ◽  
Majid Golkar ◽  
Peyman Khezri ◽  
Habib Mohammadzadeh Hajipirloo
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Interleukin 5 ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Positive Effect

Purpose: Propranolol as a novel adjuvant, was used to evaluate the immunogenic effect of threedoses of recombinant SAG-1 (rSAG-1) antigen of Toxoplasma gondii in BALB/c mice for findingthe optimal dose, and was compared with efficacy of tachyzoite lysate antigen (TLA).Methods: Eight different groups of 15 BALB/c mice received different volumes of theimmunogenic material (three doses of r SAG-1 and one dose of TLA antigens), with or withoutpropranolol adjuvant, subcutaneously. The control group mice received only PBS. Three weeksafter the last immunization, the serum levels of IgG2a, IgG1 and IgG total antibodies againstTLA, splenic interleukin-5 (IL-5) and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (produced against TLA) and thesplenic lymphocyte proliferation after adding TLA were measured to evaluate humoral andcellular immune responses. Challenge test was performed by subcutaneously injection of 1000alive and active tachyzoites in to five mice per each group and survival days for each group ofmice were recorded.Results: The mice group that received propranolol adjuvant and 20 μg of r SAG-1 antigenper dose of injection showed significantly more IFN-γ production, more proliferation ofsplenic lymphocytes and higher anti-TLA-specific IgG2a production (three main indexes forcell mediated immunity) in comparison with other groups. Moreover, in the challenge test,this group of mice had a significantly increased survival time, indicating the positive effect ofpropranolol in the more stimulating of cellular immunity that is necessary for toxoplasmosisprevention or suppress.Conclusion: Our results showed that T. gondii rSAG-1 antigen in combination with propranololas adjuvant (which can induce Th1 related responses) are good candidates for further study toa vaccine design.<br />

scholarly journals CCR7-Dependent Immunity during Acute Toxoplasma gondii Infection

2010 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 2257-2263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahani Noor ◽  
Andrew S. Habashy ◽  
J. Philip Nance ◽  
Robin T. Clark ◽  
Kiav Nemati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT The chemokine receptor CCR7 is a well-established homing receptor for dendritic cells and T cells. Interactions with its ligands, CCL19 and CCL21, facilitate priming of immune responses in lymphoid tissue, yet CCR7-independent immune responses can be generated in the presence of sufficient antigen. In these studies, we investigated the role of CCR7 signaling in the generation of protective immune responses to the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of CCL19, CCL21, and CCR7 in peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) tissues over the course of infection. Unexpectedly, despite the presence of abundant antigen, CCR7 was an absolute requirement for protective immunity to T. gondii, as CCR7−/− mice succumbed to the parasite early in the acute phase of infection. Although serum levels of interleukin 12 (IL-12), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-10 remained unchanged, there was a significant decrease in CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and inflammatory monocyte recruitment to the site of infection. In addition, CCR7−/− mice failed to produce sufficient gamma interferon (IFN-γ), a critical Th1-associated effector cytokine required to control parasite replication. As a result, there was increased parasite dissemination and a significant increase in parasite burden in the lungs, livers, and brains of infected mice. Adoptive-transfer experiments revealed that expression of CCR7 on the T-cell compartment alone is sufficient to enable T-cell priming, increase IFN-γ production, and allow the survival of CCR7−/− mice. These data demonstrate an absolute requirement for T-cell expression of CCR7 for the generation of protective immune responses to Toxoplasma infection.

Augmentation of cellular immune responses to bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein D by vaccination with CpG-enhanced plasmid vectors

2002 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 2973-2981 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Pontarollo ◽  
L. A. Babiuk ◽  
R. Hecker ◽  
S. van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Glycoprotein D ◽  
Saline Control Group ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Herpesvirus 1

The potential of CpG-enhanced plasmid DNA vectors encoding a truncated secreted form of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) glycoprotein D (tgD) to induce enhanced immune responses in cattle was investigated. We created tgD expression plasmids containing 0, 40 or 88 copies of the hexamer 5′ GTCGTT 3′, a known pan-activating CpG motif in several species. The total tgD-specific IgG titre of calves immunized with these plasmids did not correlate with the CpG content of the plasmid backbone. However, the pBISIA88-tgD-vaccinated group showed a significantly lower IgG1:IgG2 ratio than calves immunized with pBISIA40-tgD or pMASIA-tgD, which has no CpG motifs inserted. Antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells correlated positively with the CpG content of the vectors. In contrast, calves that received a killed BHV-1 vaccine had an IgG1-predominant isotype and low lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ levels. Following challenge, the pBISIA88-tgD-immunized group developed the greatest anamnestic response, the highest BHV-1 neutralization titres in serum and a significantly lower level of virus shedding than the saline control group. However, there were no significant differences in clinical symptoms of infection between the DNA-immunized groups and the saline control group. These data indicate that CpG-enhanced plasmids induce augmented immune responses and could be used to vaccinate against pathogens requiring a strong cellular response for protection.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Adjuvant Effectiveness of Alum-Propranolol Mixture on the Immunogenicity of Excreted/Secreted Antigens of Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 570-577
Author(s):  
Elyar Meshkini ◽  
Arash Aminpour ◽  
Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh ◽  
Shahram Seyyedi ◽  
Meysam Shokri
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

Purpose: The introduction of novel adjuvants is an important step in attempts to develop a safe and more efficient vaccine. The present study was performed to determine whether the use of a mixed beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol (PRP) and aluminum (alum), as an adjuvant, have efficacy for Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) vaccine to induce protective immunity in a mouse model. Methods: Female BALB/c mice divided into five groups were immunized with excretory-secretory antigens (ESA) vaccine, alum-ESA vaccine, PRP-ESA vaccine, and alum-PRP ESA vaccine, as well as with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), as a negative control group. The immune responses were evaluated by lymphocyte proliferation assay for measuring delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and by cytokine assay for evaluating IFN-γ and IL-5 levels. The survival rate of mice in all groups was assessed during a three-week monitoring period after an intraperitoneal challenge with T. gondii tachyzoites. Results: The results showed that mice immunized with PRP, as an adjuvant, could secret a higher level of IFN-γ, which was significant in comparison to other groups. However, mice vaccinated with alum-precipitated ESA antigen had ability to produce an elevated level of IL-5 compared to other mouse groups (p≤0.05). Moreover, alum-PRP co-administration together with ESA vaccine resulted in the longer survival of mice. Conclusions: The findings of this study revealed that the combination of alum-PRP adjuvants and ESA vaccine of T. gondii elicits both humoral and cellular immune responses, which are comparable to either alum or PRP alone.

IL-10-592 A/C Gene Polymorphism and Cytokine Levels are Associated with Susceptibility to Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Atefeh SADEGHI SHERMEH ◽  
Majid KHOSHMIRSAFA ◽  
Ali-Akbar DELBANDI ◽  
Payam TABARSI ◽  
Esmaeil MORTAZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Levels ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Function

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) and especially resistant forms of it have a substantial economic burden on the community health system for diagnosis and treatment each year. Thus, investigation of this field is a priority for the world health organization (WHO). Cytokines play important roles in the relationship between the immune system and tuberculosis. Genetic variations especially single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) impact cytokine levels and function against TB. Material and Methods: In this research SNPs in IFN-γ (+874 T/A) and IL-10 (-592 A/C) genes, and the effects of these SNPs on cytokine levels in a total of 87 tuberculosis patients and 100 healthy controls (HCs) were studied. TB patients divided into two groups: 1) 67 drug-sensitive (DS-TB) and 2) 20 drug-resistant (DR-TB) according to drug sensitivity test using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For the genotyping of two SNPs, the PCR-based method was used and IFN-γ and IL-10 levels were measured by ELISA in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and control group. Results: In -592A/C SNP, only two genotypes (AA, AC) were observed and both genotypes showed statistically significant differences between DR-TB and HCs (p=0.011). IL-10 serum levels in PTB patients were higher than HCs (p=0.02). The serum levels of IFN-γ were significantly higher in DS-TB patients than that of the other two groups (p<0.001); however, no significant differences were observed for allele and genotype frequencies in IFN-γ +874. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the SNP at -592 position of IL-10 gene may be associated with the susceptibility to DR-TB. However, further investigation is necessary. Keywords: Polymorphism, IFN-γ, IL-10, tuberculosis, drug-resistant tuberculosis

scholarly journals The role of peripheral type 2 innate lymphoid cells in bronchiolitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Jun Tang ◽  
Li-Li Xie ◽  
Xiang-Rong Zheng ◽  
Chen-Tao Liu ◽  
Xia Wang
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Innate Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Orphan Receptor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Interleukin 5 ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractOur aim was to detect type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s)-related cytokines of infants with bronchiolitis by using Elisa, Liquidchip technology and RT-PCR and investigated its correlation with bronchiolitis. We recruited 26 infants with bronchiolitis and 20 healthy infants as control from Xiangya Hospital. Compared to the control group, the serum levels of interleukin-5 (IL-5) [41.99 (21.11) vs 25.70 (19.64)], IL-9 [27.04 (37.51) vs 8.30 (0.54)], IL-13 [184.05 (132.81) vs 121.75 (176.13)], IL-33 [83.70 (46.69) vs 11.23 (55.31)] and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) [31.42 (5.41) vs 28.76 (2.56)] were significantly increased in infants with bronchiolitis (P < 0.05), while the level of IgE had no significant difference between the two groups [19.05 (14.15) vs 14.85 (20.2), P > 0.05]. The mRNA expression of IL-17RB (9.83 ± 0.35 vs 9.19 ± 0.58), TSLP (16.98 ± 2.12 vs 15.07 ± 2.25), retinoid acid receptor related orphan receptor α (7.18 ± 0.71 vs 5.46 ± 1.09) and trans-acting T-cell-specific transcription factor 3 (4.86 ± 0.66 vs 4.19 ± 0.90) were significantly increased in infants with bronchiolitis versus the control group (P < 0.05), while there was no statistical significance for suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (5.59 ± 0.68 vs 5.41 ± 0.87, P > 0.05). Our findings suggested that ILC2s possibly play a specific role in immunopathology of bronchiolitis.

Construction of Hyperuricemia Model Rats with Yeast Extract Combined with Oteracil Potassium

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilidaer Xilifu ◽  
Alimu Kateer ◽  
Nijiati Rehemu ◽  
Zhao-yong Li ◽  
jie Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Serum Uric Acid ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Optimal Dosage

Abstract Background: Hyperuricemia is the most important risk factor for gout, hypertension, coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular diseases. The incidence of hyperuricemia gradually increased in recent years and it is very necessary to explore the medications of the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia using hyperuricemia animal models. Objective: The objective of present study is to explore the optimal dose of yeast extract and oteracil potassium in the establishment of hyperuricemia rat model. Method: Sixty-four male rats were randomly divided into 8 experimental groups. Rats were treated with yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection or yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection combined with various doses of oteracil potassium by intragastric feeding or intraperitoneal injection for 28 days. The serum uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine levels of different groups were measured at 0th day, 7th day, 14th day, 21th day and 28th day. Results: The serum levels of uric acid in the groups of intraperitoneal injection with yeast extract alone, yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection combined with 50-200 mg/kg oteracil potassium by intragastric feeding and yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection combined with 50-100 mg/kg oteracil potassium by intraperitoneal injection were higher than that in the control group. But we found no significant effect on rat kidney, heart or artery in the above groups. In the group of yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection combined with 200 mg/kg oteracil potassium by intraperitoneal injection, we observed the significantly high level of serum uric acid and morphological and pathological changes in rat kidney, heart and artery. Conclusion: In the present study, we found that continuously treated with yeast extract combined with oteracil potassium is an effective method to establish rat hyperuricemia model. Intraperitoneal injection of yeast extract combined with 200 mg/kg oteracil potassium is an optimal dosage for the construction of a persistent and stable hyperuricemia animal model.

scholarly journals Immunologic correlates of spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation in human T-lymphotropic virus infection

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
HE Prince ◽  
H Lee ◽  
ER Jensen ◽  
P Swanson ◽  
D Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
T Lymphotropic Virus ◽  
Soluble Cd25 ◽  
Spontaneous Proliferation ◽  
Antibody Levels

Abstract Previously we showed that mononuclear cells from about half of human T- lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-seropositive persons exhibit spontaneous proliferation in vitro. We sought to determine if proliferation was associated with other immunologic changes characteristic of HTLV infection. The parameters assessed were (1) percentages of lymphocytes expressing CD4 and/or CD25 (interleukin-2 receptor), (2) serum levels of soluble CD25, (3) serostatus for other viruses, (4) anti-HTLV antibody levels, and (5) HTLV type determined by polymerase chain reaction or serologic reactivity with type-specific peptides. The proliferation+ HTLV (PROL+) group, proliferation HTLV (PROL-) group, and control group showed similar percentages of CD4+, CD25+, and CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes; serum levels of soluble CD25 were also similar. Antibodies to cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B core, and hepatitis C were present in similar proportions of PROL+ and PROL+ groups. However, a significant association was found between spontaneous proliferation and anti-HTLV antibody levels; sera from 67% of PROL+ persons, but only 18% of PROL- persons, required dilution to yield absorbance values within the linear range of the anti-HTLV antibody assay. In the PROL+ group, persons whose sera required the most dilution had proliferative responses significantly higher than those whose sera required no dilution. The PROL+ and PROL groups were similar with regard to the relative distribution of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection. These findings indicate that HTLV-related spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation is related to levels of circulating anti-HTLV antibodies, and characterizes both HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection.

scholarly journals Fusion Cytokines IL-7-Linker-IL-15 Promote Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine to Induce Central Memory like T Cell-Mediated Immunity

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 715
Author(s):  
Chunxiang Bai ◽  
Lijun Zhou ◽  
Junxia Tang ◽  
Juanjuan He ◽  
Jiangyuan Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Central Memory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Ifn Γ

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), is among the most serious infectious diseases worldwide. Adjuvanted protein subunit vaccines have been demonstrated as a kind of promising novel vaccine. This study proposed to investigate whether cytokines interliukine-7 (IL-7) and interliukine-15 (IL-15) help TB subunit vaccines induce long-term cell-mediated immune responses, which are required for vaccination against TB. In this study, mice were immunized with the M. tuberculosis protein subunit vaccines combined with adnovirus-mediated cytokines IL-7, IL-15, IL-7-IL-15, and IL-7-Linker-IL-15 at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, respectively. Twenty weeks after the last immunization, the long-term immune responses, especially the central memory-like T cells (TCM like cell)-mediated immune responses, were determined with the methods of cultured IFN-γ-ELISPOT, expanded secondary immune responses, cell proliferation, and protective efficacy against Mycobacterium bovis Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) challenge, etc. The results showed that the group of vaccine + rAd-IL-7-Linker-IL-15 induced a stronger long-term antigen-specific TCM like cells-mediated immune responses and had higher protective efficacy against BCG challenge than the vaccine + rAd-vector control group, the vaccine + rAd-IL-7 and the vaccine + rAd-IL-15 groups. This study indicated that rAd-IL-7-Linker-IL-15 improved the TB subunit vaccine’s efficacy by augmenting TCM like cells and provided long-term protective efficacy against Mycobacteria.

scholarly journals Immediate Interferon Gamma Induction Determines Murine Host Compatibility Differences between Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel S. Coombs ◽  
Matthew L. Blank ◽  
Elizabeth D. English ◽  
Yaw Adomako-Ankomah ◽  
Ifeanyi-Chukwu Samuel Urama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Rodents are critical for the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to the definitive feline host via predation, and this relationship has been extensively studied as a model for immune responses to parasites. Neospora caninum is a closely related coccidian parasite of ruminants and canines but is not naturally transmitted by rodents. We compared mouse innate immune responses to N. caninum and T. gondii and found marked differences in cytokine levels and parasite growth kinetics during the first 24 h postinfection (hpi). N. caninum-infected mice produced significantly higher levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) by as early as 4 hpi, but the level of IFN-γ was significantly lower or undetectable in T. gondii-infected mice during the first 24 hpi. “Immediate” IFN-γ and IL-12p40 production was not detected in MyD88−/− mice. However, unlike IL-12p40−/− and IFN-γ−/− mice, MyD88−/− mice survived N. caninum infections at the dose used in this study. Serial measures of parasite burden showed that MyD88−/− mice were more susceptible to N. caninum infections than wild-type (WT) mice, and control of parasite burdens correlated with a pulse of serum IFN-γ at 3 to 4 days postinfection in the absence of detectable IL-12. Immediate IFN-γ was partially dependent on the T. gondii mouse profilin receptor Toll-like receptor 11 (TLR11), but the ectopic expression of N. caninum profilin in T. gondii had no impact on early IFN-γ production or parasite proliferation. Our data indicate that T. gondii is capable of evading host detection during the first hours after infection, while N. caninum is not, and this is likely due to the early MyD88-dependent recognition of ligands other than profilin.

scholarly journals Innate, adaptive, and cell-autonomous immunity against Toxoplasma gondii infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miwa Sasai ◽  
Masahiro Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Parasitophorous Vacuole ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Acquired Immune Responses ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Immunity

AbstractHosts have been fighting pathogens throughout the evolution of all infectious diseases. Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common infectious agents in humans but causes only opportunistic infection in healthy individuals. Similar to antimicrobial immunity against other organisms, the immune response against T. gondii activates innate immunity and in turn induces acquired immune responses. After activation of acquired immunity, host immune cells robustly produce the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which activates a set of IFN-γ-inducible proteins, including GTPases. IFN-inducible GTPases are essential for cell-autonomous immunity and are specialized for effective clearance and growth inhibition of T. gondii by accumulating in parasitophorous vacuole membranes. Recent studies suggest that the cell-autonomous immune response plays a protective role in host defense against not only T. gondii but also various intracellular bacteria. Moreover, the negative regulatory mechanisms of such strong immune responses are also important for host survival after infection. In this review, we will discuss in detail recent advances in the understanding of host defenses against T. gondii and the roles played by cell-autonomous immune responses.

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