Remaking the Landscape

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Alice Watt ◽  
David Lowenthal
Keyword(s):  
Early Years ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Local Input ◽  
Over Time

This chapter shows how, in the early years of the seashore, the NPS failed to recognize, let alone maintain, many historic buildings and culturally important sites, reflecting broader national trends at the time concerning what “counts” as worth preserving. Since the Seashore's beginnings, roughly half of its built landscape has been demolished by the NPS, and even as a wider array of structures and categories of significance gradually gained importance with the preservation movement, the continuity of historic uses of the land is still often overlooked or downplayed. Through policy decisions, management choices, and the slow but steady attrition of ranchers, the working landscape has diminished over time, from twenty-five operating ranches on the Point at the time of park's establishment, to only eleven now—and, perhaps most importantly, with decreasing local input into management.

scholarly journals How Far Has China’s Urbanization Gone?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiping Xiao ◽  
Yan Song ◽  
Xiaodong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Global Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Over Time

China’s rapid urbanization has attracted wide international attention. However, it may not be sustainable. In order to assess it objectively and put forward recommendations for future development, this paper first develops a four-dimensional Urbanization Quality Index using weights calculated by the Deviation Maximization Method for a comprehensive assessment and then reveals the spatial association of China’s urbanization by Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis. The study leads to three major findings. First, the urbanization quality in China has gradually increased over time, but there have been significant differences between regions. Second, the four aspects of urbanization quality have shown the following trends: (i) the quality of urban development has steadily increased; (ii) the sustainability of urban development has shown a downward trend in recent years; (iii) the efficiency of urbanization improved before 2006 but then declined slightly due to capital, land use, and resource efficiency constraints; (IV) the urban–rural integration deteriorated in the early years but then improved over time. Third, although the urbanization quality has a significantly positive global spatial autocorrelation, the local spatial autocorrelation varies between eastern and western regions. Based on these findings, this paper concludes with policy recommendations for improving urbanization quality and its sustainability in China.

scholarly journals Coprescribing of Benzodiazepines and Opioids in Older Adults: Rates, Correlates, and National Trends

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1910-1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taeho Greg Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physician Visits ◽  
Prescribing Trends ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Ambulatory Medical Care ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background To estimate prescribing trends of and correlates independently associated with coprescribing of benzodiazepines and opioids among adults aged 65 years or older in office-based outpatient visits. Methods I examined a nationally representative sample of office-based physician visits by older adults between 2006 and 2015 (n = 109,149 unweighted) using data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys (NAMCS). National rates and prescribing trends were estimated. Then, I used multivariable logistic regression analyses to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with coprescriptions of benzodiazepines and opioids. Results From 2006 to 2015, 15,954 (14.6%) out of 109,149 visits, representative of 39.3 million visits nationally, listed benzodiazepine, opioid, or both medications prescribed. The rate of prescription benzodiazepines only increased monotonically from 4.8% in 2006–2007 to 6.2% in 2014–2015 (p < .001), and the rate of prescription opioids only increased monotonically from 5.9% in 2006–2007 to 10.0% in 2014–2015 (p < .001). The coprescribing rate of benzodiazepines and opioids increased over time from 1.1% in 2006–2007 to 2.7% in 2014–2015 (p < .001). Correlates independently associated with a higher likelihood of both benzodiazepine and opioid prescriptions included: female sex, a visit for chronic care, receipt of six or more concomitantly prescribed medications, and clinical diagnoses of anxiety and pain (p < .01 for all). Conclusion The coprescribing rate of benzodiazepines and opioids increased monotonically over time in outpatient care settings. Because couse of benzodiazepines and opioids is associated with medication burdens and potential harms, future research is needed to address medication safety in these vulnerable populations.

Abstract P338: Cardiovascular And Cerebrovascular Events Associated With Cancer Surgery In The United States

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anshul Saxena ◽  
Muni Rubens ◽  
Venkataraghavan Ramamoorthy ◽  
Sankalp Das ◽  
Chintan B Bhatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Perioperative Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Database ◽  
Perioperative Morbidity ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Over Time

Background: Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) are significant causes of perioperative morbidity and mortality but, the incidence and effects following cancer surgeries are unknown. The aims of this study were to evaluate national trends in MACCE after major cancer surgeries and to identify cancer types associated with cardiovascular events using a large national database. Methods: Patients who had major cancer surgeries from 2005 to 2014 were identified from the National Inpatient Sample database. Hospitalizations for surgeries for cancer of prostate, bladder, esophagus, pancreas, lung, liver, breast, colon and rectum were identified by ICD9 diagnosis and procedure codes. The main outcome was perioperative MACCE, defined as in-hospital, all-cause death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or acute ischemic stroke, and was evaluated over time. Results: Among 2,854,810 hospitalizations for major cancer surgeries, perioperative MACCE occurred in 67,316 hospitalizations (2.4%). Mean (SE) age of patients was 65.4 (0.07) years and 54.2% were male patients. MACCE occurred most frequently in patients undergoing surgeries for lung (6.8%), pancreatic (4.5%), and colorectal (3.3%) cancers. Between 2005 and 2014, the frequency of MACCE declined from 2.7% to 2.2% ( P <0.001) and was driven by a decline in the frequency of perioperative death ( P <0.001) and AMI ( P = 0.002). However, no significant changes were observed for acute ischemic stroke ( P = 0.6) during the study period. Conclusion: Perioperative MACCE occurs in 1 out of every 42 hospitalizations for major cancer surgeries. Despite reductions in the rate of death and AMI among patients undergoing major cardiac surgeries, perioperative ischemic stroke remained constant over time. The lack of improvements in perioperative ischemic stroke rate is concerning and requires additional interventions. Significant efforts should be directed towards improving cardiovascular care during the perioperative period of cancer surgeries.

‘In Corona Populi’

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-67
Author(s):  
K.J. Kesselring
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Privy Council ◽  
Active Intervention ◽  
Lay Participation ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Star Chamber ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 2 examines the coroner’s inquest, asking how homicides become known and categorized, and how this changed over the period. Coroners held an office that dated from the late twelfth century, but one freshly charged from around 1487, when statutes sought to press the coroners to action through fees and fines. The coroners’ determinations of the nature of a sudden death, in early years, focused on the financial incidents owed to the king. Over time, financial interests in a killing became more diffuse and the king’s interests became more expansively understood. The active intervention of the Privy Council and the Court of Star Chamber helped police the efforts of inquests. The mix of lay participation and central oversight gave the early modern inquest a special flavour. Coroners’ inquests came to be seen as serving not just the king’s interest and the king’s peace, but something conceived as public justice.

Comparing GAAP With NIPA Earnings

2019 ◽  
pp. 0148558X1987808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilia D. Dichev ◽  
Jingran Zhao
Keyword(s):  
National Income ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ◽  
Economic Downturns ◽  
Accounting Rules ◽  
Corporate Profits ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Significant Factors

The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis produces a measure of aggregate corporate profits (national income and product accounts [NIPA] earnings), which is an integral component of the accounting for gross domestic product (GDP). Interesting features of NIPA earnings include consistent accounting rules over time and determination with little or no managerial discretion. Thus, NIPA earnings provide a useful benchmark for generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) earnings, especially in parsing out the effects of real-economy versus the accounting in explaining the documented temporal increase in volatility and decline in persistence of GAAP earnings. We find that GAAP and NIPA earnings are closely related in the early years, with similar means and standard deviations, and with earnings changes correlating at .90 during 1950-1983. This close relation substantially deteriorates, however, during the second half of the sample period, 1984-2016. Although the behavior of NIPA earnings remains roughly the same, the volatility of GAAP earnings increases 10-fold, and the correlation between GAAP and NIPA earnings changes falls to .39. Additional tests reveal that the increase in the volatility of GAAP earnings is mostly due to rapid earnings reversals, especially the effect of large transient items during economic downturns. The frequency and severity of such downturns, however, are roughly the same across the two periods. In addition, there is little change in the properties of aggregate cash flow from operations and revenue over time. Overall, this evidence suggests that in addition to changes in the real economy, changing GAAP rules and their application are significant factors in the changing properties of GAAP earnings.

scholarly journals Multicriteria comparative analysis of pillars strengthening of the historic building

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kafel ◽  
Agnieszka Leśniak ◽  
Krzysztof Zima
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Historic Building ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractOver time, historic buildings are exposed to various destructive mechanisms brought about by a wide range of damaging factors. Costs and methods of reinforcing their individual components are, among others, an important issue. The term "reinforcement" is linked with the concept of conservation, which stands for the actions taken with the aim of preserving a building. It provides a well-articulated system consisting of activities that lead to the reinforcement of the structure, usability enhancement or to the improvement of its carrying capacity. This article analyses the selection of an appropriate brick pillar reinforcement method, taking into account accepted evaluation criteria.

Spinal Fusion for Pediatric Spondylolisthesis: National Trends, Complications, and Short-Term Outcomes

Neurosurgery ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavelin Rumalla ◽  
Chester K Yarbrough ◽  
Andrew J Pugely ◽  
Ian G Dorward
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Fusion ◽  
Surgical Management ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spinal Fusions ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Over Time

AbstractBACKGROUNDCurrent surgical management guidelines for pediatric spondylolisthesis (PS) are reliant on data from single-center cohorts.OBJECTIVETo analyze national trends and predictors of short-term outcomes in spinal fusion surgery for PS by performing a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID).METHODSThe KID (sampled every 3 yr) was queried from 2003 to 2012 to identify all cases (age 5-17) of spinal fusion for PS (n = 2646). We analyzed trends in patient characteristics, surgical management, and short-term outcomes. Both univariate and multivariable analyses were utilized.RESULTSThe 2646 spinal fusions for PS included posterior-only fusions (86.8%, PSF), anterior lumbar interbody fusions (4.8%, ALIF), and combined anterior and posterior fusions (8.4%, APLF) procedures. The utilization of APLF decreased over time (9.9%-6.4%, P = .023), whereas the number of total spinal fusions and the proportion of PSF and ALIF procedures have not changed significantly. Uptrends in Medicaid insured individuals (1.2%-18.9%), recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 insertion (8.8%-16.6%), decompression (34.7%-42.8%), and mean inflation-adjusted hospital costs ($21 855-$32 085) were identified (all P &lt; .001). In multivariable analysis, Medicaid status (odds ratio [OR] = 1.93, P = .004), teaching hospitals (OR = 1.94, P = .01), decompression (OR = 1.78, P = .004), and the APLF procedure (OR = 2.47, P = .001) increased the likelihood of complication occurrence (all P &lt; .001).CONCLUSIONThe addition of decompression during fusion and the APLF procedure were associated with more in-hospital complications, though this may have been indicative of greater surgical complexity. The utilization of the APLF procedure has decreased significantly, while costs associated with the treatment of PS have increased over time.

Dynamics of Representation: The Case of US Spending on Defence

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Wlezien
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
Public Preferences ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dynamic Policy ◽  
Over Time

The representation of public preferences in public policy is fundamental to most conceptions of democracy. If representation is effectively undertaken, we would expect to find a correspondence between public preferences for policy and policy itself. If representation is dynamic, policy makers should respond to changes in preferences over time. The integrity of the representational connection, however, rests fundamentally on the expectation that the public actually notices and responds to policy decisions. Such a public would adjust its preferences for ‘more’ or ‘less’ policy in response to what policy makers actually do, much like a thermostat. Despite its apparent importance, there is little research that systematically addresses this feedback of policy on preferences over time. Quite simply, we do not know whether the public adjusts its preferences for policy in response to what policy makers do. By implication, we do not fully understand the dynamics of representation. This research begins to address these issues and focuses on the relationships between public preferences and policy in a single, salient domain.

Reminiscing in the early years: Patterns of maternal elaborativeness and children's remembering

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Haden ◽  
Peter A. Ornstein ◽  
David J. Rudek ◽  
Danielle Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Past ◽  
Maternal Style ◽  
Early Memory ◽  
First Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Time Point

This study focused on individual differences in maternal style and children's developing recall abilities in early memory conversations. Within a longitudinal design, a sample of 56 mother—child dyads was observed while reminiscing, and the children's language skills were assessed when they were 18, 24, and 30 months old. In contrast to mothers classified as “low-eliciting,” mothers in a “high-eliciting” group offered more open-ended elaborative questions, fewer elaborative statements, and more confirmations to their 18-month-olds. Although all mothers increased in their elaborative questioning over time, the stylistic groups that were identified remained distinct. Moreover, children of high-eliciting mothers were providing more memory information, even at the first time point, than were children of low-eliciting mothers, but these differences were magnified at 24 and 30 months. Results of correlational and regression analysis further suggest that children's concurrent language skills, their 24-month recall abilities, and their mothers' reminiscing style when they were 18-months of age each contribute uniquely to the prediction of children's provision of memory elaborations in conversations about the past at 30 months of age.

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