“A Ray of Sunshine on French Tables”

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-272
Author(s):  
Austin R. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Algerian War ◽  
Technical Expertise ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Racial Hierarchy ◽  
Labor Practices ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Citrus Production

The French citrus industry in Algeria grew rapidly in terms of land area and fruit production from the 1930s until Algerian Independence in 1962. This article contends that technical expertise regarding citrus cultivation played a role in colonial control of Algeria’s territory, population, and economy. The French regime enrolled Algerian fruit in biopolitical interventions on rural ways of life in Algeria and urban standards of living in France. Technical manuals written by state-affiliated agronomists articulated racial distinctions between French settlers and Algerian peasants through attention to labor practices in the groves. A complex legal, technological, and administrative infrastructure facilitated the circulation of citrus fruit across the Mediterranean and into metropolitan France. This nexus of scientific research, economic profit, and racial hierarchy met criticism during the Algerian War for Independence. In the aftermath, expert discussions about citrus production reflected uncertainties and tensions regarding Algeria’s future. Citrus’ place in scientific, technological, and economic changes in twentieth-century Algeria illuminates the politics of technical expertise under colonialism and during decolonization.

scholarly journals TEKNIK PEMBIBITAN, PEMUPUKAN, DAN PENGENDALIAN HAMA PENYAKIT TANAMAN KOMODITI JERUK SIAM (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) DI KECAMATAN SIMPANG EMPAT DAN KECAMATAN PAYUNG, KABUPATEN KARO, SUMATRA UTARA, INDONESIA

Pro-Life ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Endang Christine Purba ◽  
Bambang S. Purwoko
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Citrus Trees

Citrus is one of the horticultural commodities that has been a focus of development in 2018. Citrus is the fourth largest commodity in the percentage of Indonesia fruit production in 2014. In 2014, citrus fruit production in Indonesia was 1,785,256 tons or around 9.01% of national fruit production. Karo Regency is a citrus production center in North Sumatra, Indonesia. According to the Direktorat Jendral Hortikultura (2015) the production of citrus commodities was 173.921 tons (53,30%). In 2014, there were 3,150,060 productive citrus trees with a harvested area of ​​7,875 ha and a production of 500,243 tons in North Sumatra. One of the varieties grown by farmers in Karo Regency is Siam. High productivity of siam is certainly also influenced by seedlings, fertilization and controlling the pests. To determine this, research has been conducted on farmers in Simpang Empat and Payung Districts, Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. To get quality Siam seeds, farmers in two research locations used Japansche citroen plants as rootstock because they were resistant to disease and drought. Fertilization of siam uses inorganic fertilizer as much as 3-4 months, while organic fertilizer as much as 10 months. The control of pests of siam citrus is done mechanically and chemically. Pests and diseases that usually attack siam are Bractocera spp, black lice, fruit borers, fungus and powdery mildew.  Keywords: cultivation, seedling, fertilizer, pest, productivity, orange, Citrus nobilis

DIRECTIONS FOR ENHANCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CITRUS FRUIT GROWING IN AZERBAIJAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Nurida Аlish Gasimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Current State ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Fruit Growing

The increase in citrus production is of particular economic importance both from the point of view of meeting the demand of the population for these products, and from the point of view of its use as an industrial raw material. The article studies and analyzes the current state of citrus cultivation in Azerbaijan, the possibilities of increasing their production; relevant suggestions and recommendations are made.

Portrait of a civic elite

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-48
Author(s):  
Alice Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Dynamic Community ◽  
Class Community

This chapter sketches a group portrait of Belfast’s middle-class elite, taking in geographical, religious and class origins, education, wealth, and standards of living. A key focus of this chapter is the mid-century civic elite: that is, those people who dominated municipal life in Belfast in the middle decades of the century. The chapter does, however, go beyond this group, using various case-studies to branch into a much broader discussion of middle-class wealth, standards of living and social mobility. It provides an overview of the Victorian middle-class community as a whole. A fresh look is cast on suburbanisation and how it affected Belfast’s middle-class community. Suburbanisation is a phenomenon related to social mobility and demographic and economic changes, and as such is highly relevant when studying a dynamic community over a period of time.

SANITATION IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY1

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 372-377
Author(s):  
D. I. Murdock
Keyword(s):  
Resistance To Change ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Equipment Contamination ◽  
Sanitary Condition ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Conveyor Belts ◽  
Good Housekeeping ◽  
Design Construction

Plant sanitation and housekeeping go hand in hand. Sanitary standards are continually changing in direct relation to our standards of living. There is an unconscious resistance to change; the desire to retain old methods, some of which may have been extremely insanitary. Some food industries have established sanitary codes for the design, construction, and installation of machinery and equipment. Properly drained floors and adequate cleaning facilities are important features of plant design and construction. Certain aspects of equipment design are mentioned including holding vessels, product pipelines, valves, and conveyor belts. An effective cleaning program is necessary to maintain a plant in a sanitary condition. The necessary tools must be provided. Check lists can be used as an index of sanitation in a plant. Bacteriological line checks, the diacetyl test in the citrus industry, and swabs and contact plates for equipment contamination are also important tools. Good housekeeping is an important adjunct to sanitation. One company employs a Good Housekeeping/Safety contest as a method of maintaining a safe and neat appearing plant.

scholarly journals Citrus Huanglongbing: A Newly Relevant Disease Presents Unprecedented Challenges

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 652-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nian Wang ◽  
Pankaj Trivedi
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Citrus Diseases ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Ecological Importance

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the oldest citrus diseases and has been known for over a century. HLB is caused by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ spp. that are phloem-limited, fastidious α-proteobacteria and infect hosts in different Kingdoms (i.e., Animalia and Plantae). When compared with well-characterized, cultivatable plant-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, the interactions of uncultured insect-vectored plant-pathogenic bacteria, including ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp., with their hosts remain poorly understood. ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp. have been known to cause HLB, which has been rapidly spreading worldwide, resulting in dramatic economic losses. HLB presents an unprecedented challenge to citrus production. In this review, we focus on the most recent research on citrus, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, and psyllid interactions, specifically considering the following topics: evolutionary relationships among ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp., genetic diversity, host range, genome analysis, transmission, virulence mechanisms, and the ecological importance of HLB. Currently, no efficient management strategy is available to control HLB, although some promising progress has been made. Further studies are needed to understand citrus, ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’, and psyllid interactions to design innovative management strategies. Although HLB has been problematic for over a century, we can only win the battle against HLB with a coordinated and deliberate effort by the citrus industry, citrus growers, researchers, legislatures, and governments.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROIRRIGATION FOR CITRUS PRODUCTION IN FLORIDA

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1183F-1183
Author(s):  
ALLEN G. SMAJSTRLA
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Young Tree ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Micro Irrigation ◽  
Effective Use

The use of microirrigation in Florida citrus production has increased rapidly in recent years. Most new groves are now being developed with microspray or drip irrigation. Many existing sprinkler and seepage (subirrigation) systems have also been converted to micro irrigation. Although water management districts have encouraged the use of micro irrigation for water conservation, research results which solved problems with the practical implementation of this technology and which demonstrated economic incentives are primarily responsible for its popularity in Florida citrus production. Research programs have (1) developed management techniques to eliminate emitter clogging, (2) demonstrated the effective use of microspray systems for freeze protection, (3) increased young tree growth with respect to conventional irrigation methods, (4) demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of microirrigation, and (5) developed management techniques for efficient use of water and nutrients in fruit production.

scholarly journals Use of Flying Dragon Trifoliate Orange As Dwarfing Rootstock for Citrus Under Tropical Climatic Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Mademba-Sy ◽  
Zacharie Lemerre-Desprez ◽  
Stéphane Lebegin
Keyword(s):  
New Caledonia ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Trunk Diameter

Citrus fruit trees grown under tropical climatic conditions have a high level of vigor and, consequently, late fruit-bearing and low productivity. The use of Flying Dragon trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa (T.Itô) Swing.] (FD) rootstock could overcome these negative effects by inducing small trees with early production. Trials including eight commercial cultivars began in Dec. 1992 on an irrigated plot on the main island of New Caledonia (South Pacific). Growth of the trees was observed over a 13-year period through twice-yearly measurements of tree height, canopy between and in the rows, and trunk diameter. Fruit production was recorded beginning 2 years after planting. According to the climatic and pedological conditions of the experimental site, trees grafted on FD could, depending on cultivar, be planted in densities from 519 to 1111 trees/ha. Over the 13 years, yields were 0.5 to 2.8 times greater than those of the same cultivar on the standard rootstock. ‘Tahiti’ lime cumulative planting and maintenance costs were only 1.5 times higher for a density five times as great, and the level of productivity per hectare (gross margin/ha) was 3.3 times that of traditional orchards. Grafting citrus cultivars on FD, which is seldom used in the Mediterranean zone as a result of its excessive dwarfing effect in relation with the climatic conditions, could prove, on the other hand, promising in tropical areas.

scholarly journals Steam Economics of Molasses Plant Evaporators: Molasses Plant Place in Citrus Industry

1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Prime Factor ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Efficient Removal ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Hot Air Drying ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Air Dryer ◽  
By Products

Processors of citrus fruit are faced with disposal of the pulp left over after juice is extracted from the fruit. Generally, the pulp is dried in steam or oil fired dryers and then sold as cattle feed. If disposal of the pulp is the prime factor of interest to the operator; shredding and hot air drying is sufficient. For more efficient removal of water from the pulp and the obtainment of other by-products, mainly citrus molasses and stripper oil, consideration should be given to the installation of presses and a molasses evaporator. Most authorities will agree that water can be evaporated more efficiently in a multiple effect evaporator than in a hot air dryer. Presses and an evaporator represent considerable investment, therefore the decision to install a Molasses Plant must be weighed carefully, balancing potential savings against the installed cost. Paper published with permission.

scholarly journals Transport industry as a business infrastructure: modern stage and prospects of development

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 03007
Author(s):  
Pakrawee Vanpetch ◽  
Anastasia Ostovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Motor Transport ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Basic Index ◽  
Transport Industry

The condition of the motor transport industry largely defines the progressive socio-economic changes in any country. It also serves a basic index of state development from the perspective of standards of living and healthy environment for economic growth and business activities. The motor transport industry reflects efficiency of the state policy, which also includes effective budget funding of the industry. The most developed countries make a considerable effort to maintain the motor transport system infrastructure and to stimulate development and integration of innovation technologies, which meets the goals of the national economy’s sustainable development. Paper analyzes some modern patterns and prospects of transport industry development on the examples of Asia and Russia economical systems.

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