In the Shadow of Oil: Francisco J. Múúgica vs. Telephone Transnational Corporations in Cardenista Mexico

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Grunstein Dickter

Most historians maintain that Mexican revolutionary nationalism reached its apex during the presidency of Láázaro Cáárdenas (1934––1940), as evidenced by the oil expropriation of 1938. However, British historian Alan Knight recently has dismissed this traditional interpretation. Instead, he suggests, ““more than ever oil was a special case,”” and that otherwise moderation and pragmatism, rather than doctrinaire nationalism, characterized Cardenista foreign investment policies. This argument is based on insufficient consideration of developments in other sectors. Toward answering the central question, ““What were the factors influencing the Cardenista government's divergent policies toward foreign investments and corporations operating in different industries?”” this article looks at the (scarcely studied) telephone industry. Between 1935 and 1940, the Cáárdenas government, led by Secretary of Communications Francisco J. Múúgica, waged an increasingly intense conflict against two telephone transnational corporations over monopoly, tariffs, taxes, and corporate nationality. The partial evidence drawn from the telephone industry tends to weaken Knight's position: oil was less exceptional than he suggests. Para la mayoríía de los historiadores, el nacionalismo revolucionario llegóó a su apogeo en Mééxico durante la presidencia de Láázaro Cáárdenas, tal como lo demuestra la expropiacióón petrolera de 1938. Esta interpretacióón convencional ha sido puesta en tela de juicio recientemente por el historííador britáánico Alan Knight. ÉÉste úúltimo sostiene que el episodio del petróóleo se tratóó máás bien de una ““excepcióón espectacular,”” y que, en realidad, laspolííticas cardenistas hacia el capital extranjero se caracterizaron por su ““moderacióón”” y ““pragmatismo.”” Los argumentos de Knight, sin embargo, se basan en informacióón históórica insuficiente de otros sectores. El objetivo principal del siguiente ensayo, es identificar algunos de los factores que influyeron en las polííticas divergentes del cardenismo hacia las empresas de propiedad extranjera, mediante el estudio de caso de la telefoníía. Entre 1935 y 1940, la administracióón cardenista, encabezada por su miembro máás radical, el Secretario de Comunicaciones y Obras Púúblicas Francisco J. Múúgica, entablóó un fuerte conflicto con las subsidiarias de dos grandes transnacionales, a raííz de los esfuerzos de los consorcios extranjeros por monopolizar los servicios telefóónicos en Mééxico. La evidencia indica que la animosidad del cardenismo hacia el capital extranjero fue menos excepcional de lo que Knight supone.

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-266
Author(s):  
Nandang Sutrisno ◽  
Sigar Aji Poerana

This article discusses two reasearch questions, firstly, whether law reforms on investment by the issuance of policy packages involving massive numbers of regulations during the First Period of President Jokowi have been successful to increase the realization of foreign investments? Secondly, how is the projection of foreign investment policies in the Second Period Of President Joko Widodo to increase the realization of foreign investments? Theoretical framework used in this article methodologically places law as external environment for foreign investors, and that law is the priority factor and the most relevant for investment and economic growth. This article concludes that first, law reforms on investments by the issuance of massive regulations in the First Period, even though having been successful to increase the values of realization of cumulative foreign investments significantly, they have been unsuccessful in increasing the annual percentages of foreign investment growth. Second, Omnibus Law and the then implementing regulations that would be used to increase foreign investments have been inviting resistances from various components of the nation, due to lack of transparent procedures and degrading the interests of public at large, and bias of the intersets of investors. Therefore, the effectiveness of law reforms in the Second Period would be impeded by various resistant movements, and in turn, be contraproductive with the purposes of legal reforms. Abstrak Artikel ini membahas dua permasalahan utama, pertama apakah reformasi hukum investasi melalui serangkaian paket kebijakan dengan jumlah peraturan yang masif pada Periode Pertama Presiden Jokowi telah berhasil meningkatkan realisasi investasi asing? Kedua, bagaimanakah proyeksi kebijakan investasi asing pada Periode Kedua Presiden Jokowi untuk meningkatkan realisasi investasi asing? Kerangka teoretik yang digunakan dalam artikel ini secara metodologis menempatkan hukum sebagai lingkungan eksternal dari investasi asing, bahwa hukum merupakan faktor prioritas dan paling relevan untuk investasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Kesimpulan dari artikel ini pertama, reformasi hukum investasi dengan mengeluarkan produk hukum yang masif pada Periode Pertama meskipun berhasil meningkatkan nilai investasi asing kumulatif secara signifikan, tetapi tidak berhasil meningkatkan persentase pertumbuhan pertahunnya. Kedua, Omnibus Law dan peraturan-peraturan pelaksanaanya yang akan diandalkan untuk meningkatkan investasi asing telah mengundang resistensi dari berbagai komponen bangsa, karena secara prosedur pembentukannya tidak transparan dan secara substantif mendegradasi kepentingan masyarakat luas serta lebih berpihak kepada kepentingan para investor. Dengan demikian efektivitas reformasi hukum pada Periode Kedua akan terganggu dengan berbagai gerakan resistensi yang akan menyebabkan kontraproduktif dengan tujuan dari reformasi hukum tersebut.


The publication deals with the issue of classification of factors influencing foreign direct investments. The purpose of the study is to develop a classification of factors and to determine the main factors influencing foreign investments in the economy of Ukraine. The paper contains an overview of studies of significant factors influencing the attraction of foreign direct investments in Ukraine and considers approaches to the classification of factors influencing foreign investments. A detailed analysis of scientists’ approaches to the classification of the factors influencing foreign investments is presented. A review of studies of significant factors influencing the attraction of FDI in Ukraine has shown that the most popular approach to classification is the division of all factors influencing the level of foreign investments demand in any country, on macro- and microeconomic ones. At the same time, macroeconomic factors in turn are detailed by the state and region levels and by the spheres of the economy. It is determined that among the authors there is no unity of views on the classification of factors. Some classifications are narrowly focused. Existing classifications of the factors do not always take into account the processes that cannot be quantified and that are important for foreign investment decision-making. In particular, these include person’s subjective attitude as one of the components of the investment process. Thus, it is necessary to include psychological factors as elements of behavioral economics. Some studies include such factors in the classification, but do not indicate the way of their measuring. Generalization of approaches to the classification of the factors showed that the determining factors for foreign capital attracting to Ukraine remain resource ones and the pace of economic development (as basic economic ones), as well as political, administrative and to a lesser extent financial factors that are specific for Ukraine. The author proposes a new approach to the classification of factors, which unlike others, divides the possible factors in terms of content into three groups: economic, organizational and psychological. There is also an additional "measurement" feature, which allows to divide the factors of each group into qualitative and quantitative ones, which is important for studying their impact using modelling. Further research presupposes dividing the shown factors on the basis of measurement on quantitative and qualitative ones.


2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Bamituni E. Abamu

This paper introduces the concept of investment promotion, a form of marketing used by national governments to attract foreign investments into their country. While it is not a new concept, it barely makes it to academic literature. The paper brings investment promotion to the forefront for the purpose of creating a research interest in this topic and also contributes to the development of literature. It attempts to integrate investment promotion activities into already established marketing models and frameworks and set a marketing research agenda on the topic. Since attracting foreign investment is a policy and country situation issue, this paper will support and serve as a reference for governments as they design foreign investment policies and improve the attractiveness of their country as an investment destination using marketing tools. The paper first discusses the influence of marketing on investment promotion and how investors should be viewed as consumers who have needs to be satisfied. Various frameworks and concepts like the consumer decision-making process, market segmentation and marketing communications mix are discussed to show how they can be applied in investment promotion. The application of marketing concepts and theories has been beneficial in the business world, and this paper argues that there are potential benefits for countries who decide to apply the same concept and theories to attract investors.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3232
Author(s):  
Feili Wei ◽  
Shuang Li ◽  
Ze Liang ◽  
Aiqiong Huang ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
...  

Deteriorating air quality is one of the most important environmental factors posing significant health risks to urban dwellers. Therefore, an exploration of the factors influencing air pollution and the formulation of targeted policies to address this issue are critically needed. Although many studies have used semi-parametric geographically weighted regression and geographically weighted regression to study the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of influencing factors of PM2.5 concentration change, due to the fixed bandwidth of these methods and other reasons, those studies still lack the ability to describe and explain cross-scale dynamics. The multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) method allows different variables to have different bandwidths, which can produce more realistic and useful spatial process models. By applying the MGWR method, this study investigated the spatial heterogeneity and spatial scales of impact of factors influencing PM2.5 concentrations in major Chinese cities during the period 2005–2015. This study showed the following: (1) Factors influencing changes in PM2.5 concentrations, such as technology, foreign investment levels, wind speed, precipitation, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), evidenced significant spatial heterogeneity. Of these factors, precipitation, NDVI, and wind speed had small-scale regional effects, whose bandwidth ratios are all less than 20%, while foreign investment levels and technologies had medium-scale regional effects, whose bandwidth levels are 23% and 32%, respectively. Population, urbanization rates, and industrial structure demonstrated weak spatial heterogeneity, and the scale of their influence was predominantly global. (2) Overall, the change of NDVI was the most influential factor, which can explain 15.3% of the PM2.5 concentration change. Therefore, an enhanced protection of urban surface vegetation would be of universal significance. In some typical areas, dominant factors influencing pollution were evidently heterogeneous. Change in wind speed is a major factor that can explain 51.6% of the change in PM2.5 concentration in cities in the Central Plains, and change in foreign investment levels is the dominant influencing factor in cities in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Sichuan Basin, explaining 30.6% and 44.2% of the PM2.5 concentration change, respectively. In cities located within the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, NDVI is a key factor, reducing PM2.5 concentrations by 9.7%. Those results can facilitate the development of region-specific measures and tailored urban policies to reduce PM2.5 pollution levels in different regions such as Northeast China and the Sichuan Basin.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-224
Author(s):  
D. A. Potapov

The paper examines the role of investment cooperation and national foreign investment regime as a means to promote China’s economic and political interests and to respond to new global challenges that the country faces nowadays. To this end, the author examines the main stages of China’s liberalization of the legal regime for foreign investment from the end of the 1970s with a special focus on a new foreign investment law. In doing so the author attempts to link the evolution of investment regulation in the PRC with the dynamics of international relations development and the changing role of China as a regional and global actor. The author emphasizes that a trend towards the emergence of a polycentric world order not only provokes the rise of international tensions but also provides new incentives to promote dialogue and enhance cooperation between states and non-governmental actors, particularly by encouraging foreign investments. At the same time, there is a growing need to improve regulatory mechanisms for direct foreign investments. All these contradictory trends have directly affected China’s foreign investment regime reform. In this context the investment cooperation between the PRC and the European Union is of particular importance. The EU possesses a set of innovative technological solutions and competencies that are of particular interest to the Chinese leaders in the context of their efforts to modernize the country’s economy. The paper examines the volume, dynamics and key directions of investment flows between China and the EU member-states. The fact that after seven years of difficult negotiations, the EU and China managed to develop a special bilateral regulatory mechanism — EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment — underscores again the importance of this cooperation for both parties. Even though the EU has suspended the ratification of this deal on the pretext of human right violations in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the author concludes, that in the future this agreement will come into force, since the very logic of the emerging polycentric world order urges for deeper cooperation between the EU and China. In this context, the investment regulation appears not only as a means to protect the Chinese economic interests, but also as an instrument to strengthen China’s international positions in the changing global context.


2021 ◽  
Vol 07 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilufar Dilmurod qizi Zikirullaeva ◽  

The implementation of innovative processes at the modern level and the dynamic development of the national economy on this basis today are impossible without the intensive attraction of foreign investment. The volume of foreign investment is one of the indicators characterizing the degree of integration of the country into the world community and depends on the attractiveness of the investment object. The following article is devoted to the ways of attracting foreign investment in the national economy.


Author(s):  
Vladimir M. Kutovoi ◽  

The ongoing coronavirus pandemic has seriously affected the international investment policies of the G20 countries. There has been a growing trend to introduce measures with reference to the protection of national security aiming at countering threats that may be associated with foreign investment. Given the role of international investment in alleviating the economic crisis, governments should continue to improve the investment climate while protecting their national security interests.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-259
Author(s):  
Princess Pat Ada Ajudua

Resolution of dispute arising from foreign investments in Nigeria is achieved through non-judicial and judicial mechanisms, otherwise known as arbitration and litigation in courts. Foreign investors are expected to seek redress using one of the aforementioned mechanisms. Although the principles of public international law seem to be in contention with the business interests of an investor and the host country, there has been a rapid growth and development in investment arbitration as a trade dispute resolution mechanism in the past years, and the courts in Nigeria, through her decisions, have made pronouncements regarding the disputes from foreign investments. Consequent to this, it has become critically important for investors, solicitors, professional service providers and trainers, to understand the intricate legal elements involved in the resolution of disputes involving foreign investment. This study examines the legal framework for resolution of foreign investment disputes in Nigeria. Concepts such as nationalisation and expropriation of foreign investments, stability clauses and foreign investment disputes, renegotiating and the stability of contractual agreement as well as legal infrastructure were discussed and fully analysed.


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