The Development of Labor under Contemporary Capitalism

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-260
Author(s):  
Rina Agarwala
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Democratic Legitimacy ◽  
Karl Polanyi ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Self Protection ◽  
First Time

This paper offers a revised theoretical model to understand the historical development of labor under capitalism. Drawing on Antonio Gramsci, Karl Polanyi, and Nancy Fraser, the revised model highlights how state politics and ideologies have reshaped formal and informal labor to fuel evolving accumulation models since the 1950s. It also deepens our analysis of the potential and limits of labor's contemporary countermovements. Potential advances must be read in terms of increased protection and increased recognition relative to earlier eras. Limits must be read relative to the hegemonic forces splintering workers’ countermovements. Applying the revised model to the empirical case of Indian informal workers in various sectors, I illustrate how the Indian state used informal workers as a political actor (not just an economic actor) to organize consent for a powerful new hegemonic project of market reforms (of the Gramscian variety) that undid labor's twentieth-century gains and empowered large businesses, but retained democratic legitimacy with the mass labor force. I also expose and evaluate two kinds of countermovements emerging from below by Indian workers: self-protection movements (of the Polanyian variety) and emancipatory/recognition movements (of the Fraserian variety). India's recent hegemonic project enabled informal workers to counteract the dehumanizing effects of labor commodification by offering an alternative labor protection model. This model has the potential to redefine the working class (and its protection) to include multiple employment relationships for the first time. It also promises to recognize the social relations between multiple categories of vulnerable populations, reminding us that caste, gender, and class are mutually constitutive (rather than mutually exclusive). But this model is highly constrained by contemporary hegemonic forces, highlighting the complex relationship of society to state—one of contestation and, for the sake of survival, collaboration.

The Politics of India’s Reformed Labor Model

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-123
Author(s):  
Rina Agarwala
Keyword(s):  
Karl Polanyi ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
State Legitimacy ◽  
Jobless Growth ◽  
Labor Exploitation ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter offers a new theoretical framework to understand Indian labor in the contemporary context of strengthening ties between the Indian state and business. Labor in the twenty-first century must be redefined to include formal and informal workers; it must be re-envisioned to include manufacturing, as well as the growth sectors of construction and services; and the relationship of labor exploitation must account for the market, as well as state politics and ideology. Drawing from the arguments of Antonio Gramsci and Karl Polanyi, historical sources, and interview data, this chapter exposes how, since the 1980s, the Indian state has used informal labor to organize consent for a powerful political project that undermines labor’s twentieth-century gains, empowers large business, and retains state legitimacy with a mass electorate. In addition to examining these hegemonic forces from above, this chapter details the potential and limits of labor’s budding countermovements emerging from below and nuances the common cries of “jobless growth” in India.

STAGES IN SOCIAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-272
Author(s):  
Venelin Terziev ◽  
Preslava Dimitrova
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
National Society ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The social policy of a country is a set of specific activities aimed at regulating the social relations between different in their social status subjects. This approach to clarifying social policy is also called functional and essentially addresses social policy as an activity to regulate the relationship of equality or inequality in society. It provides an opportunity to look for inequalities in the economic positions of individuals in relation to ownership, labor and working conditions, distribution of income and consumption, social security and health, to look for the sources of these inequalities and their social justification or undue application.The modern state takes on social functions that seek to regulate imbalances, to protect weak social positions and prevent the disintegration of the social system. It regulates the processes in society by harmonizing interests and opposing marginalization. Every modern country develops social activities that reflect the specifics of a particular society, correspond to its economic, political and cultural status. They are the result of political decisions aimed at directing and regulating the process of adaptation of the national society to the transformations of the market environment. Social policy is at the heart of the development and governance of each country. Despite the fact that too many factors and problems affect it, it largely determines the physical and mental state of the population as well as the relationships and interrelationships between people. On the other hand, social policy allows for a more global study and solving of vital social problems of civil society. On the basis of the programs and actions of political parties and state bodies, the guidelines for the development of society are outlined. Social policy should be seen as an activity to regulate the relationship of equality or inequality between different individuals and social groups in society. Its importance is determined by the possibility of establishing on the basis of the complex approach: the economic positions of the different social groups and individuals, by determining the differences between them in terms of income, consumption, working conditions, health, etc .; to explain the causes of inequality; to look for concrete and specific measures to overcome the emerging social disparities.

scholarly journals Dinamika Kepentingan dan Interaksi Sosial Pedesaan: Studi Implikasi Alih Fungsi Lahan

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Dhina Yuliana ◽  
Faris Rahmadian ◽  
Nana Kristiawan ◽  
Selvy Anggriani Syarif
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Land Conversion ◽  
The West ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Housing Estates

Land-use changes or land conversion issues not only poses a threat of ecological or environmental, but also trigger a variety of dynamics and complexity of social relations in it. West Cilebut Villages has been the target of investors and developers of housing since the 1990s, and now the West Cilebut Villages has changed from an area full of green “romantic” village, into the region filled with concrete. Therefore, this study was conducted to answer fundamental issues related to the issue of land conversion in the West Cilebut Village, first is to see the map and interests between actors in relation to land conversion in the West Cilebut Village, and second to know the social interactions dynamics that occur in West Cilebut community, following the land conversion from the farm into housing estates. The results showed that there are three main actors in relation to issues of land use change in West Cilebut Village: (1) The Housing Developer; (2) Village Apparatus / Government; (3) Society; where the three actors have a role and importance of different orientations. Meanwhile, social interaction between housing and rural communities basically shows a relationship of mutual need. Construction of housing community that luxurious and exclusive slowly turns into inclusive and reflect a resiprocity of the two communities. 

A Closer Look at First Sight: Social Relations Lens Model Analysis of Personality and Interpersonal Attraction at Zero Acquaintance

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitja D. Back ◽  
Stefan C. Schmukle ◽  
Boris Egloff
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Interpersonal Attraction ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Lens Model ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Social ◽  
Large Round ◽  
First Time ◽  
Zero Acquaintance ◽  
Target Effects

Based on a new theoretical framework—the Social Relations Lens Model—this study examined the influence of personality on real–life attraction at zero acquaintance. A group of psychology freshmen ( N = 73) was investigated upon encountering one another for the first time. Personality traits, attraction ratings and metaperceptions were assessed using a large round–robin design (2628 dyads). In line with our model, personality differentially predicted who was a liker and who expected to be liked (perceiver effects), who was popular and who was seen as a liker (target effects), as well as who liked whom and who expected to be liked by whom (relationship effects). Moreover, the influence of personality on attraction was mediated by observable physical, nonverbal and audible cues. Results allowed a closer look at first sight and underline the importance of combining componential and process approaches in understanding the interplay of personality and social phenomena. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Property as an economic category

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Yaroslav HROMOVYI
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Process ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. Property is a multifaceted phenomenon, so that, even within one science, there is no general concept that would reflect its meaning. At the same time, we are of the opinion that the most important aspects of property for modern society are economic and legal, despite the fact that property, first of all, was considered as a philosophical category. In scientific sources, the commonality of features that characterize the property on the legal side (possession, use and disposal), is called the legal (legal) category, and economic (the desire to own goods (both tangible and intangible), the relationship between owners, owner and direct producer of goods (subject-subject relations)) - economic category. The purpose of the paper is to consider the essence of property as an economic category. Results. Analyzing the category of «property» from an economic point of view, we can identify its basic basis: the relationship of different owners with each other, as well as owners and direct producers of goods. In the «owner – owner» relationship, we observe the economic process of exchange of goods. At the same time, the owner-non-owner relationship is non-economic, so it is not the subject of economists' research. The relationship between different owners, as well as owners and direct producers of goods is the material basis of our society. Conclusion. Property as an economic category is characterized by: first, the result of the manifestation of the subject of his will - the desire to own the goods of the world; secondly, goods both material and non-material; third, the social relations and interrelationships of the owners among themselves, as well as the owners and direct producers of goods.

scholarly journals Pirate republic in the Bahamas: the causes and the impact on the system of government

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-168
Author(s):  
Dmitry Alekseevich Pautov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
The Bahamas ◽  
Local Alternative ◽  
The Social ◽  
Unique Experience ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact

The subject of the research is the military-political, economic, ideological and natural-geographical reasons for the emergence and characteristics of the organization of the Pirate Republic in the Bahamas. The object of the study is the social relations that developed in the process of development of the pirate community as a special social group, its expansion into the Bahamas of the Caribbean in the 17-18 centuries. Particular attention is paid to the relationship of the British Crown with the pirates and the factors that influenced the transformation of this policy. The author examined in detail the political and legal features of the organization and functioning of the public authority system in the Bahamas during the period of pirate domination. The research methodology was composed of historical, structural, systemic and comparative methods, which made it possible to formulate theoretical conclusions relevant to the processes taking place in the world today and ongoing scientific discussions about the fate of Western civilization, the possibility of building multicultural societies, and the adaptation of political and legal institutions to these processes. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is the first experience in the study of the causes and essence of the Pirate Republic in the British colonial system in Russian historiography. It is concluded that, not being a state in the strict sense of the word, the Pirate Republic was a unique experience of social and territorial self-organization. The experience of its emergence and existence left a bright mark in the development of not only the colonial system, but also in world history, as a whole, becoming yet another evidence of the viability of one or another local alternative political model, without a support of influential geopolitical forces and factors.

scholarly journals Coping-Strategies of the Subject Related to Images of a Difficult Life Situation in Metaphors and to Social Frustration

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
V.D. Alperovich
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Coping Behavior ◽  
Life Situation ◽  
Social Instability ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Positive Properties

The study presented in this article is devoted to the problem of the influence of adults’ perceptions and interpretations of difficult life situations on their coping behavior, which is relevant in conditions of social instability and forced population migration. The study goal is determination of relationship of the social frustration and metaphorical images of difficult life situations with subjects’ coping-strategies. Hypotheses about differences in coping-strategies of individuals, which differ in the severity of social frustration and metaphors of difficult life situations, are formulated and confirmed. Metaphors content analysis and testing are applied. In the study, 101 respondents aged 18—25 (students and employees of enterprises in Rostov-on-Don) took place. The obtained data confirm the existence of interconnections between pronounced social frustration and a decrease in the rationality and adaptability of coping-strategies of the subject. It was established for the first time that the stereotypy-differentiation of metaphorical assessments of difficult life situations by subjects, «distancing» from the situation and its participants, attributing negative qualities to «aliens» and «enemies»/positive properties to «own» people and «friends» are also associated with these parameters of coping-strategies.

scholarly journals Social normativity: public relations principle of morality and law

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
I A Katsapova
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Normative Structure ◽  
Social Standard ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article analyses the actual problem of identifying the normative structure of the system of social relations. The author examines the social standard through the prism of the relationship of law and morality in public space. Justified the distinction between social and legal nomativnostyu. And specifies the types of social relations, and also reveals the meaning of the principle of institutional and interpersonal communication.

Cercetarea monografică a portului popular românesc în cadrul Școlii Sociologice de la București. Momentul Lucia Apolzan

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 22-35
Author(s):  
Ion Cherciu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Unique Approach ◽  
Constant Observation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First Time

In the interwar Romanian culture, the Sociological School of Bucharest led by D. Gusti had a unique approach of the folk culture which was seen as a living organism in constant movement and evolution. Folk creations - musical and literary, peasant costume and artefacts etc. are no longer treated as "museum or archive objects ", but as living and interdependent parts composing a giant gear – the social corpus. Therefore, not only songs, but also singing, not only stories, but the storytelling etc. will be studied, precisely – and especially – the "social functions" of those creations. For the peasant costume, not the pieces themselves will be studied, as before, but their "making" and "wearing". From this perspective which considerably broadens the research horizon, the work of Lucia Apolzan is not just an exemplary thematic monograph on folk costume and domestic industry in Țara Moților, but also a fundamental book, unique in Romanian ethnography and culture. The secret of this success lies in the "monographic approach" of the topic and in the author's attachment to the investigated area, meaning that thorough ethnographic research greatly benefits from contribution of other disciplines, such as history, geography, political economy, oral tradition etc., and from the constant observation of the "social relations" involved in making and using of the peasant costume. Capturing, for the first time, the specific, intimate dialectical relations that underlie the existence and the "evolution" of the folk costume, and "encoding" them in "basic rules", general and always valid for the investigated field require, as the author believes, a "reconsideration" and "upgrading" of this work, victim itself of times of sad memory for the Romanian culture; this is particularly so since, after "the moment Lucia Apolzan", the descriptivism and aestheticism, back in force, as working methods and means of expression in the scientific discourse, have continuously dominated most works about the folk costume in our country.

scholarly journals Assemblage Theory and Town Foundation in Medieval England

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Jervis
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Assemblage Theory ◽  
Southern England ◽  
The Social ◽  
Urban Character ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

It is proposed that our understanding of medieval town foundation is limited by a failure to appreciate that ‘town’ is a relational category. It is argued that urban character emerges from social relations, with some sets of social relationship revealing urbanity and others not, as places develop along distinctive, but related, trajectories. This argument is developed through the application of assemblage theory to the development of towns in thirteenth-century southern England. The outcome is a proposal that, by focusing on the social relations through which towns are revealed as a distinctive category of place, we can better comprehend why and how towns mattered in medieval society and develop a greater understanding of the relationship of urbanization to other social processes such as commercialization and associated changes in the countryside.

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