scholarly journals Jako Jan jechał samotrzeć przez las półczwarta dnia - czyli o dawnych sposobach wyrażania relacji ilościowych

2009 ◽  
pp. 281-292
Author(s):  
Mirosława Siuciak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Arithmetic System ◽  
Mathematical Operations ◽  
Stimulation Of

A comparison of old and present indexes for quantitative assessment shows very significant lexical and formal differences. A quantification manner, inherited from the Proto-Slavic language, was unstable and multidimensional, which was apparent in Old Polish texts, whose old complex structures already had a synthesized form, but nevertheless, their inflections still revealed a primary structure. Lack of formal stabilization, which was still noticeable in the Middle Polish period, made numerals and numerical structures directly reflect mathematical operations they had been founded upon. Complex numerical structures often expressed arithmetical operations explicite: 1) addition, e.g. thirty and five, two and twenty, 2) subtraction, e.g. a hundred without one, 3) multiplication, e.g. three-fold one hundred thousand. An essential feature of such structures was stimulation of utterance recipient’s mental activity. One-word numerals in a form of composites, which were constructed on a basis of a mechanism of subtraction, i.e. collective numerals like samotrzeć ‘one in a group of three’, and partitive like półczwarta ‘four minus half, enforced similar behavior. Disappearance of the above mentioned structures and lexemes occurred in New Polish period in result of numerous linguistic tendencies, among which the most vital trend in the history of a language was communication improvement and reduction of mental activity to a necessary minimum, as well as in effect of a tendency to simplify a system. Only the items that directly determine a sequence of numbers in an arithmetic system have remained in the Polish language from a formally and formatively varied class of lexemes naming numbers, i.e. cardinal numbers have specialized as numerical quantifiers supported only residually by collective numbers with greatly restricted context.

Ukraine and the Challenges of Post-Totalitarian Transit (1990-2019)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Holovko ◽  
◽  
Larysa Yakubova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
State Building ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
World War ◽  
Successful Completion ◽  
Wide Audience ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The key problems of nation- and state-building are revealed in the concept of the chronotope of the Ukrainian “long twentieth century,” which is a hybrid projection of the “long nineteenth century.” An essential feature of this stage in the history of Ukraine and Ukrainians is the realization of the intentions of socioeconomic, ethnocultural and political emancipation: in fact, the end of the Ukrainian revolution, which began in the context of World War I and the destruction of the colonial system. The third book tells about the contradictions of post-Soviet transit. The three modern revolutions, the development of “oligarchic republics,” the subjectivization of Ukraine in the world through self-awareness of the European choice are visible manifestations of the final stage of the century-old Ukrainian revolution and anti-colonial liberation war. The essential transformations of the Ukrainian project are understood in the broad optics of post-totalitarian transit, the successful completion of which now rules for the national idea of Ukraine. For a wide audience.

Features hormonal status in pregnant women with benign cervical pathology in anamnesis

2017 ◽  
pp. 71-73
Author(s):  
N.Yu. Bysaha ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hormonal Status ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Fetoplacental Complex ◽  
History Of ◽  
Objective Study ◽  
Stimulation Of

The objective: study of hormonal status in pregnant women with benign cervical pathology (CP) in anamnesis. Patients and methods. Clinical and statistical analysis of the hormonal status of 100 women with a history of benign CP pathology has been performed. According to the revealed symptoms of CP during colposcopic examination, women were divided into two groups: 100 pregnant women, in whom colposcopic and cytologically signs of CP pathology were not detected, were included in the control group; and 100 women who had a pathology of CP, entered the main group. Results. The study examined hormonal relationships in the system mother–placenta–fetus, namely the level of hormones such as estriol, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, placental lactogen. Hormonal changes in pregnant women and contribute to reducing the immunoreactivity unwanted stimulation of existing benign hyperplastic background processes in the cervix. Conclusion. Determining functional state placenta is an important factor in the timely diagnosis of disorders in the functioning of the system mother–placenta–fetus. Key words: hormonal status, placenta, uterine cervix, fetoplacental complex.

The Politics of Debt and Europe's Relations with the 'South'

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
The South ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Past Injustice ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global North ◽  
The Individual ◽  
North And South

While debt has the capacity to sustain social relations by joining together the two parties of a debt relation, it also contains the risk of deteriorating into domination and bargaining. Throughout history, different understandings of debt have therefore gravitated between reciprocity and domination, making it a key concept for understanding the dynamics of both social cohesion and fragmentation. The book considers the social, spatial and temporal meanings of this ambiguity and relates them to contemporary debates over debts between North and South in Europe, which in turn are embedded in a longer global history of North-South relations. The individual chapters discuss how debts incurred in the past are mobilised in political debates in the present. This dynamic is highlighted with regard to regional and global North-South relations. An essential feature in debates on this topic is the difficult question of retribution and possible ways of “paying” – a term that is etymologically connected to “pacification” – for past injustice. Against this backdrop, the book combines a discussion of the multi-layered European and global North-South divide with an effort to retrieve alternatives to the dominant and divisive uses of debt for staking out claims against someone or something. Discovering new and forgotten ways of thinking about debt and North-South relations, the chapters are divided into four sections that focus on 1) debt and social theory, 2) Greece and Germany as Europe’s South and North, 3) the ‘South’ between the local, the regional and the global, and 4) debt and the politics of history.

The Rise of Behavioral Economics: A Quantitative Assessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Geiger
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short Summary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Goal

This article is devoted to the issue of operationalizing and empirically measuring the development of behavioral economics, focusing on trends in the academic literature. The main research goal is to provide a quantitative, bibliometric assessment to answer the question of whether the relative importance of behavioral economics has increased over the past decades. After an introduction and a short summary of the history of behavioral economics, several studies are laid out and evaluated. The results generally provide a quantitative confirmation of the story of a rise of behavioral economics that can be found in the literature, and add some notable additional insights.

scholarly journals Powstanie kawalerii SS Totenkopf i jej rola w niemieckiej polityce okupacyjnej na ziemiach polskich w latach 1939–1941

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-88
Author(s):  
Jarosław Dybek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
The Third ◽  
General Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
False Image ◽  
The Third Reich

The topic of the article is one of the German SS regiments stationed in occupied Poland and its role in The German occupation policy. While the history of the SS formation is very well known in both academic and popular science literature, its cavalry has not been elaborated in great detail thus far. Although this topic seems interesting, it has not yet been discussed in any book in the Polish language. Most of the literature related to this topic was published in German and English. The 1st SS Death’s Head Cavalry Regiment operated primarily in the General Government and was under the Higher SS and Police Command. Some of its squadrons also operated in areas annexed to the Reich, i.e. the Warta Voievodship (Reichsgau Wartheland). From this article we will learn about the formation of the SS Death’s Head cavalry and its gradual inclusion in the brutal occupation policy of the Third Reich in Poland. In the case of its formation, we are dealing with tasks such as combating the early partisan units, searching for weapons, participating in the creation of ghettos, or helping to eliminate Polish levels of the intelligentsia. Noteworthy is the participation of this unit in the production of the propaganda film “Kampfgeschwader Lützow”, in which Polish cavalrymen were presented attacking German tanks with sabres. This false image was reproduced after the war in some movies or books, and contributed to the distorted presentation of Polish soldiers in the defensive battles of 1939.

scholarly journals Polish Notes on Moscow Documents of the Time of Troubles: Historical and Linguistic Analysis

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Natalia Eilbart
Keyword(s):  
Great Influence ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Petersburg Institute ◽  
System Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Time Of Troubles ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Introduction. The article analyzes Polish markings made on documents of Moscow origin during the Time of Troubles. Materials. For analysis we took documents stored in the archives of St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences (petitions of nobles, merchants and peasants to Moscow princes, King Sigismund III and Prince Vladislav), as well as documents from the Smolensk archive, which are located in the State Archives of Sweden (Riksarkivet). Two categories of documents stand out: petitions of Moscow nobles addressed to King Sigismund III and Prince Vladislav, as well as other documents that fell into the hands of the Poles after the fall of Smolensk in 1611. We included in the last category the documents of Smolensk Provincial Prikaz and the personal archive of voevoda M.B. Shein as well. After a long stay in the territory of the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth, a part of The Smolensk Archive came to Sweden during the Polish-Swedish war (the “Flood”), a part settled in the continental Europe, later re-entered the territory of Russia due to the activities of the Archaeographic Commission. Methods. We used the methods of comparative linguistic analysis, the method of comparison, the system method, as well as the narrative and historical-genetic methods. Results. Polish inscriptions on documents of Moscow origin testify to the great influence of the Russian language on Polish and the appearance of numerous Russisms in the Polish language.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PERIORBITAL HYPERMELANOSIS

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Sonal Khade Ahuja ◽  
Ashish Deshmukh ◽  
Sanmitra Aiholli ◽  
Omkar Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Single Patient ◽  
Psychosocial Consequences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Sleeping Habits

Background: Periorbital hypermelanosis also called dark circles form the major percentage of dermatology consultations. Importance of these disorders is growing as they cause easy visible cosmetic disfigurement and significant psychosocial consequences. Aims: To assess the patients of POH disorders for demographic, etiological and clinical profile. Methods: This prospective hospital-based clinical study, conducted in a tertiary medical center over a period of two years, involved 200 patients with POH disorders, assessed using detailed history taking and clinical examination for demographic, etiological and clinical data. Data is statistically described in frequencies (number of cases) and percentages(%) . Results: Majority of patients were in age group 18-40 years. Females dominated the study with a number of 169 (84.5%) , only 31 (15.5%) were males. Most of the patients belonged to Grade 2 (53%), grade 3 was seen in 27% patients followed by grade 1 (16.5% ) and grade 4 (3.5% ) POH. Family history was positive in 81.5% patients. POH was observed mostly in housewives 93 (46.5%) and patients with indoor occupation 69 (34.5%) and less commonly in patients with outdoor occupation 29 (14.5%). Almost all cases of POH gave history of exacerbation following sun exposure. Not a single patient showed hepatic, renal complaints, hypothyroidism or ecchymosis. Majority of patients (86.5%) had altered Sleeping habits. Alcohol and smoking did not have a significant co-relation with POH. It was found that only five percent females on oral contraceptives developed POH and there was no change in Pigmentation of POH in relation to menstrual cycle in any of the females. Limitations: The quantitative assessment of melanin by specialized instrument ( mexameter) could not be done because of lack of resources.

scholarly journals Leksykograficzne wędrówki pąci i peregrynacji

2018 ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
Jolanta Migdał
Keyword(s):  
Religious Studies ◽  
Word Families ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language

The article presents a lexicographical history of two word families: pąć and peregrynacja. It has been demonstrated how these families evolved quantitatively at various periods of the development of the Polish language, how the semantics of lexemes functioning in these aggregates changed. The analysed material has been excerpted from historical and modern general language dictionaries and etymological dictionaries of Polish as well as from expert publications in the field of religious studies.

scholarly journals Przyczynki do historii Towarzystwa Miłośników Języka Polskiego

LingVaria ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 205-217
Author(s):  
Mirosław Skarżyński
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Society Of Friends ◽  
Preliminary Version ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Printed Materials

Contributions to the History of the Society of Friends of the Polish LanguageTowarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego (‘Society of Friends of the Polish Language’) is the oldest such society and greatly distinguished for the popularization of knowledge about the language, and also for the knowledge about Polish itself. The few publications devoted to it, written mostly on the occasion of anniversaries, tend to overlook the figure of Andrzej Gawroński (1885–1927), an outstanding expert in Sanskrit, a linguist, and a professor of the Lviv University, despite the fact that archive materials show that he played a very significant role in the creation of the Society, and even penned the preliminary version of its charter. This paper presents Gawroński’s part in the forming of TMJP; it is based on extant letters from A. Gawroński to Kazimierz Nitsch from years 1919–1921 (Archive of Science of PAN and PAU in Cracow), letters from K. Nitsch to linguists Henryk Ułaszyn and Antonina Obrębska-Jabłońska, and also on the few printed materials from years 1918–1927.

scholarly journals Piśmiennictwo religijne Tatarów Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego jako oryginalne źródło do badań polszczyzny północnokresowej

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-110
Author(s):  
Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
The North ◽  
Religious Writings ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
The 19Th Century

The religious writings of the Tatars constitute a valuable source for philological research due to the presence of heretofore unexplored grammatical and lexical layers of the north borderland Polish language of the 16th-20th centuries and due to the interference-related and transfer-related processes in the context of Slavic languages and Slavic-Oriental contacts. Therefore the basis for linguistic analyses is constituted by one of the most valuable monuments of this body of writing – the first translation of the Quran into a Slavic language in the world (probably representing the north borderland Polish language), which assumed the form of a tefsir. The source of linguistic analyses is constituted by the Olita tefsir, which dates back to 1723 (supplemented and corrected in the 19th century). On the basis of the material that was excerpted from this work the author presents both borderland features described in the subject literature and tries to point the new or only sparsely confirmed facts in the history of the Polish language, including the formation of the north borderland Polish language on the Belarusian substrate. Research involves all levels of language – the phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and the lexical-semantic levels.

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