scholarly journals Ideja deskriptivne epistemologije

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Markusović
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Logical Empiricism ◽  
Karl Popper ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Circular Reasoning ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Selective Retention ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge

The failure of logical empiricism initiated a new path in epistemology. The first turn was made by Willard Quine who suggested to reject the foundational epistemology and to describe the knowing subject for the purpose of undestanding knowledge. The description is to be looked for in psychology, thus making epistemology a pant of psychology, i. e. part of natural science. The objection about circular reasoning is rejected because descriptive epistemology does not attempt to found science by means of science, but only to understand science by means of itself. Donald T. Campbell is of the opinion that in order to describe the knowing subject, the number of relevant sciences has to be increased. First of all, the fact that man has developed in the course of biological evolution shows that knowledge should be seen in the light of evolution. Campbell sees evolution as the process of acquiring knowledge, which means that survival of the individual and of a species is the result of successful knowledge, successful problem-solving. The model of blind variation and selective retention is, therefore, applicable to all forms of knowledge, scientific knowledge included. Science is not contrary to nature; there is no discontinuity between the evolution of life and science. The model which biology has discovered as the model of the evolution of life is at the same time (and first of all) the model of acquiring knowledge. Karl Popper has achieved what is essentially the same result by logical analysis of the growth of scientific knowledge. Scientific theories are conjectures (blind variations) of which some are rejected and other accepted (selective retention) in the scientific struggle for life. The trial-and-error model is applicable to the amoeba and to Einstein.

scholarly journals Application of Gene Classification in Cytogenetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Huai Tang Gu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Dialectical Materialism ◽  
Individual Organism ◽  
Individual Gene ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
The Common ◽  
Inherent Nature ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

Generality and individuality are the inherent nature of everything, everything has both generality and individuality. Generality determines the basic nature of things, and individuality reveals the differences between things. According to the principle of dialectical materialism, the genes of organisms are divided into two types: General genes and individual genes. Genes shared by all biological individuals are called general genes, and genes unique to each individual organism are called individual gene. And use this classification method to discuss the three basic laws of genetics, heterosis theory and mutual affinity, and population genetics and biological evolution. It is concluded three basic laws of genetics are only relative to individual genes, unit traits controlled by general genes are not restricted by three basic laws of genetics, and the proportion of individual gene and general gene between parents has a decisive influence on the mutual affinity of parents and heterosis of hybrid generation, and the gradual process of the evolution of life from simple to complex, from low-level to high-level, is achieved by that the mutations to generate firstly new individual genes, and then the favorable individual genes are generalized, which the individuality genes are transformed into general genes that the individual characters can be transformed into the common characteristics of the population, and the process of natural selection is just to fix the favorable individual genes, make the traits controlled by them change into the general characteristics of this population, and to eliminate the unfavorable genes, and eliminate the unfavorable traits..

scholarly journals Information about Human Evolution: An Analysis of News Published in Communication Media in Spanish between 2015 and 2017

Publications ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Jon Ander Garibi ◽  
Alvaro Antón ◽  
José Domingo Villarroel
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Human Evolution ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Print Media ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Knowledge Dissemination ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Scientific Journalism

The present study examines a sample of 220 pieces of news related to human evolution, written in Spanish and published over a period of two years, both in digital and print media. The aim of this study is to assess the rigor and coherence of the information in the news in our sample with scientific knowledge on the theory of evolution. To this end, errors and the incorrect use of concepts related to biological evolution are identified, classified according to criteria resulting from the review of previous studies, and finally, the frequency of errors identified in news published in print media is compared with that identified in digital media. The results presented allow us to highlight the significantly high frequency of errors in the news analyzed and the most frequent error categories. Results are discussed within the frame of the important role that scientific journalism plays in the processes of knowledge dissemination, in this case, related to human evolution.

An Experiment in Problem Solving

1951 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Qualitative Nature ◽  
The Individual

Trial-and-error problems are described in terms of “stimulus” difficulty, which is a measure of the number of possible modes of response left to the individual when all the information given is taken into account; and “phenomenal” difficulty, which is a measure derived from the individual's performance. An experiment is described in which three types of problem were presented to human subjects. In all three problems the stimulus difficulty was calculable, stage by stage, in the solution. The problems differed in this stimulus difficulty and also in the qualitative nature of the information provided—from unequivocal to conditional. It is shown that the qualitative difference of the nature of the information bears most relationship to phenomenal difficulty. Some observations are made on the modes of solution adopted, and further experimental work is suggested.

scholarly journals From Critical Thought to Emancipatory Action: Contradictory Research Goals?

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Humphries
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Will To Power ◽  
Critical Thought ◽  
Traditional Research ◽  
The Will ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge ◽  
Oriented Research

This article results from reading Lather's Getting Smart (1991) and Hammersley's The Politics of Social Research (1995). The theme is the debates between ‘traditional’ research approaches and ‘emancipatory’ research approaches. It is argued that these debates are based on stereotypical views which obscure important characteristics held in common, and both require to be interrogated. The article examines two of these characteristics, appeals to a metanarrative of emancipation and the will to power, and considers the implications of the privileging of scientific knowledge over other forms of knowledge. It concludes by considering the possibilities for a praxis-oriented research which may lead to possibilities for emancipatory action.

scholarly journals A review. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are involved in the formation of some volatile compounds in wines

OENO One ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Claudio Delfini ◽  
Chiara Cocito ◽  
M. Bonino
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Individual Contribution ◽  
Grape Skins ◽  
Biochemical Genetic ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Biological Motor

<p style="text-align: justify;">There are evidences that a grape must of a non aromatic vine, not having perfume and revealing by gaschromatographie only some classes of compounds common to the musts of all the vine varieties, can originate a pool of characterizing fragrant substances after contact with the yeast during fermentation. Therefore, despite the scarce scientific knowledge available on biochemical mechanisms involved in <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> in the formation of a wine aromatic pattern, it can be likely hypothesized that the yeast could be the biological motor of this aromatic transformation. The yeast can act on the compounds of the must with many periplasmic enzymes (estérases, glycosidases, lyases, lipases, proteases, peptidases, pectolytiques) and several are the scientific contributions underlining the existence of an interaction between the yeast and the vine variety in the formation of wine aromatic characteristics. Besides the individual contribution of substances sensorially active, the yeast would contribute to the transformation of unknown varietal aromatic precursors that are in the grape skins and/or musts. The biochemical, genetic and physiological aspects of this transformation still have to be understood. At the end, we have to answer some important questions such as the mutual role that grape and/or yeast enzymes have during and soon after crushing in the liberation of the varietal precursors and in the conversion of these in fragrant compounds.</p>

Interpreting Historical-Philosophical Sources of Intellectual Property

2021 ◽  
pp. 283-293
Author(s):  
Maurizio Borghi
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Property Concepts ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge ◽  
Rhetorical Tools

This chapter considers the approach to traditional philosophical sources of intellectual property (IP). It argues that philosophical questioning is characterized by specific and unique features that distinguish it from all other forms of knowledge, including scientific knowledge. It then shows how philosophical concepts—i.e. concepts coined in the course of philosophical questioning—translate in other domains of knowledge, such as jurisprudence, where they eventually decay into empty rhetorical tools devoid of questioning force. The current ‘intellectual property debate’ illustrates this point. In this connection, the chapter questions how intellectual property concepts can be reconstructed in their original philosophical dimension. By way of example, the interpretation of three great philosophers—Kant, Fichte, and Hegel—is considered, by reference to their seminal writings on intellectual property issues.

The Core UN Human Rights Treaty Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-128
Author(s):  
Steven Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
The Core ◽  
Ordinary Meaning ◽  
System P ◽  
Human Rights Treaties ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Work First

Chapter 4 examines the core United Nations human rights treaties. It shows how we can think of these as complex systems, the result of the interactions of the states parties and the treaty bodies. The work first explains the regime on opposability and denunciation, which establishes the binding nature of the conventions, before considering the law on reservations, noting how this differs from the scheme under general international law. The chapter then turns to the interpretation of convention rights, detailing the distinctive pro homine (‘in favour of the individual’) approach applied to human rights treaties. The law on interpretation also requires that we examine the subsequent practice of states parties, as well as the pronouncements of the treaty bodies. The doctrine of evolutionary interpretation explains how the ‘ordinary meaning’ of treaty terms can evolve with developments in technical and scientific knowledge, changes in societal understandings, and wider modifications in regulatory approaches outside of the human rights treaty system.

Difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: contributing factors and burden of disease

Rheumatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia M T Roodenrijs ◽  
Marlies C van der Goes ◽  
Paco M J Welsing ◽  
Janneke Tekstra ◽  
Floris P J G Lafeber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract Objectives Treatment of difficult-to-treat (D2T) RA patients is generally based on trial-and-error and can be challenging due to a myriad of contributing factors. We aimed to identify risk factors at RA onset, contributing factors and the burden of disease. Methods Consecutive RA patients were enrolled and categorised as D2T, according to the EULAR definition, or not (controls). Factors potentially contributing to D2T RA and burden of disease were assessed. Risk factors at RA onset and factors independently associated with D2T RA were identified by logistic regression. D2T RA subgroups were explored by cluster analysis. Results Fifty-two RA patients were classified as D2T and 100 as non-D2T. Lower socioeconomic status at RA onset was found as an independent risk factor for developing D2T RA (OR 1.97 (95%CI 1.08–3.61)). Several contributing factors were independently associated with D2T RA, occurring more frequently in D2T than non-D2T patients: limited drug options because of adverse events (94% vs 57%) or comorbidities (69% vs 37%), mismatch in patient’s and rheumatologist’s wish to intensify treatment (37% vs 6%), concomitant fibromyalgia (38% vs 9%) and poorer coping (worse levels). Burden of disease was significantly higher in D2T RA patients. Three subgroups of D2T RA patients were identified: 1) ‘non-adherent dissatisfied patients’; 2) patients with ‘pain syndromes and obesity’; 3) patients closest to the concept of ‘true refractory RA’. Conclusions This comprehensive study on D2T RA shows multiple contributing factors, a high burden of disease and the heterogeneity of D2T RA. These findings suggest that these factors should be identified in daily practice in order to tailor therapeutic strategies further to the individual patient.

The transfusion of blood

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Richard M. Titmuss
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vital Part ◽  
The World ◽  
Blood Transfusion Service ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Circulation Of The Blood ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

This chapter discusses the transfusion of blood. Beliefs and attitudes concerning blood affect in varying degrees throughout the world the work of transfusion services in appealing for and recruiting blood donors. A deeply rooted and widely held superstition is that the blood contained in the body is an inviolable property and to take it away is sacrilege. In parts of Africa, for example, it is believed also that blood taken away cannot be reconstituted and that the individual will therefore be weakened, be made impotent, or be blinded for life. The growth of scientific knowledge about the circulation of the blood, the composition and preservation of blood, and the distribution of blood group genes throughout the human race has provided a more rational framework. However, it is only more recently that scientific advances have made a blood transfusion service an indispensable and increasingly vital part of modern medicine.

For objective, value-laden, contextualist pluralism

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Dupré
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Logical Empiricism ◽  
Scientific Change ◽  
External Influence ◽  
Human Aggression ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
Objective Value ◽  
Attitudes Toward Change

Chapter 3 is a commentary on Chapter 2, and revisits the discussion on views on the nature of scientific change (continuous or discontinuous; cumulative or revolutionary) and about the role of external considerations in science (corruptive or necessary), and how they depend on prior views about the nature of scientific knowledge. It revisits the principal epistemological ideas of logical empiricism, holism, and contextualism and outlines the attitudes toward change and external influence each licenses, and how the licensed attitudes are illustrated by reference to contemporary research on human aggression.

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