Phylogenetic Analysis of Polyporous Fungi Collected from Batam Botanical Garden, Riau Province, Indonesia

Botanical gardens are areas that provide protection for trees and other organisms like polyporous fungi. Polyporous fungi are important fungi that degrade remaining lignocellulosic in leaf litter or dead trees. These mycobiota are also noted for their vital role in biorefinery, bioremediation, medicine and phytopathogen. The knowledge of the importance of the polyporous fungi to describe polyporous fungal species is fundamental for generating data base information of their occurrence and their functions. This research’s goal was to explore and characterize the polyporous fungi collected in Batam Botanical Garden in three sampling areas. Fungal samples were collected in May and July 2017. Subsequently, morphological characters were recorded, the fungal tissue was isolated to extract the DNA, then the data sequence was amplified and aligned to construct a phylogenetic tree. Five fungal families found belong to order Polyporales and were classified morphologically. They were Polyporaceae, Ganodermataceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Irpicaceae and Hymenochaetaceae. Three fungal species namely; Pycnoporus sanguineus, Trametes ijubarskii, and Antrodia wangii were identified based on phyllogenetic analysis whereas seven other fungal samples were identified as Earliella scabrosa, Hexagonia tenuis, Polyporus tenuiculus Lenzites betulina, Lentinus concavus, Phellinus rimosus and Hexagonia apiaria. This study classifies and adds fundamental databases on fungal taxonomy and diversity on the fungal organisms found in Batam Botanical Garden. This background data is vital to carry out an advance research in some areas such as bio-chemistry, bio-degradation, pharmacology and biotechnology.

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THE MACROFUNGI DIVERSITY AND THEIR POTENTIAL UTILIZATION IN TANGALE NATURE RESERVE GORONTALO PROVINCE

BERITA BIOLOGI ◽

10.14203/beritabiologi.v18i1.3379 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Diah Irawati Dwi Arini ◽

Margaretta Christita ◽

Julianus Kinho

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Nature Reserve ◽

Edible Mushroom ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Scleroderma Citrinum ◽

Lenzites Betulina ◽

The Veil ◽

Decaying Wood ◽

Potential Use

Tangale Nature reserve is a conservation area located in Gorontalo that have the biodiversity typical of Wallacea bioregion including macroscopic fungi. The purpose of this study was to identify the fungal species diversity found in the Tangale Nature reserve as well as its potential use, considering that the information on species diversity of fungi in the Wallacea region is very limited. This research was conducted using the cruise method by identifying macroscopic fungi along the hiking trail of Tangale Nature Reserve. The macroscopic fungi were observed for its morphological characteristic include the colour, diameter, surface of the veil, the shape of the stem, the length and diameter of the stem, the lamella, including ring and pore, type of lamella and the type of volva. The research recorded the substrates and the location where the fungus was found. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitative. The results of the research identified 28 species of macroscopic fungi that included to the division Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. It belongs to 16 families and 8 orders are Pezizales, Agaricales, Auriculariales, Boletales, Cantharellales, Gomphales, Polyporales, dan Russulales. Based on place to grow as much as 57,14% were found growing on decaying wood and 42,86% found growing in the soil/litter. Based on the potential of use, it has identified four species of mushrooms potentially as edible mushroom are Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricula, Ramaria formosa, and Polyporus arcularius. 11 species of mushrooms potentially as medicinal mushroom are Calvatia craniiformis, Scleroderma citrinum, Lenzites betulina, Microporus flabelliformis, Coriolus versicolor, Microporus xanthopus, and Albatrellus confluens.

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Interactive key (Lucid) for identification of fungi in vegetable seeds

Summa Phytopathologica ◽

10.1590/0100-5405/204669 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 14-19

Author(s):

Caroline Geraldi Pierozzi ◽

Ricardo Toshio Fujihara ◽

Efrain de Santana Souza ◽

Marília Pizetta ◽

Maria Márcia Pereira Sartori ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Prior Knowledge ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Identification Accuracy ◽

Difficulty Level ◽

Identification System ◽

Correct Identification

ABSTRACT Interactive keys are tools that aid research and technical work since identification of organisms has become increasingly present in the scientific and academic context. An interactive key was developed with the software Lucid v. 3.3 for the identification of eleven fungal species associated with onion, carrot, pepper and tomato seeds. It was based on a matrix composed of six features: crop, conidium, conidiophore, color of long conidiophore, color of mycelium and presence of setae, besides 21 character states. In addition, descriptions, illustrations and high-resolution photographs of the morphological characters and states were made available to aid in the correct identification of fungal species. Validation of the interactive key was performed by distinct groups of volunteers: (i) graduate students with prior knowledge and using the interactive key; (ii) undergraduate students with little prior knowledge and using the interactive key, and (iii) undergraduate students with little prior knowledge and using the conventional identification system such as the printed manuals used in seed pathology laboratories. We analyzed the time spent by each volunteer to evaluate 25 seeds infected with the fungal species in the key, as well as the percentage of success and the difficulty level for each participant. The high percentage of correct answers with the use of the interactive key and the ease of use by the volunteers confirmed its efficiency because there was an increase in the identification accuracy when compared to the conventional system. Furthermore, the rate of success and the difficulty level presented low variability within groups (i) and (ii). These results are a consequence of the interaction of the user with characteristics of the developed tool, such as high-resolution photographs, which faithfully reproduce the fungal characteristics observed in the seeds under a stereomicroscope. Thus, the interactive key presented here can aid in teaching, institutional and commercial research, inspection and certification of seeds, making diagnosis safer and more accurate. The key is available for free at https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/seed_fungi/.

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New plectosphaerellaceous species from Dutch garden soil

Mycological Progress ◽

10.1007/s11557-019-01511-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 1135-1154 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alejandra Giraldo ◽

Margarita Hernández-Restrepo ◽

Pedro W. Crous

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Citizen Science ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Garden Soil ◽

Science Project ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

University Museum ◽

Citizen Science Project

Abstract During 2017, the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute (WI) and the Utrecht University Museum launched a Citizen Science project. Dutch school children collected soil samples from gardens at different localities in the Netherlands, and submitted them to the WI where they were analysed in order to find new fungal species. Around 3000 fungal isolates, including filamentous fungi and yeasts, were cultured, preserved and submitted for DNA sequencing. Through analysis of the ITS and LSU sequences from the obtained isolates, several plectosphaerellaceous fungi were identified for further study. Based on morphological characters and the combined analysis of the ITS and TEF1-α sequences, some isolates were found to represent new species in the genera Phialoparvum, i.e. Ph. maaspleinense and Ph. rietveltiae, and Plectosphaerella, i.e. Pl. hanneae and Pl. verschoorii, which are described and illustrated here.

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Alternaria hydrangeae sp. nov. (Ascomycota: Pleosporaceae) from Hydrangea paniculata in China

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.401.4.6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 401 (4) ◽

pp. 287

Author(s):

DONG FANG PEI ◽

SEIN LAI LAI AUNG ◽

HAI FENG LIU ◽

QUAN KE LIU ◽

ZHI HE YU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Spot ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

Fungal Species ◽

New Taxon ◽

Leaf Spots ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

Cultural Features ◽

Necrotic Symptoms

In 2017, a new fungal species, Alternaria hydrangeae, was isolated from necrotic leaf spots of Hydrangea paniculata in Shenyang Botanical Garden, Liaoning, China. Phylogenetic analyses based on five genes (ITS, GPDH, Alt a1, RPB2 and TEF1) indicated that the species is a new taxon closely related to Alternaria deserticola in section Porri. Both species were significantly different from each other based on cultural features on SNA and PCA. Previously, A. deserticola was morphologically considered as A. acalyphicola. With respect to conidial characters, the species was distinct from A. acalyphicola in conidia shape, size and transverse septa. Pathogenicity tests indicated that it could induce necrotic symptoms on its host. The species is illustrated here as a new one causing leaf spot on H. paniculata.

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A matrix-based revision of the genus Hypogena Dejean, 1834 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4780.2.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4780 (2) ◽

pp. 201-258

Author(s):

LUNA GREY ◽

AARON D. SMITH

Keyword(s):

Type Species ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Species Relationships ◽

Dominican Amber ◽

Darkling Beetle ◽

Dead Trees ◽

Unidentified Species ◽

Male Specific ◽

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

The darkling beetle genus Hypogena Dejean, 1834 (Tenebrionidae: Tenebrioninae) is revised. Hypogena is entirely composed of dorsoventrally flattened species that live subcortically in dead trees. This genus is generally identified by male specific characters, particularly the presence of cephalic horns. Hypogena is currently placed within the tribe Triboliini Gistel, 1848. However, several previously overlooked morphological characters call into question its placement within the tribe. A morphological matrix of 94 external adult characters was assembled to examine species relationships and boundaries. The resulting phylogeny is presented. Thirteen Hypogena species were previously recognized as valid, including Hypogena marginalis Doyen & Poinar from Dominican amber. Four previously unidentified species are described in this study: Hypogena akuma sp. nov. (Brazil), Hypogena cryptica sp. nov. (Mexico), Hypogena hirsuta sp. nov. (Ecuador), and Hypogena reburra sp. nov. (Colombia). Lectotypes are designated for Hypogena depressa (Champion, 1886), Hypogena dejeani (Champion, 1886), Hypogena canaliculata (Champion, 1886), and Hypogena vacca (Fabricius, 1801). A neotype is designated for Tenebrio biimpressus (Latreille, 1833) (type species of Hypogena, synonymized under Hypogena brasilica (Perty)) in order to maintain stability within the genus.

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Gloeodontia yunnanensis sp. nov. (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from China, evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.432.2.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 432 (2) ◽

pp. 111-118

Author(s):

LU CHEN ◽

ZHENG-JUN SHI ◽

CHUN-HUA WU ◽

CHANG-LIN ZHAO

Keyword(s):

Bayesian Inference ◽

Maximum Likelihood ◽

Maximum Parsimony ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Strong Support ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Monophyletic Lineage ◽

Thin Walled ◽

Inference Methods

A new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Gloeodontia yunnanensis, is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and DNA data. The species is characterized by an annual, resupinate basidiomata with smooth hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with thin-walled, clamped generative hyphae and obclavate cystidia and subglobose to globose, hyaline, thick-walled, asperulate, strongly amyloid, acyanophilous basidiospores measuring 3.3–4.3 × 2.5–3.5 µm. Sequences of ITS and 28S gene regions of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed with Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference methods. The analyses based on ITS+28S sequences showed that G. yunnanensis nested in the Gloeodontia clade and formed a monophyletic lineage with strong support (100% BS, 100% BP, 1.00 BPP).

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Rescuing Magnolia sinica (Magnoliaceae), a Critically Endangered species endemic to Yunnan, China

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605315000435 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 446-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Bin Wang ◽

Yongpeng Ma ◽

Gao Chen ◽

Congren Li ◽

Zhiling Dao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

In Situ Conservation ◽

Population Monitoring ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Critically Endangered ◽

Flowering Plant ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Herbarium Specimens ◽

Endangered Tree

AbstractMagnolia sinica, a Critically Endangered tree endemic to Yunnan, China, is one of the 20 plant species with extremely small populations approved by the Yunnan government for urgent rescue action before 2015. Information on the geographical distribution and population size of this species had not previously been reported, hindering effective conservation. We therefore carried out a survey of the literature and of herbarium specimens, followed by a detailed field survey and morphological measurements and observations of surviving individuals. We located 52 individuals in the wild, in eight localities. Two distinguishing morphological characters (tepal colour and tepal number) were revised based on observations of all remaining wild individuals that produced flowers and on one 30-year-old flowering plant in Kunming Botanical Garden. The survival rate of individuals propagated from seed for ex situ conservation at the Garden was 100% over 5 years; of 100 individuals transplanted to each of two reinforcement sites, 20 and 18, respectively, were alive after 6 years. We propose two groups of measures to protect M. sinica: (1) in situ conservation, population monitoring, and public engagement, and (2) ex situ conservation with reinforcement or reintroduction.

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Decay resistance of softwoods and hardwoods thermally modified by the Thermovouto type thermo-vacuum process to brown rot and white rot fungi

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2015-0244 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 (9) ◽

pp. 877-884 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jie Gao ◽

Jong Sik Kim ◽

Nasko Terziev ◽

Geoffrey Daniel

Keyword(s):

White Rot Fungi ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

Fungal Species ◽

White Rot ◽

Agar Block ◽

Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽

Postia Placenta ◽

Soil Block ◽

Class 1

Abstract Softwoods (SW, spruce and fir) and hardwoods (HW, ash and beech) were thermally modified by the thermo-vacuum (Termovuoto) process for 3–4 h in the temperature range 160–220°C (TMW160–220°C) and their fungal durability were examined in soil-block tests with two brown rot (BR, Postia placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum) and two white rot (WR, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Phlebia radiata) fungi. SW-TMW160–220°C were exposed to P. placenta and P. sanguineus and HW-TMW190–220°C to all fungal species. Considerable improvement (durability class 1–3) in decay resistance was only achieved for SW- and HW-TMW220°C. Thermal modification (TM) below 200°C influenced decay resistance negatively in case of some fungal species applied for both SW and HW. Judged by the durability class, decay resistance was higher in HW- than in SW-TMW at high TM temperature. Behavior of TM differed significantly between ash (ring-porous HW) and beech (diffuse-porous HW). A comparison between results of soil- and agar-block tests on Termovouoto wood demonstrated that the influence of testing method in terms of assignment to durability classes is not significant.

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Significance of Horticultural Plants on Biodiversity Conservation

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.867c ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 867C-867 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Donglin Zhang ◽

Hongwen Huang ◽

Dongyan Hu*

Keyword(s):

Biological Diversity ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Vital Role ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Horticultural Crops ◽

Wide Range ◽

Cultivated Plant ◽

Horticultural Plants ◽

Propagation Methods

Horticultural plants include fruit, vegetable, ornamental, turf, medicinal, beverage, spice, and other economic species. Although these plants originally derive from wild populations and play a vital role in our daily life, their importance on protecting biodiversity has not been addressed. With tremendous driving force of their monetary value, farmers, gardeners, breeders, and researchers have domesticated, selected, and bred many new horticultural crops, which ultimately increase biological diversity in cultivated plant communities. Both morphological and molecular data from 90 accessions of cultivated Cephalotaxus and 48 accessions of cultivated Chamaecyparis thyoides demonstrated their wide range of morphological differences and more than 43% of genetic dissimilarity coefficients. In US alone, one new cultivar of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum was released to the nursery industry every year since the first plant was introduced from Wuhan Botanical Garden in 1983. Obviously, human activities rapidly accelerate evolutions. To preserve and reproduce new and rare taxa, regeneration of these plants is challenging. Rooting of Magnolia grandiflora stem cuttings, overcoming Cephalotaxus seed dormancy, experimenting Pinus strobus embryogenesis, and overwintering Stewartia cuttings should be applied for reproduction studies of unusual horticultural clones. For plants that could not be regenerated with today's propagation methods, their seeds, tissues, pollen, and embryos should be preserved as some USDA labs do for heirloom horticultural crops. In the future, with aid of advanced science and technology, we should be able to regenerate those plants from preserved materials and increase biological diversity.

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First Report of Passion Fruit Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum constrictum

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-21-0754-pdn ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Na Wang ◽

Fumei Chi ◽

Zhirui Ji ◽

Zongshan Zhou ◽

Junxiang Zhang

Keyword(s):

Sequence Data ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Pcr Amplification ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Passion Fruit ◽

Effective Control ◽

First Report ◽

Sterile Needle ◽

Morphologic Data

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) is widely cultivated in tropic and subtropic regions. Because of its unique and intense flavour and high acidity, passion fruit juice concentrate is used in making delectable sauces, desserts, candy, ice cream, sherbet, or blending with other fruit juices. Anthracnose of passion fruit is favored by frequent rainfall and average temperatures above 27°C. In August 2018, anthracnose on passion fruit was observed in commercial plantings in Lincang, Yunnan, China (23.88 N, 100.08 E). Symptoms included lesions of oval to irregular shapes with brown to dark brown borders. Infection covered most of the fruit surface with pink-to-dark sporulation as reported by Tarnowski and Ploetz (2010). A conidial mass from an individual sorus observed on an infected fruit was isolated and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with 50 μg ml-1 of streptomycin. From a single microscopic field, two monospore isolates were dissected using a sterile needle, subcultured, and referred to as BXG-1 and BXG-2. Morphological characters including conidia colour, size, and shape were similar between the two isolates. Conidia were aseptate and cylindrical with apex and rounded base. Conidial length ranged from 12.3 to 16.1 µm (avg. 13.5) and width ranged from 5.5 to 6.2 µm (avg. 5.7). Morphologic data were consistent with Colletotrichum constrictum (Damm et al., 2012). To further confirm the fungal species, the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial sequences of actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and β-tubulin 2 (TUB2) were amplified and sequenced. Primers and PCR amplification were described by Damm et al. (2012). The sequences were compared to type sequences in GenBank. The results showed the ITS (GenBank accession MW828148 and MW828149), ACT (MW855882 and MW855883), CHS-1 (MW855884 and MW855885), GAPDH (MW855886 and MW855887), and TUB2 (MW855888 and MW855889) sequences of the isolates BXG-1 and BXG-2 were 98% identical with sequence data from strain CBS:128504 of C. constrictum. A maximum likelihood tree was constructed using MEGA-X version 10.1.6 (Kumar et al., 2018) based on a combined dataset of the ITS, ACT, CHS-1, GAPDH, and TUB2 sequences of BXG-1 and BXG-2, and those of 18 Colletotrichum spp. previously deposited in GenBank (Damm et al., 2012). The phylogenetic analysis showed that BXG-1 and BXG-2 belong to the C. constrictum clade. Based on morphology and DNA sequencing, BXG-1 and BXG-2 were identified as C. constrictum. To verify pathogenicity, passion fruit were sprayed with a suspension of 1 × 105 conidia ml–1. Control fruit were sprayed with sterilized water. After inoculation, fruit were incubated in an Artificial Climate Box at 27°C and 80% RH. Necrotic symptoms appeared 8 days after inoculation and were similar to those observed on fruit form the field. The pathogen was reisolated from lesions thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. C. constrictum has been reported to cause anthracnose of citrus from Australia (Wang et al., 2021) and mango from Italy (Ismail et al., 2015). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. constrictum causing anthracnose on passion fruit worldwide, and these data will provide useful information for developing effective control strategies.

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