Chitosan as Chelating and Protective Agents from Lead Intoxication in Rat

Increasing accumulation of lead in body causes serious health problems. Chelation is widely used to decrease lead level in body. This research aims the effectivity of chitosan in chelating lead and their protective ability toward liver and kidney for lead acetate-induced rat. Thirty rats were divided into 6 treatment groups. All groups, except control group, were administered by 175 mgkg-1 BW lead acetate. Positive control group was treated using EDTA 50 mgkg-1 BW. Treatment group 1,2, and 3 were treated using chitosan in dose of 64, 32, and 16 mgkg-1 BW dissolved in 2% acetic acid, respectively in 30 days. The effectivity of chitosan was compared to blood lead level. ALT and AST level were measured to determine the protective ability of chitosan. Normal function of kidney was assessed using creatinine level. Results showed that blood lead level from all treatment groups, except negative control group, had no significant difference from control group. EDTA and chitosan ability in chelating lead were proven by low level of AST, ALT, and creatinine in treatment groups. This indicated that there was no significant difference from control group. Chitosan capable of chelating lead and protecting kidney and liver from heavy metal.

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Neurological Effect of Lead Exposure in Children

Medicine Today ◽

10.3329/medtoday.v25i1.15899 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

MS Hassan ◽

MKK Patwary ◽

MM Rahman ◽

SF Sonia ◽

M Kabiruzzaman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Primary School ◽

School Children ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Full Scale ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Significant Difference

Lead poisoning is one of the burning issues in Bangladesh. This study assessed the relation of blood lead level with IQ and peripheral nerve function in environmental lead exposed primary school children in Dhaka.Blood lead level (BLL) was measured in 84 primary school children in an urban industrial area of Dhaka. IQ was measured with Wechsler Intelligence Scales- Revised for children. Electrophysiological evaluation was done in 31 children.Verbal, Performance and Full scale IQ had a negative correlation with blood lead level (p<0.001). Decrement in Verbal, Performance and Full scale IQ associated with 1 microgram per deciliter increase in blood lead level were 0.99, 0.86 and 0.95 respectively (p<0.001). None had clinical features of neuropathy. Statistical analysis also did not show any significant difference in NCS between children with normal and elevated BLL (p value >0.05).It was found that IQ of children decreased in a linear trend with increasing blood lead level. This study did not find any clinical or electrophysiological evidence of peripheral nerve dysfunction in the environmental lead exposed children. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v25i1.15899 Medicine Today 2013 Vol.25(1): 1-5

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A Stereological Study on Colon Tissue Layers of Type 1 Diabetic Rats Following Thiamine and Lead Acetate Use

Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences ◽

10.32598/jams.24.1.4927.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 36-49

Author(s):

Rahmat Allah Fatahian Dehkordi ◽

◽

Soren Nooraie ◽

Alborz Yadollahi ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Layer Thickness ◽

Lead Acetate ◽

Abdominal Cavity ◽

Muscle Layer ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Colon Tissue ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Background and Aim: Diabetes is a well-known disease with such complications, as retinopathy, nephropathy, and gastropathy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of thiamine and lead acetate on the colon of induced-alloxan diabetic rats; the effects of which become obvious in the treatment or reduction of tissue complications caused by diabetes. Methods & Materials: In this study, 63 rats weighing 200 g were divided into 9 groups, as follows: 1) Group of diabetes+pb acetate 200 ppm; 2) Group of thiamin+pb acetate 200 ppm; 3) Group of thiamine+pb acetate 1000 ppm; 4) Group of diabetes+thiamine+Pb acetate 1000 ppm; 5) Diabetes group; 6) Group of diabetes+thiamine; 7) Group of diabetes+thiamine+acetate 200 ppm; 8) Group of diabetes+pb acetate 1000 ppm, and 9) the control group. After 20 days, the study samples were removed from the abdominal cavity and the slides were prepared by routine tissue method. Then, the slides were evaluated for stereological and histomorphometric studies. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University (Code: GRN1M1903). Moreover, all methods used in the present study, including facilitation, were conducted per the ethical principles of animal restraint. Results: The mean thickness of mucosa-sub-mucosa suggested significant differences in groups 6 and 7, compared to other treatment groups. There was a significant difference in the thickness of the muscle layer between the control and all treatment groups except for groups 2, 6, and 7. There was no significant difference in the mean thickness of advantia layer in groups 1, 7, and 8, and the control group. The obtained results also indicated a significant difference concerning different layers of colon tissue between group 1 and controls. Conclusion: Based on the present research results, thiamine presented enhancing effects on muscle layer thickness and adventitia layer thickness. Furthermore, the area of the mucosal layer was not affected by the improving effects of thiamine.

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Blood lead levels, calcium metabolism and bone-turnover among automobile technicians in Sagamu, Nigeria: Implications for elevated risk of susceptibility to bone diseases

Toxicology and Industrial Health ◽

10.1177/07482337211048963 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 074823372110489

Author(s):

Nnenna L Nwobi ◽

Joseph C Nwobi ◽

Esther N Adejumo ◽

Osahon S Usiobeigbe ◽

Opeyemi A Adetunji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Turnover ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Calcium Metabolism ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Bone Diseases ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Positive Association ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tracp 5B

Lead is an occupational toxicant and a recognised health threat particularly in developing countries. Hence, this study explored the interaction of blood lead level (BLL), a conventional marker of lead exposure, with indices of calcium metabolism and biomarkers of bone-turnover in 120 adult male automobile technicians (AT) with ≥ 1 year duration in professional practice. The AT as well as the control group, which comprised 120 age, body-size and socio-economically matched male administrative workers, were recruited from Sagamu, South West Nigeria. Levels of blood lead, serum indices of calcium metabolism [total calcium (tCa), ionised calcium (iCa), phosphate, albumin, magnesium (Mg) and 25-Hydroxycholecalceferol (25-OHCC)], biomarkers of bone formation [bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and osteocalcin (OC)] and biomarkers of bone resorption [tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TACRP-5b) and urinary hydroxyproline (UHYP)] were determined in all participants. The BLL, 25-OHCC, TRACP-5b and UHYP significantly increased while tCa and iCa significantly reduced in AT compared to control. However, no significant difference was observed in phosphate, albumin, Mg, BALP and OC in AT compared to control. Interestingly, BLL demonstrated a significant negative association with tCa and iCa but a significant positive association with 25-OHCC, TRACP-5b and UHYP. However, BLL did not show significant association with phosphate, albumin, Mg, BALP and OC. Increased lead exposure as well as altered calcium metabolism and bone-turnover demonstrated by the automobile technicians may be suggestive of lead-induced accelerated bone demineralisation. These workers may be predisposed to high risk of increased susceptibility to bone diseases if this sub-clinical picture is sustained.

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The effect of lead acetate administration to the uterine malondialdehyde level and endometrial thickness in albino rats (Rattus novergicus)

Medical Journal of Indonesia ◽

10.13181/mji.v27i3.2031 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 150-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Novita S.E. Diantini ◽

Setyawati Soeharto ◽

I W.A. Wiyasa

Keyword(s):

Lead Acetate ◽

Endometrial Thickness ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Female Wistar Rats ◽

High Level ◽

The Brain ◽

Hematoxylin Eosin

Background: Indonesian seawater has been found to contain a high level of lead acetate and tends to become toxic. The previous study suggested lead acetate exposure could be harmful to many organs including the brain, liver, heart, as well as the reproductive system. This study aimed to analyze the effect of lead acetate on both the uterine level of malondialdehyde (MDA) level and endometrial thickness in female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus).Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided into 4 groups: 1 control group, and 3 treatment groups that were given lead acetate at 30, 100, and 300 ppm p.o./day for 30 days, consecutively. Rats were sacrificed; the uterus was isolated and processed for both MDA level measurements (using TBARS and a spectrophotometer) and histopathology using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.Results: There was no significant difference in mean MDA level between the control and lead acetate administration groups. There was a reduction in endometrial thickness from 352.6±81.88 µm in the control group to 323.5±90.67 µm; 313.6±40.30 µm; 303.4±62.75 µm in 30, 100, and 300 ppm, respectively. Consequently, spacious uterus was observed reflects the endometrial damage, including the decrease in the size of the epithelium, columnar, stroma, and lumen in the whole part of the uterus and these differences in uterine thickening was considered statistically significant (p=0.005).Conclusion: Lead acetate could reduce the thickness of the endometrium but had no effect on the level of MDA in the uterus.

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Blood Lead Level in Relation to Awareness and Self Reported Symptoms among Gasoline Station Workers in the Gaza Strip

Journal of Medicine ◽

10.3329/jom.v14i2.19658 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 135-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maged M. Yassin ◽

Abdel Monem H. Lubbad

Keyword(s):

Blood Lead Level ◽

Sleep Disturbances ◽

Gaza Strip ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Education Level ◽

Protective Measures ◽

Gasoline Station ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Gaza Strip

Background: Leaded gasoline is being used in Gaza Strip. Measurements of blood lead level (BLL) and relate it to awareness of gasoline station workers would be helpful in lead protection programs.Purpose: To determine BLL and to assess its relation to awareness and self reported symptoms among gasoline station workers in the Gaza Strip. Methods: A cross section of 72 workers was asked to fill in a questionnaire. BLL was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: Thirty four (47.2%) workers had BLL>10 ?g/dl. The mean BLL was inversely related to the education level (p=0.001). Workers worked d5 years in the station had lower BLL than those worked >5 years (7.8±5.6 v 12.5±5.8 ?g/dl, p=0.004). The variation in workers knowledge by their BLL was not significant. Higher BLL was generally found in workers who did not practice protective measures compared to those who did, with significant difference for respiratory mask (12.4±5.9 v 5.6±1.6 ?g/dl, p=0.001), gloves (13.1±6.0 v 8.6±4.9 ?g/dl, p=0.001) and frequent milk drink (13.5±6.0 v 9.3±5.2 ?g/dl, p=0.018). Higher BLL was also found in workers who reported symptoms than in those who did not, with significant differences for irritability (12.4±5.4 v 9.2±5.6 ?g/dl, p=0.031), headache (12.2±5.8 v 9.0±5.9 ?g/dl, p=0.046), concentration difficulties (12.9±5.8 v 9.4±5.6 ?g/dl, p=0.015), sleep disturbances (14.1±5.8 v 8.9±5.0 ?g/dl, p=0.001) and hypertension (13.3±6.4 v 8.1±2.9 ?g/dl, p=0.001). Conclusions: High BLL was associated with low education level, long work duration, lack of protective measures and increase self reported symptoms. Educational programs on protective measures practices are recommended.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v14i2.19658 J Medicine 2013, 14(2): 135-142

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Correlation between blood lead level and anemia in hemodialysis patients

Journal of Renal Injury Prevention ◽

10.34172/jrip.2021.06 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. e06-e06

Author(s):

Parisa Mohammadi ◽

Farid Azizi Jalilian ◽

Hassan Ahmadinia ◽

vida Sheikh

Keyword(s):

Blood Lead Level ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Iron Level ◽

Serum Iron Level ◽

Hemoglobin C

Introduction: Studies show that blood lead level (BLL) is higher in hemodialysis patients than in healthy people. Lead can disrupt iron metabolism and hemoglobin synthesis and therefore it is regarded as a cause of anemia. Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between BLL and anemia in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing maintenance hemodialysis Patients and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 70 patients who had received hemodialysis at least for three months. The participants were selected randomly among eligible patients considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on their hemoglobin levels, the participants were divided into two groups, namely patients with anemia (case) and those without anemia (control). Results: The mean age of the participants in the case and control groups were 63.8±11.02 and 55.4±13.34 years, respectively. There were significant differences between two groups regarding hemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythropoietin (EPo) levels (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between hemoglobin and ferritin levels in the case group and between the length of dialysis and serum iron level in the control group without anemia (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our results showed no correlation between BLL and anemia, however the BLL was higher in those undergoing long-term maintenance hemodialysis. Our findings require further investigation with larger studies.

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Effect of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth on Hematologic Parameters in Lead Acetat Induced Wistar Rats

10.53350/pjmhs211572048 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 2048-2050

Author(s):

DWI Retnoningrum ◽

Nyoman Suci Widyastiti ◽

Ariosta .

Keyword(s):

Platelet Count ◽

Lead Acetate ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Wistar Rat ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Orthosiphon Stamineus ◽

Significant Difference

Introduction: Lead exposure has a negative impact on health. Lead can caused abnormality hematologic parameters. Orthosiphon stamineus Benth is one of the herbal medicines and known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenesis. Objective: This study aims to prove the effect of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth on hematologic parameters in lead acetate induced Wistar rat. Method: The study used posttest only control group design. The samples were 30 male Wistar rats, divided into 5 groups. Normal control group (NC) was given normal saline. Negative control group (NG) was induced by lead acetate 30 mg/kg/day. GT-50, GT-100, GT-200 was induced by lead acetate and orally administered by 50,100, and 200 mg/kg Orthosiphon extract once daily for 14 days respectively. One-way Anova and post hoc LSD were used for statistical analysis. Result: Hemoglobin level and leukocyte count in all group were not different (p=0.56 and p=0.25). There was a significant difference in platelet count between all group (p=0.035). Platelet count in NC group (900 ±171 x103/μl) was significantly higher than NG group (656±201 x103/μl, p=0.016), NG group was significantly lower than GT-50 (869±134 x103/μl, p=0.032), GT-100 (930±162 x103/μl, p=0.008) and GT-200 (938±148 x103/μl, p=0.006) Conclusion: There is a decrement of platelets number in lead acetate exposure. Orthosiphon stamineus Benth may increase platelet counts in lead acetate induced Wistar rat. Keywords: Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, hemoglobin, leukocytes, platelets

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Effect of haruan (Channa striata) extract on fibroblast cells count in wound healing

Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science ◽

10.22208/jdmfs.1.2.2016.226-231 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 226

Author(s):

Ardi Siswanto ◽

Nurdiana Dewi ◽

Lisda Hayatie

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Healing Process ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Wound Healing Process ◽

Fibroblast Cells ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Accelerate Wound Healing ◽

Significant Difference

Haruan is Kalimantan’s indigenous fish which has the potency to accelerate wound healing. Haruan extract has substantial properties such as albumin, Zn, Cu, and Fe to accelerate wound healing. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of haruan extract on wistar rat’s buccal mucosa wound healing on day 3, 5, and 7 histopathologically. This study was experimental with post-test with control group design. Samples were consisted of 4 treatment groups, 25%, 50%, 100% haruan extract treatment groups and negative control treated with aquadest for 7 days. Mean fibroblast cells count reached its peak on day 7. Mean fibroblast cells count in each group was 26.995; 40.500; 49.165; 24.495 respectively. Two way ANOVA and Post Hoc Least Significant Difference tests indicated there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between haruan extract treatment group and negative control. In conclusion, haruan extract treatment significantly increase fibroblast cells count in wound healing process.

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Blood Lead Levels and Healthy Complaint in Printing Workers of Unipress Surabaya

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN ◽

10.20473/jkl.v9i1.2017.48-56 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Mika Vernicia Humairo ◽

Soedjajadi Keman

Keyword(s):

Production Process ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Smoking Habit ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Control Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Independent Test

Lead is found in the printing ink, it gets into the human body through skin absorption and ingestion. Blood lead level > 10 μg/dL causes health disturbances. The purpose of this study was analyzed blood lead level and healthy complaints in printing worker of Unipress Surabaya. This research was observational analytic with cross sectional approach. The subject was printing production process employees and administration employees. Population of production process employees were 10 people and administration employees were 7 people. Whereas, sample of production process employees were 9 and administration employees were 6. The determination of the sampling used simple random sampling. Data analyzed with chi-square test and t-independent test. Blood lead level of production process employees have ± SD = 6.16 ± 0.37 μg/dl, whereas the blood lead level of administration employees have ± SD = 6.0±0.18 μg/dl. Based on the results by t-independent test (p = 0.371) which indicated there was no difference blood lead level of production process employees and administration employees. Based on the test results by chi-square (p = 0.005) which indicated there was difference in central nervous system disturbances of study group and control group. It is concluded that blood lead level in printing worker of Unipress Surabaya are normal. Though it can suggested to use gloves while working, increase hygiene and sanitation behavior, reducing smoking habit, as well as routine health check up to see the blood lead leve

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Ekstrak ikan haruan (Channa striata) meningkatkan jumlah neokapiler pada penyembuhan luka (Extract of haruan (Channa striata) increases neocapillaries count in wound healing process )

Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science ◽

10.22208/jdmfs.v14i1.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Reza Setiawan ◽

Nurdiana Dewi ◽

Ika Kustiyah Oktaviyanti

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Healing Process ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Wound Healing Process ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Accelerate Wound Healing ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Channa Striata ◽

Post Hoc

Haruan is Kalimantan’s indigenous fish which has the potency to accelerate wound healing. Haruan extract has substantial properties suchas albumin, Zn,Cu, andFeto accelerate wound healing. The purposeof this study is to assess the effect of haruan extract on wistar rats buccal mucosa wound healing on day 1, 3, 5, and 7 histopathologically. This study was purely experimental with pretest-posttest with control group design. Samples were divided into 4 treatment groups, haruan extract 25%, 50%, 100% treatment groups and aquadest treatment group as negative control, each treatment wasperformed for 7 days. Neocapillariescount reached its peak on day 5. Mean neocapillaries scoring of each group was 12, 16.5, 18.5, 6 respectively. Two way Anova and post hoc LSD tests presented a significant difference between negative control and haruan extract groups. In conclusion, haruan extract treatment significantly increased neocapillaries count in wound healing process.Haruan adalah ikankhas Kalimantan yangberpotensi mempercepat penyembuhanluka. Ekstrak ikan haruan mengandung zat penting seperti albumin, Zn , Cu, dan Fe untuk mempercepat penyembuhan luka. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak ikan haruan pada proses penyembuhan luka pada mukosa bukal tikus wistar hari ke-1, 3, 5, dan 7 secara histopatologi. Penelitian eksperimental murni dengan pretest-posttest with control group ini, meliputi 4 kelompok,yaitu kelompok hewan yang diberi ekstrak haruan selama7 hari dengan konsentrasi berturut-turut 25%, 50%, 100%, dan kelompok kontrol negatif diberi akuades. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa jumlah neokapiler mencapai puncak pada hari ke-5. Rerata jumlah neokapiler pada tiap kelompok berturut adalah 12; 16,5; 18,5; dan 6. Uji Anova 2-jalur dan uji post hoc LSDmenunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna antara kontrol negatif dan ekstrak ikan haruan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak ikan haruan secara bermakna meningkatkan jumlah neokapiler pada proses penyembuhan luka.

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