scholarly journals Active Charcoal from Palm Kernel Shells as a Catalyst in The Production of Biodiesel

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-125
Author(s):  
Erna Astuti ◽  
Zahrul Mufrodi ◽  
Gita Indah Budiarti ◽  
Ayu Citra Dewi ◽  
Mar'atul Husna
Keyword(s):  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells

Palm kernel shells are one of the main wastes for processing of palm oil. Palm kernel shells are waste that can be used as a catalyst in the biodiesel production. Besides many natural ingredients, the price of catalyst prepared from these materials is also relatively cheap compared to other catalysts, make the biodiesel production more sustainable, and environmentally friendly. This study aims to make activated carbon from palm shell through the process of carbonization and chemical activation. The carbonization process was carried out at 550oC for 3 hours until charcoal was formed. While the activation process was carried out using ZnCl2 activators with concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.25 M, 0.5 M and 1 M which were activated for 4 hours at 90oC.  Based on the results of the FTIR analysis the presence of O-H and C-O bonds indicates that the carbon produced from the palm kernel shell tends to be polar (volatile). Thus the charcoal produced can be used as catalyst in the biodiesel production. For the SEM test results, it can be seen morphologically that more pore crystals are added and are still brittle at a ZnCl2 concentration of 0.1 M. Based on FTIR and SEM analysis, the best activated charcoal was activated charcoal with a concentration of 0.25 M ZnCl2.

scholarly journals Synthesis of bifunctional nanocatalyst from waste palm kernel shell and its application for biodiesel production

RSC Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
pp. 27183-27193
Author(s):  
Rose Fadzilah Abdullah ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap ◽  
Mohd Lokman Ibrahim ◽  
Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
One Step

The potential of bifunctional nanocatalysts obtained from waste palm kernel shell (PKS) was investigated for one-step transesterification–esterification under mild conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Cement Ratios on Compressive Strength of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (Issue 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.O Adeyemi ◽  
M.A Anifowose ◽  
I.O Amototo ◽  
S.A Adebara ◽  
M.Y Olawuyi
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Fresh Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Cement Ratio ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Compressive Strength Of Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells

This study examined the effect of varying water cement ratio on the compressive strength of concrete produced using palm kernel shell (PKS) as coarse aggregate at different replacement levels. The replacement levels of coarse aggregate with palm kernel shells (PKS) were 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% respectively. PKS concrete cubes (144 specimens) of sizes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were cast and cured in water for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days respectively. A mix ratio of 1:2:4 was adopted with water-cement ratio of 0.45, 0.5, and 0.6 respectively while the batching was done by weight. Slump test was conducted on fresh concrete while compressive strength test was carried out on the hardened concrete cubes using a compression testing machine of 2000kN capacity. The result of tests on fresh concrete shows that the slump height of 0.45 water cement ratio (w/c) increases with an increase in PKS%. This trend was similar to 0.50 and 0.60 w/c. However, the compressive strength of concrete cube decreases with an increase in w/c (from 0.45 to 0.60) but increases with respect to curing age and also decreases with increase in PKS%. Concrete with 0.45 water-cement ratio possess the highest compressive strength. It was observed that PKS is not a good substitute for coarse aggregate in mix ratio 1:2:4 for concrete productions. Hence, the study suggest the use of chemical admixture such as superplasticizer or calcium chloride in order to improve the strength of palm kernel shells-concrete.

scholarly journals Physico-Mechanical, Morphological Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Palm Kernel Shell/Coconut Kernel Shell Elastomeric Polymer Nanocomposites

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-303
Author(s):  
Josephine Chang Hui Lai ◽  
Nor Liyana Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Casting Method ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Coconut Kernel ◽  
Solution Casting Method

In this study, the physico-mechanical and morphological properties of polyvinyl alcohol/palm kernel shell/coconut kernel shell elastomeric polymer nanocomposites (PVA/PKS/CKS EPNCs) were investigated. PVA/PKS/CKS EPNCs were prepared via solution casting method and the properties of the elastomeric polymer nanocomposites were characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile testing and moisture absorption test. Test results showed that increasing the PVA content increased the mechanical properties of elastomeric polymer nanocomposites as well as provided better surface morphology. However, beyond certain percentage of PVA content, the moisture absorption increased too. Therefore, 55wt% of PVA/PKS/CKS EPNCs was chosen as the best elastomeric polymer nanocomposites as it had the best overall properties from the aspect of physico-mechanical, morphological and moisture absorption.

Preparation and Characterization of Single and Mixed Activated Carbons Derived from Coconut Shell and Palm Kernel Shell through Chemical Activation Using Microwave Irradiation System

2017 ◽  
Vol 889 ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Anis Mohd Amran ◽  
Khudzir Ismail ◽  
Azil Bahari Alias ◽  
Syed Shatir Asghrar Syed-Hassan ◽  
Ali H. Jawad
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Percentage Removal

Single and mixed coconut shell (CS) and palm kernel shell (PKS) were successfully converted to activated carbon by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as activating agent. Mixed activated carbon was produced from coconut shell: palm kernel shell at different KOH concentrations of 30%, 40% and 50%. Activation process was performed in a conventional microwave oven at fixed power and time of 600W and 20 minutes respectively. The results showed that activated carbon produced from single and mixed biomass at 40% concentration of KOH exhibited higher adsorption capacity for iodine number and percentage removal of MB with comparison to 30% and 50% of KOH concentrations. The highest BET surface area of 441.19 m2/g was obtained by CSAc-40. Further both CSAc-40 and PKSAc-40 produced an average pore size diameter of less than 2.0 nm which is in the range of micropore region. On contrary, the mixed CSPKSAc-40 produced an average pore size diameter of 6.0 nm which is in the region of mesopore. All the CSAc-40, PKSAc-40 and mixed CSPKSAc-40 showed similar adsorption trend for iodine number and percentage removal of MB. Interestingly, this finding showed that in the mixed activated carbon some chemical reactions might have occurred during the activation process producing mesoporous instead of microporous as obtained by the single biomass activated carbon.

scholarly journals INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY OF LIQUID SMOKE THROUGH FAST THAWING WITH REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS AT LOW AIR TEMPERATURE

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Baiti Hidayati ◽  
Riman Sipahutar ◽  
Irwin Bizzy ◽  
Muhammad Faizal
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Condensation Process ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Cabin Temperature ◽  
The Impact

Liquid smoke increased in demand by the community because it is made from environmentally friendly waste can directly reduce the impact of environmental pollution. The smoke condensing process that is carried out conventionally using water can be continuously replaced using a refrigeration system, the smoke condensation process can be carried out using controlled low-temperature air, this can minimize machine space and energy. In this study, an analysis of variations in air temperature will be carried out to maximize the productivity of liquid smoke. The raw material for palm kernel shell is -4 + 5 mesh with cabin temperature variations of 15-10°C, 10-5°C, and 5-0°C and pyrolysis temperature of 300-400°C. Based on the research results obtained maximum results at a temperature of 5-0°C with 23.6% liquid smoke, 3.7% tar, 63.8% charcoal, and 8.9% gas. Based on the test results of chemical compounds, liquid smoke has an average phenol value of 56.59%. The lower the air temperature used to condense the smoke, the maximum liquid smoke will be and the less gas escapes to the air. It can directly reduce air pollution in the process of making liquid smoke.

scholarly journals Reliable and Sophisticated Techniques to Evaluate LDPE Degraded Compounds by Streptomyces werraensis SDJM

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Deepika ◽  
R. Jaya Madhuri
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
The World

The modern world in the present era made life miserable due to extensive usage of plastic. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is widely consumed in every part of the world starting from baby products to garbage bags. Humans and animals are affected due to the usage and disposal of LDPE in the environment. To safeguard the environment from deleterious effects, biodegradation of LDPE was studied by isolating a potent Streptomyces werraensis SDJM strain from garbage soil. The degradation assessment was performed to identify the LDPE degraded compounds such as octane, decane, tetracosane, hexacosane, dotriacontene, tetratiacontene, tridecone, tetracontane, and pentacosane, using a sophisticated technique - liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LCMS). The end product of LDPE biodegradation, carbon dioxide was measured by the GCMS-SPME technique. Field trials in garbage soil for a period of three months reveal 71.26% weight loss compared to laboratory test results where the weight loss was 60.05%. The morphological changes and structural changes of the polymer in fields were assessed by SEM analysis and FTIR analysis after one month of incubation. The test results in field trials were promising and convincing to overcome the LDPE pollution in presence of S.werraensis SDJM strain.

scholarly journals Roles of Impregnation Ratio of K2CO3 and NaOH in Chemical Activation of Palm Kernel Shell

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norulaina Aliasa ◽  
Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini ◽  
Mohd. Johari Kamaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Solid Mass ◽  
Surface Functional Groups ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Better Than

The present work was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two activating agents, namely potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the chemical activation of palm kernel shell (PKS). The adsorbents were prepared by dried impregnation at different solid mass ratios of activating agent to precursor, followed by thermal treatment at 500°C for 2 h. The adsorbents were characterized for specific surface area, carbon content, ash content and surface functional groups. Results show that the specific surface of K2CO3-activated samples are in the range of 5.3 to 53 m2/g, while that of NaOH-activated samples are between 145 and 458 m2/g. The removal of methylene blue is in accordance with the development of surface area of adsorbents, with the maximum capacity between 7.8 and 69 mg/g, and fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm. The findings conclude that, under the thermal conditions studied, NaOH is better than K2CO3 in the chemical activation of PKS.

Magnetic biochar derived from waste palm kernel shell for biodiesel production via sulfonation

2020 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 626-636
Author(s):  
Ray Vern Quah ◽  
Yie Hua Tan ◽  
N.M. Mubarak ◽  
Jibrail Kansedo ◽  
Mohammad Khalid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Magnetic Biochar ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

The Dependence on Temperature of Carbonization and Chemical Activation on Characteristics of Granular Activated Carbon Characteristics

2009 ◽  
Vol 62-64 ◽  
pp. 398-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.O. Okieimen ◽  
S.E. Ogbeide
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Mechanical Abrasion

Nigeria imports large quantities of activated carbon annually for local use. In this study the development of low cost and effective adsorbent from the palm kernel shell for the treatment of waste water is examined.Palm kernel shells were used to produce activated carbon by carbonization at different temperatures (500 -10000C) and by chemical activation using 1M citric acid and saturated ammonium chloride as activated agents. The optimum temperature of carbonisation was found to be 950oC, the activated carbons produced were characterized. The measured characteristics: yield, pH, bulk density, surface area, porosity, resistance to mechanical abrasion and total surface charge of the activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell were 18.6%, 7.8, 0.636g/ml, 112.09mgl2/gC, 19.23%, 2.36molH+/gC respectively, for citric acid activated carbon . For ammonium chloride activated carbon they were determined to be 17.50%, 8.55, 0.716g/ml, 109.69mgl2/gC, 19.76% and 2.06, 2.36molH+/gC respectively. The experimental results showed the possibility for the production of activated carbon with well developed pore structure, surface, and bulk density high mechanical abrasion and reasonable total surface charge.

Biorefinery for the Production of Biodiesel, Hydrogen and Synthesis Gas Integrated with CHP from Oil Palm in Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bamidele V. Ayodele ◽  
Chin Kui Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
By Products

Abstract Malaysia is presently the world’s largest exporter of palm oil with total production of 19.22 million tonnes of crude palm oil (CPO) in 2013. Aside CPO, by-products such as empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm kernel shell (PKS), palm kernel oil (PKO), palm kernel cake (PKC) and pressed palm fibres (PPF) are produced from the palm oil mills. These biomasses can be used as potential feedstock for the production of biofuels, biogas and bioelectricity. One of the ways to fully harness the potentials of these biomasses is by employing the biorefinery concepts where all the products and by-products from oil palm are utilized for production of valuable bio-products. In this study, technological feasibility of biorefinery for the production of biodiesel, hydrogen, Fischer-Tropsch liquids (FTLs) integrated with combined heat and power (CHP) generation was investigated. Flowsheet was designed for each of the processes using Aspen HYSYS® v 8.0. Material balance was performed on a palm oil mill processing 250 tonnes per year of fresh fruit palm (FFP). Results from the material balance shows that 45.1 tonnes of refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RDBPO) and 52.4 tonnes of EFB were available for the production of biodiesel, hydrogen, FTLs and the CHP generation. The annual plant capacity of the biodiesel production is estimated to be 26,331.912 tonnes. The overall energy consumption of the whole process was estimated to be 36.0 GJ/h. This energy demand was met with power generated from the CHP which is 792 GJ/h leaving a surplus of 756 GJ/h that can be sold to the grid. The process modelling and simulation of the biorefinery process shows technological feasibility of producing valuable products from oil palm.

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