scholarly journals Functional implications of the utero-placental relaxin (RLN) system in the dog throughout pregnancy and at term

Reproduction ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 154 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Nowak ◽  
Aykut Gram ◽  
Alois Boos ◽  
Selim Aslan ◽  
Serhan S Ay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Decidual Cells ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Connective Tissue Remodeling ◽  
Post Implantation

Relaxin (RLN) is a key hormone of pregnancy in mammals best known for its involvement in connective tissue remodeling. In the domestic dog, placental RLN is the only known endocrine marker of pregnancy. However, knowledge is sparse regarding the spatio-temporal expression of RLN and its receptors (RXFP1 and RXFP2) in the canine uterus and placenta. Here, their expression was investigated in the pre-implantation uterus and utero-placental compartments (UtPl) at selected time points during gestation: post-implantation, mid-gestation, and at normal and antigestagen-induced luteolysis/abortion. Immunohistochemistry with newly generated, canine-specific antisera,in situhybridization and semi-quantitative PCR were applied. In compartmentalization studies, placental and endometrialRLNincreased continuously toward prepartum. The placentalRXFP1was time-related and highest during post-implantation and decreased together withRXFP2at prepartum luteolysis. The endometrial levels of both receptors did not vary greatly, but myometrialRXFP2decreased from mid-gestation to prepartum luteolysis. Antigestagen treatment resulted in suppression ofRLNin UtPl and decreasedRXFP1andRXFP2in the uterus. The placental RLN was localized mainly in the cytotrophoblast. Additionally, RXFP1 stained strongly in placental endothelial cells while RXFP2 was found mainly in maternal decidual cells. Uterine staining for all targets was found in epithelial cellular constituents and in myometrium. Finally, besides its endocrine functions, RLN seems to be involved in auto-/paracrine regulation of utero-placental functions in dogs in a time-dependent manner. New insights into feto-maternal communication was provided, in particular regarding the localization of RXFP2 in the maternal decidual cells, implying functional roles of RLN during the decidualization process.

scholarly journals Regulation of spatial and temporal gene expression in an animal germline

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asija Diag ◽  
Marcel Schilling ◽  
Filippos Klironomos ◽  
Salah Ayoub ◽  
Nikolaus Rajewsky
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Rna Expression ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Temporal Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Spatio Temporal

SUMMARYIn animal germlines, regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation is particularly important but poorly understood. Here, using a cryo-cut approach, we mapped RNA expression along the Caenorhabditis elegans germline and, using mutants, dissected gene regulatory mechanisms that control spatio-temporal expression. We detected, at near single-cell resolution, > 10,000 mRNAs, > 300 miRNAs and numerous novel miRNAs. Most RNAs were organized in distinct spatial patterns. Germline-specific miRNAs and their targets were co-localized. Moreover, we observed differential 3’ UTR isoform usage for hundreds of mRNAs. In tumorous gld-2 gld-1 mutants, gene expression was strongly perturbed. In particular, differential 3’ UTR usage was significantly impaired. We propose that PIE-1, a transcriptional repressor, functions to maintain spatial gene expression. Our data also suggest that cpsf-4 and fipp-1 control differential 3’ UTR usage for hundreds of genes. Finally, we constructed a “virtual gonad” enabling “virtual in situ hybridizations” and access to all data (https://shiny.mdc-berlin.de/spacegerm/).

scholarly journals Canine placenta: a source of prepartal prostaglandins during normal and antiprogestin-induced parturition

Reproduction ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Pawel Kowalewski ◽  
Hakki Bülent Beceriklisoy ◽  
Christiane Pfarrer ◽  
Selim Aslan ◽  
Hans Kindahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Prostaglandin F2α ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Decidual Cells ◽  
Post Implantation ◽  
Cell Crosstalk

Expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2, now known as PTGS2), prostaglandin E2 synthase (PTGES, PGES), and prostaglandin F2α synthase (PGFS), of the respective receptors PTGFR (FP), PTGER2 (EP2), and PTGER4 (EP4) and of the progesterone receptor (PGR, PR) was assessed by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), or in situ hybridization (ISH) in utero/placental tissue samples collected from three to five bitches on days 8–12 (pre-implantation), 18–25 (post-implantation), and 35–40 (mid-gestation) of pregnancy and during the prepartal luteolysis. Additionally, ten mid-pregnant bitches were treated with the antiprogestin aglepristone (10 mg/kg bw (2×/24 h)); ovariohysterectomy was 24 and 72 h after the second treatment. Plasma progesterone and 15-ketodihydro-PGF2α (PGFM) concentrations were determined by RIA. Expression of the PGR was highest before implantation and primarily located to the endometrium; expression in the placenta was restricted to the decidual cells. PTGS2 was constantly low expressed until mid-gestation; a strong upregulation occurred at prepartal luteolysis concomitant with an increase in PGFM. PGFS was upregulated after implantation and significantly elevated through early and mid-gestation. PTGES showed a gradual increase and a strong prepartal upregulation. PTGFR, PTGER2, and PTGER4 were downregulated after implantation; a gradual upregulation of PTGFR and PTGER2 occurred towards parturition. ISH and IHC co-localized PGFS, PTGFR, PTGES, and PTGS2 in the trophoblast and endometrium. The changes following application of aglepristone were in the same direction as those observed from mid-gestation to prepartal luteolysis. These data suggest that the prepartal increase of PGF2α results from a strong upregulation of PTGS2 in the fetal trophoblast with the withdrawal of progesterone having a signalling function and the decidual cells playing a key role in the underlying cell-to-cell crosstalk.

scholarly journals A fast Myh super enhancer dictates adult muscle fiber phenotype through competitive interactions with the fast Myh genes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Dos Santos ◽  
Stephanie Backer ◽  
Frederic Aurade ◽  
Matthew Wong ◽  
Maud Wurmser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myosin Heavy Chain ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Dna Looping ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Super Enhancer ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Single Promoter

The contractile properties of adult myofibers are shaped by their Myosin heavy chain (MYH) isoform content. We identify by snATAC-seq a 42kb super-enhancer (SE) at the locus regrouping the fast Myh (fMyh) genes. By 4C-seq we show that active fMyh promoters interact with the SE by DNA looping, leading to the activation of a single promoter per nucleus. A rainbow mouse transgenic model of the locus including the SE recapitulates the endogenous spatio-temporal expression of adult fMyh genes. In situ deletion of the SE by CRISPR/Cas9 editing demonstrates its major role in the control of associated fMyh genes, and deletion of two fMyh genes at the locus reveals an active competition of the promoters for the shared SE. Last, by disrupting the organization of fMyh, we uncover positional heterogeneity within limb skeletal muscles that may underlie selective muscle susceptibility to damage in certain myopathies.

Expression pattern of PsAPY1 during apical hook development in pea

Biologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trivima Sharma ◽  
Eugene Morita ◽  
Shunnosuke Abe
Keyword(s):  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Shoot Meristem ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Transcript Accumulation ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Apical Hook ◽  
Mrna In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

AbstractApyrase (ATP diphosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.5) catalyzes hydrolysis of nucleoside tri- and di-phosphates to nucleoside monophosphates and orthophosphates. In the present study, the spatio-temporal expression of an apyrase gene (PsAPY1) in pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Alaska), was investigated during early stages of apical hook development using nonradioactive mRNA in-situ hybridization. During the formation of apical hook; at 45 hours after sowing (HAS), expression of PsAPY1 was obvious in epidermis and vascular bundle. By 60 HAS, the apical hook was completely formed. At this stage, transcript accumulation became higher than at the previous stage and expression was also visible in the cortex tissues of the developing hook. However, at 78 HAS, the curvature of the hook was reduced and hook was in the process of opening. At this time, expression of PsAPY1 was visible in all the above-mentioned tissues although the level of expression was slightly lower than at the previous stage (60 HAS). Apical hook formation provides a unique mechanism of protection for delicate shoot meristem in dicot plants. Its establishment is orchestrated by differential elongation rates of cells within the structure. The expression pattern of a gene provides essential information concerning the likely appearance and localization of its encoded protein and this helps to understand the mechanism of development of plant cells and tissues. Higher expression of PsAPY1 during the process of hook development indicates its essential role in the process of formation and maintenance of hook curvature and thus aids in protection of delicate shoot meristem.

scholarly journals Gene expression underlying floral epidermal specialization inAristolochia fimbriata(Aristolochiaceae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Suárez-Baron ◽  
Juan F Alzate ◽  
Favio González ◽  
Soraya Pelaz ◽  
Barbara A Ambrose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Genetic Network ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Trichome Development ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractBackground and AimsThe epidermis constitutes the outermost tissue of the plant body. Although it plays major structural, physiological and ecological roles in embryophytes, the molecular mechanisms controlling epidermal cell fate, differentiation and trichome development have been scarcely studied across angiosperms, and remain almost unexplored in floral organs.MethodsIn this study, we assess the spatio-temporal expression patterns of GL2, GL3, TTG1, TRY, MYB5, MYB6, HDG2, MYB106-like, WIN1 and RAV1-like homologues in the magnoliid Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae) by using comparative RNA-sequencing and in situ hybridization assays.Key ResultsGenes involved in Aristolochia fimbriata trichome development vary depending on the organ where they are formed. Stem, leaf and pedicel trichomes recruit most of the transcription factors (TFs) described above. Conversely, floral trichomes only use a small subset of genes including AfimGL2, AfimRAV1-like, AfimWIN1, AfimMYB106-like and AfimHDG2. The remaining TFs, AfimTTG1, AfimGL3, AfimTRY, AfimMYB5 and AfimMYB6, are restricted to the abaxial (outer) and the adaxial (inner) pavement epidermal cells.ConclusionsWe re-evaluate the core genetic network shaping trichome fate in flowers of an early-divergent angiosperm lineage and show a morphologically diverse output with a simpler genetic mechanism in place when compared to the models Arabidopsis thaliana and Cucumis sativus. In turn, our results strongly suggest that the canonical trichome gene expression appears to be more conserved in vegetative than in floral tissues across angiosperms.

scholarly journals Uterine and placental distribution of selected extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the dog

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 155 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix R Graubner ◽  
Alois Boos ◽  
Selim Aslan ◽  
Ibrahim Kücükaslan ◽  
Mariusz P Kowalewski
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Trophoblast Invasion ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Structural Functions ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Post Implantation

For many years, modifications of the uterine extracellular matrix (ECM) during gestation have not been considered as critical for successful canine (Canis lupus familiaris) pregnancy. However, previous reports indicated an effect of free-floating blastocysts on the composition of the uterine ECM. Here, the expression of selected genes involved in structural functions, cell-to-cell communication and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases were targeted utilizing qPCR and immunohistochemistry. We found that canine free-floating embryos affect gene expression ofFN1,ECM1andTIMP4. This seems to be associated with modulation of trophoblast invasion, and proliferative and adhesive functions of the uterus. Although not modulated at the beginning of pregnancy, the decrease of structural ECM components (i.e.COL1,-3,-4andLAMA2) from pre-implantation toward post-implantation at placentation sites appears to be associated with softening of the tissue in preparation for trophoblast invasion. The further decrease of these components at placentation sites at the time of prepartum luteolysis seems to be associated with preparation for the release of fetal membranes. Reflecting a high degree of communication, intercellular cell adhesion molecules are induced following placentation (Cx26) or increase gradually toward prepartum luteolysis (Cx43). The spatio-temporal expression of TIMPs suggests their active involvement in modulating fetal invasiveness, and together withECM1, they appear to protect deeper endometrial structures from trophoblast invasion. With this, the dog appears to be an interesting model for investigating placental functions in other species, e.g. in humans in whichPlacenta accretaappears to share several similarities with canine subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS). In summary, the canine uterine ECM is only moderately modified in early pregnancy, but undergoes vigorous reorganization processes in the uterus and placenta following implantation.

scholarly journals Incerto-thalamic modulation of fear via GABA and dopamine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Venkataraman ◽  
Sarah C. Hunter ◽  
Maria Dhinojwala ◽  
Diana Ghebrezadik ◽  
JiDong Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Zona Incerta ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Fear Generalization ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractFear generalization and deficits in extinction learning are debilitating dimensions of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Most understanding of the neurobiology underlying these dimensions comes from studies of cortical and limbic brain regions. While thalamic and subthalamic regions have been implicated in modulating fear, the potential for incerto-thalamic pathways to suppress fear generalization and rescue deficits in extinction recall remains unexplored. We first used patch-clamp electrophysiology to examine functional connections between the subthalamic zona incerta and thalamic reuniens (RE). Optogenetic stimulation of GABAergic ZI → RE cell terminals in vitro induced inhibitory post-synaptic currents (IPSCs) in the RE. We then combined high-intensity discriminative auditory fear conditioning with cell-type-specific and projection-specific optogenetics in mice to assess functional roles of GABAergic ZI → RE cell projections in modulating fear generalization and extinction recall. In addition, we used a similar approach to test the possibility of fear generalization and extinction recall being modulated by a smaller subset of GABAergic ZI → RE cells, the A13 dopaminergic cell population. Optogenetic stimulation of GABAergic ZI → RE cell terminals attenuated fear generalization and enhanced extinction recall. In contrast, optogenetic stimulation of dopaminergic ZI → RE cell terminals had no effect on fear generalization but enhanced extinction recall in a dopamine receptor D1-dependent manner. Our findings shed new light on the neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of ZI-located cells that contribute to adaptive fear by increasing the precision and extinction of learned associations. In so doing, these data reveal novel neuroanatomical substrates that could be therapeutically targeted for treatment of PTSD.

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