Standardized Data and Relationship between Bone Growth and Bone Metabolism in Female Göttingen Minipigs

The accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in bone and cartilage leads to progressive damage in cartilage that, in turn, reduces bone growth by the destruction of the growth plate, incomplete ossification, and growth imbalance. The mechanisms of pathophysiology related to bone metabolism in mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) include impaired chondrocyte function and the failure of endochondral ossification, which leads to the release of inflammatory cytokines via the activation of Toll-like receptors by GAGs. Although improvements in the daily living of patients with MPS have been achieved with enzyme replacement, treatment for the bone disorder is limited. There is an increasing need to identify biomarkers related to bone and cartilage to evaluate the progressive status and to monitor the treatment of MPS. Recently, new analysis methods, such as proteomic analysis, have identified new biomarkers in MPS. This review summarizes advances in clinical bone metabolism and bone biomarkers.

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Effects of Sex Hormone Disturbances on Craniofacial Growth in Newborn Mice

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/154405910408300313 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 250-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

T. Fujita ◽

J. Ohtani ◽

M. Shigekawa ◽

T. Kawata ◽

M. Kaku ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Metabolism ◽

Sex Hormones ◽

Personal Computer ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Sex Hormone ◽

Cephalometric Analysis ◽

Craniofacial Growth ◽

Craniofacial Skeleton ◽

Newborn Mice ◽

Lateral Cephalograms

It is well-known that sex hormones influence bone metabolism. However, it remains unclear as to how sex hormones affect bone growth in newborn mice. In this study, we performed orchiectomy (ORX) and ovariectomy (OVX) on newborn mice, and examined the effects on craniofacial growth morphometrically. ORX and OVX were performed on five-day-old C57BL/6J mice. Four weeks after surgery, lateral cephalograms were taken of all of the mice, with the use of a rat and mouse cephalometer. Cephalometric analysis of the craniofacial skeleton was performed by means of a personal computer. Inhibition of craniofacial growth was found in the experimental groups but not in the sham-operated groups. In the nasomaxillary bone and mandible, the amount of growth was significantly reduced. These results suggest that craniofacial growth is inhibited by sex hormone disturbances not only in puberty but also immediately after birth.

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Effect of GH/IGF-1 on Bone Metabolism and Osteoporsosis

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2014/235060 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

Vittorio Locatelli ◽

Vittorio E. Bianchi

Keyword(s):

Bone Metabolism ◽

Bone Healing ◽

Clinical Studies ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Bone Fractures ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Target Cells ◽

Clinical Effects ◽

Gh Treatment ◽

Gh Secretion

Background. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) are fundamental in skeletal growth during puberty and bone health throughout life. GH increases tissue formation by acting directly and indirectly on target cells; IGF-1 is a critical mediator of bone growth. Clinical studies reporting the use of GH and IGF-1 in osteoporosis and fracture healing are outlined.Methods. A Pubmed search revealed 39 clinical studies reporting the effects of GH and IGF-1 administration on bone metabolism in osteopenic and osteoporotic human subjects and on bone healing in operated patients with normal GH secretion. Eighteen clinical studies considered the effect with GH treatment, fourteen studies reported the clinical effects with IGF-1 administration, and seven related to the GH/IGF-1 effect on bone healing.Results. Both GH and IGF-1 administration significantly increased bone resorption and bone formation in the most studies. GH/IGF-1 administration in patients with hip or tibial fractures resulted in increased bone healing, rapid clinical improvements. Some conflicting results were evidenced.Conclusions. GH and IGF-1 therapy has a significant anabolic effect. GH administration for the treatment of osteoporosis and bone fractures may greatly improve clinical outcome. GH interacts with sex steroids in the anabolic process. GH resistance process is considered.

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Bones and Joints: The Effects of Cannabinoids on the Skeleton

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2019-00665 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 104 (10) ◽

pp. 4683-4694 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joel Ehrenkranz ◽

Michael A Levine

Keyword(s):

Bone Metabolism ◽

English Language ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Evidence Synthesis ◽

Endocannabinoid System ◽

Bone Biology ◽

Design Data ◽

Transmembrane Receptors

Abstract Context The endocannabinoid system uses tissue-specific lipid ligands and G protein‒coupled transmembrane receptors to regulate neurologic, metabolic, and immune responses. Recent studies demonstrate that the endocannabinoid system influences bone metabolism. With the increasing use of endocannabinoid mimetics (e.g., tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol), the involvement of endocannabinoids in bone growth and remodeling has become clinically relevant. Evidence Acquisition This literature review is based on a search of PubMed and Google Scholar databases as of June 2019 for all English-language publications relating to cannabinoids and bone. We evaluated retrieved articles for relevance, experimental design, data acquisition, statistical analysis, and conclusions. Evidence Synthesis Preclinical studies establish a role for endocannabinoids in bone metabolism. These studies yield complex and often contradictory results attributed to differences in the specific experimental model examined. Studies using human cells or subjects are limited. Conclusions In vitro and animal models document that endocannabinoids are involved in bone biology. The relevance of these observations to humans is not clear. The increasing long-term use of medical and recreational cannabis underscores the need to better understand the role of endocannabinoids in human bone metabolism. Moreover, it is important to evaluate the role of endocannabinoids as a therapeutic target to prevent and treat disorders associated with bone loss.

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Impact of 1.0 mg/Day Dienogest Treatment on Bone Metabolism Markers in Young Women with Dysmenorrhea

Endocrines ◽

10.3390/endocrines2030027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 293-300

Author(s):

Ikuko Ota ◽

Yoshiaki Ota ◽

Fuminori Taniguchi

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Bone Turnover ◽

Bone Metabolism ◽

Young Women ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Low Dose ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Low Doses ◽

Bone Metabolism Markers ◽

Tracp 5B

A low dose of dienogest (DNG) 1 mg/day is useful for treating dysmenorrhea in young women. However, the effect of DNG on bone turnover during bone growth and formation, rather than at maturity, is currently unknown even at low doses. We investigated change in bone turnover after 3 months of DNG 1 mg/day. This retrospective cohort study included young women aged 10–24 years with dysmenorrhea and irregular menstruation. Gonadotropins and the bone metabolism markers TRACP-5b and BAP were compared before and at 3 months after administration of DNG 1 mg/day. There were no significant changes in TRACP-5b (before, 455.6 ± 323.6 mU/dL; 3 months after, 462.1 ± 346.1 mU/dL), BAP (before, 24.7 ± 19.0 μg/L; 3 months after, 25.2 ± 22.3 μg/L), or the TRACP-5b/BAP ratio (before, 22.1 ± 7.0; 3 months after, 21.5 ± 6.3). Administration of DNG 1 mg/day had no significant effect on bone turnover after 3 months during the bone-growth phase in young women.

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Osteoimmunology: Influence of the Immune System on Bone Regeneration and Consumption

Zeitschrift für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie ◽

10.1055/s-0043-100100 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 155 (03) ◽

pp. 273-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Andreas Limmer ◽

Dieter Wirtz

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Bone Regeneration ◽

Bone Metabolism ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Cell Types ◽

Bone Diseases ◽

Sterile Inflammation ◽

Research Results

Abstract Background Stimulating bone regeneration is a central aim in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. Although the replacement of bone with artificial materials like cement or apatite helps to keep up bone stability, new bone often cannot be regenerated. Increasing research efforts have led to the clinical application of growth factors stimulating bone growth (e.g. bone morphogenic protein, BMP) and inhibitors preventing bone consumption (e.g. RANKL blocking antibodies). These factors mostly concentrate on stimulating osteoblast or preventing osteoclast activity. Current Situation It is widely accepted that osteoblasts and osteoclasts are central players in bone regeneration. This concept assumes that osteoblasts are responsible for bone growth while osteoclasts cause bone consumption by secreting matrix-degrading enzymes such as cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). However, according to new research results, bone growth or consumption are not regulated by single cell types. It is rather the interaction of various cell types that regulates bone metabolism. While factors secreted by osteoblasts are essential for osteoclast differentiation and activation, factors secreted by activated osteoclasts are essential for osteoblast activity. In addition, recent research results imply that the influence of the immune system on bone metabolism has long been neglected. Factors secreted by macrophages or T cells strongly influence bone growth or degradation, depending on the bone microenvironment. Infections, sterile inflammation or tumour metastases not only affect bone cells directly, but also influence immune cells such as T cells indirectly. Furthermore, immune cells and bone are mechanistically regulated by similar factors such as cytokines, chemokines and transcription factors, suggesting that the definition of bone and immune cells has to be thought over. Outlook Bone and the immune system are regulated by similar mechanisms. These newly identified similarities between bone and the immune system imply that medication developed for tumour and autoimmune patients could also be applied in bone diseases.

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Bone Mineral Density and Osteoporosis after Preterm Birth: The Role of Early Life Factors and Nutrition

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2013/902513 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Claire L. Wood ◽

Alexander M. Wood ◽

Caroline Harker ◽

Nicholas D. Embleton

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Preterm Birth ◽

Bone Metabolism ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Bone Health ◽

Early Life ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Early Life Factors

The effects of preterm birth and perinatal events on bone health in later life remain largely unknown. Bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis risk may be programmed by early life factors. We summarise the existing literature relating to the effects of prematurity on adult BMD and the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis and programming of bone growth. Metabolic bone disease of prematurity and the influence of epigenetics on bone metabolism are discussed and current evidence regarding the effects of breastfeeding and aluminium exposure on bone metabolism is summarised. This review highlights the need for further research into modifiable early life factors and their effect on long-term bone health after preterm birth.

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Distraction Osteogenesis in the Treatment of Craniofacial Anomalies: Applications and Outcomes

Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups ◽

10.1044/2020_persp-20-00055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 1469-1481 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joseph A. Napoli ◽

Carrie E. Zimmerman ◽

Linda D. Vallino

Keyword(s):

Distraction Osteogenesis ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Upper Airway ◽

Craniofacial Anomalies ◽

Craniofacial Skeleton ◽

Facial Skeleton ◽

Psychosocial Impairment ◽

And Function ◽

Correct Structure

Purpose Craniofacial anomalies (CFA) often result in growth abnormalities of the facial skeleton adversely affecting function and appearance. The functional problems caused by the structural anomalies include upper airway obstruction, speech abnormalities, feeding difficulty, hearing deficits, dental/occlusal defects, and cognitive and psychosocial impairment. Managing disorders of the craniofacial skeleton has been improved by the technique known as distraction osteogenesis (DO). In DO, new bone growth is stimulated allowing bones to be lengthened without need for bone graft. The purpose of this clinical focus article is to describe the technique and clinical applications and outcomes of DO in CFA. Conclusion Distraction can be applied to various regions of the craniofacial skeleton to correct structure and function. The benefits of this procedure include improved airway, feeding, occlusion, speech, and appearance, resulting in a better quality of life for patients with CFA.

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