scholarly journals Lithuania in the Context of Sustainable Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
Beatričė Leiputė
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Lorenz Curve ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Fixed And Random Effects ◽  
Per Capita

The goal of this paper is to analyze the tendencies of social exclusion and inequality in Lithuania and in the context of Europe. By using statistical methods such as Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve, firstly we analyze the inequality of average county disposable household income per month. In the second part of the study, we analyze an indicator of people at-risk-of poverty or social exclusion in 26 different countries of Europe. In this section, we want to test the fixed and random effects models on our data. Based on them, the average effect of the at-risk-of poverty or social exclusion indicator can be measured. Based on real expenditure per capita analysis, Lithuania can be classified to a group of post-Soviet countries, where tendencies of poverty or social exclusion risk are similar.

scholarly journals AN APPROACH FOR MAPPING THE SPATIAL IMBALANCES IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1397-1402
Author(s):  
Rosen Yanev ◽  
Galina Bezinska
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Thematic Map ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Centripetal Forces ◽  
The Impact

This research is directed (main objective) towards differentiation, tracking and presentation of the functional sustainability trends of regional development in Bulgaria (NUTS BG3). The proposals are based on empirical and statistical information processed in the GIS environment for the period 2008-2016. The used research approaches are general geographic and cartographic: cybernetic approach; systematic and correlation analysis; choropleth mapping and proportional symbols. The subject of this analysis is Goal 1. of the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030, which states:“End poverty in all its forms everywhere“. The object of this research is Bulgaria (NUTS BG3). The obtained results was presented in three thematic maps, one table and one figure. Our main goals was: Presentation of the results from the considered aspect of the regional policy for sustainable development of the European Union in Bulgaria, based on the absolute values of the considered indicators (Thematic map 1 and 2); Determination of the trend of functional sustainability of regional development in Bulgaria as a means of mapping the impact of centrifugal and centripetal forces, creating and exacerbating the spatial imbalances - center / periphery in Bulgaria. (Thematic map 3) The obtained results show the decrease in the absolute values of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion and the increase of GDP per capita. The differentiated trend of functional sustainability of regional development in Bulgaria (Thematic Map 3) was transformed and supplemented on the basis of established subjectivity in the interpretation of the impact of the phenomena under consideration (the rate of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion and GDP per capita) . As a result, it was structured a method for mapping the impact of centrifugal and centripetal forces, generating and deepening the spatial imbalances - center / periphery in Bulgaria (in particular).

scholarly journals SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - POVERTY IN EUROPE

2021 ◽  
Vol 14(63) (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Sanda Constantin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Statistical Indicators

The paper presents some aspects about poverty in Europe taking also into consideration the new pandemic context. Some indicators linked with the topic were chosen. The indicators refer to people at risk of poverty or social exclusion, severally materially deprived people, unemployment and employment, government debt. The information was analysed by means of statistical indicators. At the end of the paper, a few aspects regarding the impact of the COVID-19 crisis are presented.

scholarly journals Assessing the Disparities of Per-capita Electricity Consumption in North-Eastern States of India Using Gini Index and Lorenz Curve

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
Sijousa Basumatary ◽  
Mridula Devi ◽  
Konita Basumatary
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Lorenz Curve ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
National Average ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Linear Growth Rate ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Electricity is the basic need for individuals, households and industries. It is used for everyday life activities by the households, agricultural activities, commercial buildings and industries. The per capita electricity consumption is a proxy indicator growth and development status of a region. All the north eastern states consume per-capita electricity lesser than the national average except Sikkim. The per capita consumption of electricity by Nagaland, Assam and Manipur is nearly just one-third of the national average. Notably, these three north eastern states consume just 40 percent of per capita electricity compared to the highest consumer state Meghalaya. The present study is an evaluation of the per-capita electricity consumption trend and inequality amongst the north-eastern states of India using Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve for two different time periods i.e. 2007 and 2017. We find that Tripura’s annual linear growth rate of per-capita electricity consumption is the highest (3 percent) while that of Meghalaya is the least (1 percent) and the other five states are growing equally at the rate of 2 percent. The Gini coefficient is found to be decreasing from 0.137 in 2007 to 0.122 in 2017. We conclude that the level of inequality is reducing among north eastern states of India though the per-capita consumption of electricity is less than the national average.

Abstract P118: County-Level Disparities in the Availability of Farmers Markets in the United States: An Ecological Study

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea Singleton ◽  
Olivia Affuso ◽  
Bisakha Sen
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
County Level ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Recreation Centers ◽  
Per Capita

Introduction: Farmers markets (FM) have been hypothesized to be a potential community-level obesity prevention strategy for populations at risk for chronic diseases because they provide a mechanism for communities to purchase healthy locally grown produce. This study aimed to identify county-level factors associated with FM availability in an effort to determine if disparities in availability exist in the US. Hypothesis: Increased FM availability will be associated with higher median household income, lower % minority residents, lower % obese residents and a higher number of grocery stores and recreation centers per 100,000 residents. Methods: An ecological study was conducted using 2009 data from the USDA Food Environment Atlas on 3,135 US counties. Crude and multivariable adjusted logistic regression models where used to determine associations between having at least one FM available and county-level variables such as % African American (AA) residents, % Hispanic residents, median household income, % WIC participants, % adults obese, % adults with diabetes, per capita grocery stores, per capita supercenters and per capita recreation centers. All analyses were stratified by metro county status and adjusted to address data clustering at the state-level. Results: There were 1,088 and 2,047 counties labeled metro and non-metro respectively. Metro Results : Median household income (p = 0.002) and per capita recreation centers (p < 0.0001) were positively associated with FM availability while % WIC residents (p = 0.008), per capita grocery stores (p = 0.02) and % adults with diabetes (p < 0.0001) showed a negative association. Non-Metro Results: Median household income (p < 0.0001), per capita recreation centers (p < 0.0001) and per capita supercenters (p < 0.0001) were positively associated with FM availability while % WIC residents (p = 0.02), per capita grocery stores (p < 0.0001) and % adults with diabetes (p < 0.03) showed a negative association. The % AA residents appeared to be negatively associated with FM availability but did not achieve statistical significance. County obesity prevalence was not associated with FM availability in both metro and non-metro counties. Conclusion: Results showed that counties with more recreation centers and a higher median household income have increased FM availability while counties with more WIC participants and residents with diabetes have less availability. More information on the association between FM access, diet and obesity in at risk populations should be collected at the individual level.

scholarly journals Assessment of the income situation of households in the Czech Republic

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 322-330
Author(s):  
J. Turčínková ◽  
J. Stávková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Lorenz Curve ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Poverty Threshold ◽  
Average Household Income ◽  
The Lorenz Curve

The paper deals with the assessment of income situation of households in the Czech Republic. The primary source for the analysis were the data of the survey EU-SILC European Union &ndash; Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. The basic variable for the analysis is the level of the household income in 2005&ndash;2008. In addition to the decile classification, characteristics such as the average income per one household member, poverty threshold, poverty depth coefficient, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. were calculated in order to evaluate the income situation. The results show an increase of the average household income. The Lorenz curve followed by the Gini coefficient demonstrate the uniformity of distribution of income values. The results show a decreasing income differentiation. The poverty threshold was defined on the level of 60% of the median value and with this given threshold, the households were assessed, whether they belong to the ones at the risk of poverty. The results reveal a decreasing number of households at the risk of poverty. The poverty depth coefficient has a stronger explanatory power and shows how far below the poverty threshold the households are, or what is an income deficit of these households. Each category of households at the risk of poverty varies with the depth of poverty. The analysis also provides the results of how the households' income situation or poverty is perceived by the households themselves.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Relationship between Defence Expenditure and Sustainable Development in the Baltic Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6916
Author(s):  
Gitana Dudzevičiūtė ◽  
Svajone Bekesiene ◽  
Ieva Meidute-Kavaliauskiene ◽  
Galina Ševčenko-Kozlovska
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Small States ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Sustainable Development Indicators ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Defence Expenditure

As geopolitical instability increases and new threats emerge, a number of countries are increasing their respective allocations for defence expenditure in order to take greater responsibility for their citizens in terms of defending and protecting their values and way of life. Small states such as Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia must evaluate certain economic, political, and strategic factors when increasing their respective defence expenditure. While they do tend to increase expenditure on national defence matters, budgetary constraints often force them to cut funding in some civilian domains or to increase their borrowing on international markets. Therefore, the security and defence of small states must be addressed in an integrated way, taking into account economic, social, and environmental factors. The aim of this article is to assess the relationships between defence expenditure and sustainable development indicators during the period between 2000 and 2018 in the Baltic states. The authors of this article aimed to determine which sustainable development indicators have a significant impact upon a country’s expenditure when it comes to defence matters. The study was conducted using econometric methods, including Spearman’s correlation analysis and Automatic Linear Modelling (ALM). The research results revealed some differences amongst the Baltic countries. In Lithuania, the employment rate and R&D personnel as a share of the active population demonstrated a significant impact upon defence expenditure. In Latvia, defence expenditure was found to be affected by disposable household income per capita and environmental taxes as a share of total tax revenue. In Estonia, defence expenditure was mainly influenced by disposable household income per capita and energy import dependency. The study’s findings may be used to ensure both the security of the country and the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.

scholarly journals RISK OF POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir KALINOWSKI ◽  
Barbara KIEŁBASA
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Parametric Method ◽  
Median Income ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Eu

This paper addresses the poverty risk issues in the context of sustainable development of rural areas. Empirical materials included in this paper are based on EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) partial studies, and provide a reference point for comparing the EU income distribution and social integration statistics. Poverty reduction and counteracting social exclusion are among the key Millennium Development Goals. According to studies, one in four inhabitants of EU rural areas is at risk of poverty or social exclusion. While the highest shares of at-risk population are recorded in Bulgaria (54.8%) and Romania (50.8%), the levels reported by Poland and Lithuania are also above the EU average (by 4.5 and 9.2 percentage points, respectively). At the other end of the spectrum, the risk rate in the Netherlands and Czech Republic is 12.8%. For the households, income is a factor underpinning their economic safety and, thus, their confidence. The amount of incomes affects the objective poverty levels measured with a parametric method. In the EU, persons earning no more than 60% of the national median income are assumed to be at risk of poverty. Therefore, the risk of poverty affects nearly every fifth inhabitant of EU rural areas. Poverty and social exclusion are multidimensional aspects which result in unmet needs in multiple areas: healthcare, education, housing, culture and leisure. While triggering some kind of feedback loop, insufficient incomes are both the cause and the effect of deprivation of needs. Also, they provide favorable conditions for an unsustainable development of rural areas.

scholarly journals Testing the validity of the Linder hypothesis for Croatia

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hrvoje Jošić ◽  
Matej Metelko
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
Trade Pattern ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Fixed And Random Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Linder Hypothesis

Abstract This paper presents empirical evidence on the validity of the Linder hypothesis in the case of Croatia. According to the Linder hypothesis, one of the new theories of international trade, countries with a similar level of income per capita should trade more. In order to investigate the trade pattern of Croatia's international trade, a panel regression model is formulated including 184 Croatia's import partner countries in the period from 2000 to 2016. The Linder effect was displayed and calculated using the Linder variable expressed as an absolute difference between GDP per capita of the importing and the exporting country. The cross-country panel regression model is estimated using Pooled OLS, Fixed and Random effects models. Results of the analysis have shown that the validity of the Linder hypothesis for Croatia cannot be accepted. Instead, the structure of Croatia's trade is in line with the gravity model of international trade.

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