scholarly journals Jolly and Less Jolly Challenges in Working on the Norwegian-Lithuanian Dictionary

2014 ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Aurelija Griškevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Electronic Version ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
First Time ◽  
Bilingual Lexicography ◽  
Russian Dictionary

The Norwegian-Lithuanian Dictionary is a joint project of lexicographers from the universities of Vilnius and Oslo. The dictionary consists of approximately 48,000 entries. It is initially intended as a paper dictionary, but as it is compiled in XML, an electronic version is also planned for the future. The dictionary is bidirectional: that is, it is intended for native speakers of both Norwegian and Lithuanian, and it provides information on both the source language (Norwegian) and the target language (Lithuanian).The aim of the article is to give a presentation of the project, point out innovative aspects of the project, and analyse the jolly (expected) and less jolly (unexpected) challenges we faced in the two main stages of compiling the dictionary. In the first stage we adapted a base from another bilingual dictionary (the Large Norwegian-Russian Dictionary), reusing its lemma list and information on the source language, Norwegian. In the second stage we created a conception and a system for information on the target language, Lithuanian, and (perhaps for the first time in Lithuanian bilingual lexicography) included several types of information for non-native users of Lithuanian.

Disambiguation of single noun translations extracted from bilingual comparable corpora

Terminology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Language Translation ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Comparable Corpora ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionary ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Cross Language Information Retrieval ◽  
Machine Readable ◽  
Cross Language

Bilingual machine readable dictionaries are important and indispensable resources of information for cross-language information retrieval, and machine translation. Recently, these cross-language informational activities have begun to focus on specific academic or technological domains. In this paper, we describe a bilingual dictionary acquisition system which extracts translations from non-parallel but comparable corpora of a specific academic domain and disambiguates the extracted translations. The proposed method is two-fold. At the first stage, candidate terms are extracted from a Japanese and English corpus, respectively, and ranked according to their importance as terms. At the second stage, ambiguous translations are resolved by selecting the target language translation which is the nearest in rank to the source language term. Finally, we evaluate the proposed method in an experiment.

Initial processing of morphological marking in nonnative language acquisition

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 139-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Hinz ◽  
Carina Krause ◽  
Rebekah Rast ◽  
Ellenor M. Shoemaker ◽  
Marzena Watorek
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Grammaticality Judgment ◽  
Novel Target ◽  
Initial Processing ◽  
Nominal Morphology ◽  
New System

This paper addresses the question of how learners break into a novel morpho-syntactic system, extract elements of this new system from the input they receive, process them, and begin to acquire the new system. The data for this project were collected as part of a large European project (VILLA – Varieties of Initial Learners in Language Acquisition) comparing the processes of perception, comprehension, and production during the acquisition of a novel target language (Polish) in adults of different source languages within the first hours of instruction under controlled input conditions. Two experiments, a grammaticality judgment task and an oral question-answer task, were conducted longitudinally to investigate learners’ perception and use of Polish nominal morphology in two groups of adults (French and German native speakers) after 4.5 hours and after 10.5 hours of instruction. In addition to contributing new insights into the role of the source language in the initial stages of acquisition, results speak to the influence of overall exposure to the input, and reveal interesting interactions between factors such as the frequency of a lexical item in the input and its transparency relative to the learner’s source language.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Interference from Javanese in the Pronunciation of ,  and  in English by the Students of Faculty of Letters in Gajayana University.

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradnya Pramita Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
First Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Vocal Cords ◽  
English As Foreign Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
The Way

English as one of the international languages has been learned by the students of Faculty of Letters in Gajayana University. In learning English as foreign language, most learners have problem in pronunciation, especially in the way they pronounce the sound of the target language. Mispronunciations which are produce by the learners is caused by the interference of the source language or first language. The object of this research is the students of Faculty of Letters in Gajayana University 2005/2006 intake who are native speakers of Javanese and have been done phonology class. Some specific sounds are discussed in these research namely English sounds of inter-dental fricative,  and alveolar approximant. The finding of the research are some interferences occur in pronouncing those sounds, they are 1) voiceless inter-dental fricative  is pronounced using voiceless dental stop , aspirated voiceless dental stop , voiced dental stop , and voiceless palato-alveolar affricate . 2).Voiced inter-dental fricative is pronounce using voiceless dental stop , aspirated voiceless dental stop , voiced dental stop , and voiceless palato-alveolar affricate . 3).Voiced alveolar approximant  is pronounced using voiced alveolar trill. 4). the possible reasons for the interferences made are based on the similarity of characteristics in the state of vocal cords, place of articulation, and manner of articulations.

scholarly journals Syntactic information in bilingual Lithuanian lexicography

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Aurelija Griškevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Syntactic Information ◽  
Syntactic Differences ◽  
Bilingual Lexicography

The main aim of the article is to analyse which types of syntactic information should be included in bilingual dictionaries where Lithuanian is the target language. The article discusses specific features of bidirectional dictionaries and differences between the syntactic information given in bilingual and monolingual dictionaries. Also discussed are principles for selecting syntactic information on Lithuanian as a target language, general syntactic features which are relevant in lexicography, ways of presenting government and valency and the importance of contrastive analysis for bilingual lexicography. Although syntactic information on lemmas and their equivalents is not a new subject in lexicographic theory and practice, syntactic information on Lithuanian as a target language has not yet been investigated, as no dictionaries for foreign users of Lithuanian have been compiled and published. The investigation is mostly based on experience and empirical data from the “Norwegian-Lithuanian dictionary”.The analysis leads to the conclusion that the most important information to provide about Lithuanian equivalents in bilingual dictionaries is verb government and valency. The most valuable information for the users of bilingual dictionaries illustrates the syntactic differences between the source and the target language, and this information can be identified by applying a contrastive method. The relevant syntactic information can be given next to the equivalents or in the examples. Case marking, obligatory use with prepositions as well as subordination of infinitive constructions can be shown next to the equivalents. As a minimum, the syntactic information on Lithuanian verbs should state if the verb takes another object case than the accusative. It is necessary to provide equivalents with the obligatory components of valency, while facultative components might be shown in the examples. Syntactic information should be provided for phrases as well as for single-word equivalents. In the examples one can show the variety of the syntactic features of the Lithuanian equivalents and highlight the differences between the syntactic features of the Norwegian lemmas and their Lithuanian equivalents. Examples can also be used to show specific syntactic constructions which do not exist in Lithuanian and provide information on congruous syntactic features of both languages.It is hardly possible to present the syntactic features of both languages equally detailed in bilingual bidirectional dictionaries. As lemma lists and examples are usually compiled on the basis of the source language, it usually turns out that the target language is provided with less information, and it is complicated to analyse and highlight the grammar of all the equivalents of the source language.

scholarly journals THE UNTRANSLATABILITY IN ALFATIHAH OF THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE QUR’AN

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-297
Author(s):  
Hendra Darmawan
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Muslim Communities

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to show that the Cultural background of the translator influences very much the result of the translation. It also takes place in the English translation of the Quran. The tasks of the translator one of them were nearing the source language to the target language. Methodology: The writer found notes in order to study the distance between the source and the target language. The untranslatability can be viewed as linguistically and culturally. Results: The result of this article is that the notion of the sentence in the Alfatihah which sometimes is only translated into phrase interchangeable. It can be a convention of the practice of translation. Implications: Through the article, the writer wants to bridge a better understanding of native speakers learning Arabic and it’s vice versa, minimize inaccuracies and uncouthness. This study helps minority Muslim countries that are emerging Muslim communities in Europe, Australia, and many others to learn the Quran.  

scholarly journals The Addition of Indonesian Prefixes meN- and di- to English Bases: A Corpus-based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-417
Author(s):  
Alifa Camilia Fadillah ◽  
Ika Nurhayani ◽  
Sri Endah Tabiati
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Computational Domain ◽  
Very Low Frequency ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Initial Identification ◽  
Linguistic Innovation

This paper serves as an initial identification of the addition of Indonesian inflectional prefixes meN- and di- to English bases of any word class through a corpus-based study. With the prevalence of English influence in Indonesian native speakers’ linguistic repertoire, particularly within the scientific and computational domain, there emerges a tendency to resort to the original terms in English than those of the Indonesian equivalences. This phenomenon, addressed as leksikalisasi timpang or unequal lexicalization, refers to the use of words in source language  to make up for the lack of corresponding lexicalization in target language.  This leads to a linguistic innovation to ‘localize’ English words by adding Indonesian inflectional prefixes such as meN- and di-. Out of 1 million sentence size Web corpus obtained from The Leipzig Corpora Collection, this paper is able to yield approximately 489 (0,21%) combinations of meN- + English bases with 2,813 (0,018%) word tokens and 475 (0,20%) combinations of di- + English bases with 2,377 (0,015%) word tokens. Six allomorphs of meN- are also attested, namely meng-, men-, mem-, me-, menge-, and meny-, with meng-, men-, and mem- as the most used allomorphs by word  frequency and type. This investigation backs up the hypothesis that the process of word assimilation leads to nasal sound changes. This paper also observes that there are 13 most used typographic forms shared between the combinations of meN- and di- + English bases, and 7 other forms on a very low frequency. The words observed in this paper’s database are then grouped into three semantic clusters based on their use in context: computer-related (CR), non-computer-related (NCR), and both (NCR/CR), where computer-related words are observed to dominate the database. The findings indicate that this linguistic creativity is the outcome of how familiar Indonesians are with English terms than the official equivalences, especially towards technology and computational vocabulary. 

Discourse cohesion and Topic discontinuity in native and learner production

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 92-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Benazzo ◽  
Cecilia Andorno
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Advanced Learners ◽  
Source Language ◽  
L1 Influence ◽  
Text Cohesion ◽  
Discourse Organization ◽  
L1 And L2

In order to realize text cohesion, speakers have to select specific information units and mark their informational status within the discourse; this results in specific, language-particular perspective-taking, linked to typological differences (Slobin 1996). A previous study on native speakers’ production in French, Italian, German and Dutch (Dimroth et al., in press) has highlighted a “Romance way” and a “Germanic way” of marking text cohesion in narrative segments involving topic discontinuity. In this paper we analyze how text cohesion is realized in the same contexts by advanced learners of L2 French (Italian and German L1) and L2 Italian (French and German L1). Our aim is to verify the hypothesis of an L2 advanced stage where learners manage the target language utterance grammar whereas their discourse organization still reflects L1 preferences. The results confirm the persistent presence of L1 influence, but they also show learner-specific tendencies (favouring lexical means over morphosyntactic ones), which are independent of their source language.

THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF METAPHOR IN THE MAGIC OF THINKING BIG TRANSLATED INTO BAHASA INDONESIA BY DIAN PARAMESTI BAHAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khairani Hayat Situmorang ◽  
I. W. Dirgeyasa ◽  
Zainuddin Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Qualitative Design ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Free Translation ◽  
Dead Metaphor ◽  
Word Translation ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
Communicative Translation

The research dealt with Metaphor Sentences. The aims of this study were: (1) to find out the translation strategies of metaphors are used in The Magic of Thinking Big and (2) to describe the translation strategies maintain metaphors in The Magic of Thinking Big. The research was conducted by using qualitative design. The data of this study were sentences. The data were collected through documentary technique and the instrument was the documentary sheet. The technique of data analysis was descriptive. The finding of this study revealed that: (1) The metaphor in The magic of Thinking Big were translated by applying six translation strategies, namely: word for word Translation (5.3%) lieral translation (4.3%), faithful translation (57.5%), Free translation (3.2%), communicative translation (30.5%) and discursive creation was found (2.2%). (2) The metaphors are maintained that found in the Magic of Thinking Big are original metaphors turned into another original metaphors, stock metaphors turned into another stock metaphors, adapted metaphors turned into adapted metaphors, dead metaphors turned into dead metaphors, original metaphor turned into stock metaphor, stock metaphor turned into original metaphor, meanwhile, 10 original metaphors and 1 dead metaphor are no longer classified as metaphors. Language has special characteristic that is metaphor sentences, therefore in the case of translating of metaphor sentences in which their concept in unknown for readers, the translator often faces the problems to find out the translation strategies to translate metaphor in a source language (SL) and how the metaphor sentences are maintained in the target language (TL).Keywords : Metaphor, Translation Strategies, Maintain Metaphor

TRANSLATION SHIFT IN THE TRANSLATED NOVEL OF “TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD” BY FEMMY SYAHRIANNI

LINGUISTICA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Sukma Lestari And Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Target Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Data Display ◽  
Source Language ◽  
To Kill A Mockingbird

The aim of this study were to find out category shift types used in thetranslation of novel To Kill A Bird and to describe of how category shift is translatedin the novel from English into Indonesian. This study were conducted by usingdescriptive qualitative method. The data of the study were words, phrases, andclauses in the novel To Kill A Mockingbird which is translated into Indonesian byFemmy Syahrianni. It was found that there were 280 data in the novel from Englishinto Indonesian. The data analysis were taken by listing and bolding. Documentarysheets used as the instrument to collect the data. The data were analyzed based onMiles and Huberman (2014) by condensation which consists of selecting, focusing,simplifying, abstracting and transforming and then data display by using table inorder to get easy analyzing the data. The result of this study were (1) there were fourtypes of category shifts found in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird namely; structureshifts (36.78%), class shift (27.14%), unit shift (32.5%) and intra-system shift(3.27%). (2) The process of category shifts in the translation novel by havingmodifier-head in source language changed into head-modifier in target language,adverb in source language changed into verb in target language, one unit in sourcelanguage changed into some units in target language. and plural in source languagechanged into singular in target language.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COGNITIVE ACADEMIC LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES (CALLS) TO HELP THE STUDENTS IN RECOGNIZING THE LEXICAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE STUDENTS TRANSLATION

JURNAL ELINK ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diah Astuty
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Academic Language ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Language Learning Strategies ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Lexical Constraints ◽  
Language Text

his study aims to describe the sorts of lexical constraints that appeared on the students translation when translating some source language texts into some target language texts. The competence of linguistic fields that the students have acquired is in the fact assumed to be inadequate and it can cause the lexical constraints.Keywords: CALLS, lexical constraints,source language text,target language text

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