scholarly journals Racionalumo problema sociologijoje (I)

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-52
Author(s):  
Algimantas Valantiejus
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Meeting Point ◽  
Radical Critique ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Epistemological Naturalism ◽  
Controversial Concept

Santrauka. Šio straipsnio tikslas – konceptualiai nuskaidrinti racionalumo problemą sociologijoje, papildomai svarstant sociologijos ir filosofijos sąveikos aptariamoje srityje klausimus. Teigiama, kad racionalumo problema sociologijoje neatskiriama nuo racionalumo problemos filosofijoje, todėl specifines abiejų dalykų problemas reikia analizuoti ne atskirai, o kartu. Abiejų dalykų istorijose – trumpesnėje sociologijos ir ilgesnėje filosofijos – randame analogijų ir paralelizmų. Paralelizmai rekomenduoja skverbtis į bendrosios kilmės problemų genealogiją neapsiribojant paskirų dalykų vidinės sandaros analitika. Čia pateikiamoje pirmoje straipsnio dalyje konkrečiai nagrinėjama racionalumo ir normatyvumo tarpusavio santykio problema ir šio probleminio santykio nepaisymo socialinių mokslų metodologijose implikacijos – neopraksiologinės epistemologinio natūralizmo ir reliatyvizmo tendencijos.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: racionalumas, prasmės adekvatumo kriterijai, a priori problema, normatyvumas, natūralizmas, reliatyvizmas.Key words: rationality, the criteria of meaning adequacy, the problem of the a priori, normativity, naturalism, relativism.Abstract The problem of Rationality in SociologyRationality seems to be the meeting point of sociology and philosophy. “Rationality” is a controversial concept. Historically, the problems of rationality, normativity, social action, and meaning-adequacy in sociology have its closest relationships with epistemology. The aim of this essay is to articulate and explicate the parallel “problems of rationality” in sociology and philosophy. This is done in two parts. The first looks at sociologists’ attempts to articulate conceptually the relation between rationality and normativity. The problem of the relationship of rationality and normativity in sociology appears early in a classical and modern sociology but appears consequently in many more hidden ways in connection with epistemological naturalism. The article argues that the radical critique of epistemology and philosophy in contemporary neopraxiological empiricism is misdirected due to a misconception about the relationship between rationality and a priori.

THE STRUCTURING OF RECREATIONAL INTERESTS

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. B. Nias
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Degree Of Similarity ◽  
Fair Degree

Ratings for degree of interest in hobbies, TV programs, reading topics and sports, together with the leisure activities they encouraged in their children, were obtained from 1270 adults. Ten relatively independent factors, with a fair degree of similarity across sex, were arrived at by principal component methods. The analysis was carried out on individual items rather than a priori scores, and the subjects were required to rate only those activities with which they were familiar. The factors were more specific than those identified previously, with normally combined interests such as entertainment and films emerging as separate components. As a first step towards identifying the characteristics of people with different interests, the relationship of each factor to personality and demographic variables was investigated.

scholarly journals Assessment of FMO3 SNPs in Relation to TMAO in Generally Healthy United States Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 940-940
Author(s):  
Kristen James ◽  
Erik Gertz ◽  
Catherine Kirschke ◽  
Liping Huang ◽  
Charles Stephensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Cystatin C ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Full Cohort ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives The hepatic enzyme flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) oxidizes many metabolites including trimethylamine to the atherogenic molecule trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO). Variants in the open reading frame of the FMO3 gene alter the enzyme's activity; therefore, we genotyped two a priori missense FMO3 SNPs in a cohort of unmedicated healthy adults. We hypothesized that the SNPs might affect the activity of the encoded enzyme leading to reductions in circulating TMAO. FMO3 expression is upregulated by estrogen, thus we also assessed the relationship of the SNPs and TMAO in pre- and postmenopausal women. Methods DNA was extracted from whole blood from 349 subjects (182 women) who were enrolled in a cross-sectional study at the USDA/ARS WHNRC. SNPs rs2266782 (G > A, p.Glu158Lys) and rs2266780 (A > G, p.Glu308Gly) were genotyped using TaqMan SNP genotyping kits and PCR. TMAO was purified from fasted plasma and quantified using high resolution LC-MS. Regression models were built to assess the relationship of the SNPs to TMAO in the full cohort and by self-reported menopausal status in women. Models assessing the full cohort were adjusted for plasma cystatin C and a sex*age interaction, whereas the menopausal analysis was adjusted for cystatin C. Results The cohort's minor allele frequencies were 36.5% and 17.5% for SNPs rs2266782 and rs2266780, respectively, which were consistent with the genome aggregation exome reports. For both SNPs, median TMAO concentrations increased in individuals carrying the risk alleles, however the differences by genotypes were not significant. In women, the AA genotype at rs2266780 was associated with reduced TMAO levels in pre-, but not postmenopausal women (P = 0.01). This effect was not identified in females with AG or GG genotypes, regardless of their menopausal state. Conclusions Effects of the evaluated FMO3 SNPs on TMAO levels were not identified in the full cohort. However, the SNP rs2266780 was associated with reduced TMAO in premenopausal women with the AA genotype but not women with the AG or GG genotypes, nor those who were postmenopausal. This finding reinforces previous observations that risks for cardiovascular diseases increase after menopause in women. Funding Sources The Beef Checkoff, R01HL128572; USDA-ARS 2032–53,000–001–00-D, 2032–51,530–022–00-D, and 2032–51,000-004–00D; NCATS NIH UL1 TR001860.

scholarly journals PERAN AKAL DALAM MEMAHAMI PENGETAHUAN LADUNI (TELAAH KITAB RISALAH AL-LADUNIYYAH AL GHAZALI)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Azizatun Nisa
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Rational Form ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Concrete World

This research is a qualitative research. The aim is finding out the role of reason in understanding laduni knowledge. In this case laduni knowledge is the same as intuition. The relationship of reason and intuition which is essentially always in an interactive condition, first seeing the types of knowledge that can be captured by humans. According to al-Ghazali there are four kinds of levels of existence (being). First. The metaphysical form, according to him, is summarized in the Mahfudh letter. Second, empirical forms in the concrete world (alam syahadah). Third, imaginary (imaginative), and fourth, rational form (al-ma’qulat). The relationship of reason and intuition, al-Ghazali made a parable of people who gained knowledge with reason likened to a child and those who obtained knowledge with intuition were likened to (al-mumayyiz). The parable above implies the existence of a level between the two and does not mean there is a separation between each. If this is related to the theory of the human ratio (al- nafs al-natiqoh) after being able to capture a priori or dharuriyyat knowledge, in turn it shows two abilities, namely, the ability to produce knowledge through understanding (through) feeling . The first is creative-methodical-systematic, while the second is creative-non-systematic-systematic. Thus, it is clear that the nature of both knowledge comes from the same source as the derivative of the soul and therefore both are contained in human intellectuality.

scholarly journals Building a model of a problem situation in transport systems

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Viktor Aulin ◽  
◽  
Dmitrо Golub ◽  
Viktor Bilichenko ◽  
Artem Zamurenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Block Diagram ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Efficiency Criterion ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

The approach to construction of model of a problem situation in transport system is resulted, the block diagram of its algorithm is developed. It is revealed that the transition stage from the problem to the formulation of formal tasks is a problem situation, and the tasks can be solved in different ways, forming a set of strategies. It is noted that in the general case the result of operations is uncertain, which is caused by the uncertainty of the conditions of the operation and the action of factors of different nature. It is revealed that the acquisition of values of indicators that characterize one or another result of the operation is associated with the solution of the problem of modeling operations. The stages of the problem of studying the efficiency of the operation in the transport system are given. A number of assumptions are made about the process of obtaining results, which is associated with the formation of the operation model and obtaining efficiency estimates based on modeling results, as well as the process of analyzing the results, which involves solving the selection problem based on the established efficiency criterion or system of such criteria. It is found that the model of the problem situation in transport systems reflects the relationship of the main elements of the decision-making process and the sequence of formation of partial tasks and is built to cover the problem of decision-making as a whole, to present its main elements to be finalized. about the strategy of the operation. It is shown that the presence of a certain component as an independent element in the model of the problem situation assumes that the set of values of uncertain factors in the development of solutions will be either set externally, or finding these values will be an independent task. A list of actions for solving partial problems based on this model is presented. It is shown that in many practical cases it is observed that the a priori task of one of the main criteria of efficiency leads to the selection of some set of alternatives. Therefore, the choice of the best alternative requires the formation of a compound criterion, which includes both formal and informal prescriptions for making a judgment on the basis of which the selection or return and correction of elements of the model of the problem situation.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Estrogen Receptor-α and -β Genes with Osteoarthritis of the Hand

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 2772-2779 ◽  
Author(s):  
BARTON L. WISE ◽  
SERKALEM DEMISSIE ◽  
L. ADRIENNE CUPPLES ◽  
DAVID T. FELSON ◽  
MEI YANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Alpha ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Α ◽  
Hand Osteoarthritis ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Distal Interphalangeal ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Objective.We examined reported associations between radiographic hand osteoarthritis (OA) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 2 candidate genes associated with OA in other joints: estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and beta (ESR2).Methods.In 539 Framingham Offspring Study participants (49% men; mean age 61 ± 9 yrs) joint-specific radiographic hand OA was defined as Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) scores ≥ 2 in the first carpometacarpal joint (CMC), distal interphalangeal joints (DIP), first-digit interphalangeal joint (IP), or proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP). Four SNP were genotyped for ESR1 (PvuII-rs2234693, XbaI-rs9340799, rs2077647, and rs1801132) and 4 for ESR2 (rs1256031, rs1256034, rs1256059, rs944460). Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between genotypes and hand OA, adjusting for age, sex, height, and weight.Results.Radiographic hand OA was identified in at least one investigated joint of DIP (39%), PIP (33%), and first CMC (40%). There was no evidence of association between OA and genotype at any polymorphism. We found no significant association between our OA phenotypes or generalized or severe generalized OA as defined by Ushiyama and heterozygosity for rs2234693 and rs9340799, although in metaanalysis with the former study this heterozygosity remained significantly associated with generalized or severe generalized OA.Conclusion.We found no significant association between hand OA and the investigated polymorphisms of ESR1 or ESR2 despite published reports of association and a priori hypotheses implicating their potential roles. However, we could not absolutely exclude associations with rs2234693, rs9340799, or rs944460.

Maturity and Molt Status of Crustacea: Determining Classification without Prior Criteria

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Iterative Procedure ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Carapace Width ◽  
Snow Crab ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Chionoecetes Opilio ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Existing methodology for estimation is reviewed for the situation where, a priori, the existence of two or more groups can be postulated but, in contrast with discriminant analysis, there is no sample in which the correct categories are known. Such mixture models are applied to two data sets related to the maturity and molt status of snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, namely (1) the classification of crab as morphometrically mature or immature on the basis of the chela height – carapace width relationship and (2) the determination of the number of molts of crab, during a known period at liberty, from the relationship of size at release and size at recapture of tagged animals, in the latter example, a theoretical constraint is imposed that links the relationships at the different stages. The solution is obtained by "nesting" an iterative procedure within an EM algorithm. The method permits hypotheses concerning the number of groups to be tested, including the hypothesis that the data come from a single homogenous group, and each individual is assigned a probability of belonging to a group.

scholarly journals On the relationship between sport and financial performances: an empirical investigation

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Di Simone ◽  
Davide Zanardi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Content Type ◽  
European Football ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ranking Position

PurposeOur paper shows an empirical analysis of the European football companies to test the association between sport results, proxied by ranking position and financial performance in panel framework (starting from 59 firms over the 2013–2018 time span).Design/methodology/approachWe use panel data models for studying the relationship of our interest and we make no a priori assumption about the strict exogeneity of the covariates and estimate equation using both Random Effects GLS (RE-GLS) and Fixed Effects OLS (FE-OLS) estimations.FindingsOur results suggest there is stable and significant relationship between the two types of performance and that when detectable this is linked in a positive way to the profit maximization of the business model, suggesting that it is more useful for investor remuneration and to increase technical-tactical resources and therefore sports results. Not surprisingly, as for many clubs, concentration effect is relevant while the financial fair play regulation is not. In fact, the current regulation of UEFA authority does not seem to have an impact on sport and financial results.Originality/valueThis work complements literature in several ways. First, we offer new empirical evidence for the association between the sport and financial performance for a panel of the European football companies, listed and not. Second, we show that the persistence of the sport results is strongly correlated with financial performance.

scholarly journals Testing for heterogeneous rates of discrete character evolution on phylogenies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam J. Revell ◽  
Klaus P. Schliep ◽  
D. Luke Mahler ◽  
Travis Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Type I Error ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Character Evolution ◽  
Type I ◽  
Covarion Model ◽  
Island Evolution ◽  
Vertebra Number ◽  
Discrete Character ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Many hypotheses in the field of phylogenetic comparative biology involve specific changes in the rate or process of trait evolution. We present a method designed to test whether the rate of evolution of a discrete character has changed in one or more clades, lineages, or time periods. This method differs from other related approaches (such as the 'covarion' model) in that the 'regimes' in which the rate or process is postulated to have changed are specified a priori by the user, rather than inferred from the data. Similarly, it differs from methods designed to model a correlation between two binary traits in that the regimes mapped onto the tree are fixed. We apply our method to investigate the rate of dewlap color and/or caudal vertebra number evolution in Caribbean and mainland clades of the diverse lizard genus Anolis. We find little evidence to support any difference between mainland and island evolution in either character. We also examine the statistical properties of the method more generally and show that it has acceptable type I error, parameter estimation, and power. Finally, we discuss the relationship of our method to existing models of heterogeneity in the rate of discrete character evolution on phylogenies.

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