scholarly journals The role of hypoxia-inducible factors in the development of chronic pathology

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
N. S. Shevchenko ◽  
◽  
N. V. Krutenko ◽  
T. V. Zimnytska ◽  
K. V. Voloshyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factors ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Genes Expression

This review highlights the current understanding of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) role as regulators of oxygen-dependent reactions and inducers of genes expression in human organism. The focus is on the most significant relationships between the activation or inhibition of the HIFs intracellular system and development of the inflammatory process in various organs, chronic diseases of gastrointestinal tract, osteoarticular system, kidneys as well as hematological, endocrine and metabolic disorders.

Gluten-free flour confectionery for school meals

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
V.G. Kulakov
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
Confectionery Products ◽  
The University

The priority task in the development of gluten-free flour confectionery products is to ensure the health of children with metabolic disorders that lead to the development of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and other pathological conditions, which in turn contribute to reducing the child's immunity. Children are the most vulnerable group, for whom nutrition is a factor in the development of all organs and life support systems. Students receive increased mental and physical loads, therefore, the lack of necessary food components negatively affects the development of children. Parents are undoubtedly aware of the role of proper nutrition, especially for children with various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, but it is extremely important that educational institutions at all levels complement and in some cases completely make up for poor-quality nutrition of the child in the family. All educational institutions have children with metabolic disorders, and these institutions are already working in accordance with the sanitary norms and regulations of the Russian Federation, but the task of the University is to inform such institutions about the need to provide specialized products, including gluten-free ones.

scholarly journals Investigating the Mechanisms of Massage Efficacy: The Role of Mechanical Immunomodulation

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Waters-Banker ◽  
Esther E. Dupont-Versteegden ◽  
Patrick H. Kitzman ◽  
Timothy A. Butterfield
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Massage Therapy ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Secondary Injury ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Collateral Sprouting ◽  
Provide Pain Relief

Massage has the potential to attenuate the inflammatory process, facilitate early recovery, and provide pain relief from muscular injuries. In this hypothesis-driven paper, we integrate the concept of mechanotransduction with the application of massage to explore beneficial mechanisms. By altering signaling pathways involved with the inflammatory process, massage may decrease secondary injury, nerve sensitization, and collateral sprouting, resulting in increased recovery from damage and reduction or prevention of pain. Our goal is to provide a framework that describes our current understanding of the mechanisms whereby massage therapy activates potentially beneficial immunomodulatory pathways.

scholarly journals Microbiome, Autoimmune Diseases and HIV Infection: Friends or Foes?

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2629
Author(s):  
Chiara Pellicano ◽  
Giorgia Leodori ◽  
Giuseppe Pietro Innocenti ◽  
Antonietta Gigante ◽  
Edoardo Rosato
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Hiv Patients

Several studies highlighted the importance of the interaction between microbiota and the immune system in the development and maintenance of the homeostasis of the human organism. Dysbiosis is associated with proinflammatory and pathological state-like metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases and HIV infection. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the possible role of dysbiosis in triggering and/or exacerbating symptoms of autoimmune diseases and HIV infection. There are no data about the influence of the microbiome on the development of autoimmune diseases during HIV infection. We can hypothesize that untreated patients may be more susceptible to the development of autoimmune diseases, due to the presence of dysbiosis. Eubiosis, re-established by probiotic administration, can be used to reduce triggers for autoimmune diseases in untreated HIV patients, although clinical studies are needed to evaluate the role of the microbiome in autoimmune diseases in HIV patients.

scholarly journals Kynurenic Acid in the Digestive System–-New Facts, New Challenges

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. IJTR.S12536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal P. Turski ◽  
Monika Turska ◽  
Piotr Paluszkiewicz ◽  
Jolanta Parada-Turska ◽  
Gregory F. Oxenkrug
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Kynurenic Acid ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolite ◽  
G Protein Coupled

This review provides information on the most recent findings concerning presence, origin, and role of kynurenic acid (KYNA), a tryptophan metabolite, in the digestive system. KYNA is an antagonist of both the ionotropic glutamate receptors and the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, as well as an agonist of G-protein coupled GPR35 receptor. Since the GPR35 receptor is mainly present in the gastrointestinal tract, researchers have concentrated on the digestive system in recent years. They have found that KYNA content increases gradually and significantly along the gastrointestinal tract. Interestingly, the concentration of KYNA in the lumen is much higher than in the wall of intestine. It has been documented that KYNA may have a positive influence on the number of pathologies in the gastrointestinal tract, in particular ulcers, colon obstruction, or colitis. Future studies might determine whether it is advisable to supplement KYNA to a human organism.

scholarly journals Interaction of Hydrogen Sulfide with Oxygen Sensing under Hypoxia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wu ◽  
Huajian Teng ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Oxygen Sensing ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factors ◽  
Enzymatic Production ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Carotid Bodies ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase

Based on the discovery of endogenous H2S production, many in depth studies show this gasotransmitter with a variety of physiological and pathological functions. Three enzymes, cystathionineβ-synthase (CBS), cystathionineγ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MST), are involved in enzymatic production of H2S. Emerging evidence has elucidated an important protective role of H2S in hypoxic conditions in many mammalian systems. However, the mechanisms by which H2S senses and responses to hypoxia are largely elusive. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) function as key regulators of oxygen sensing, activating target genes expression under hypoxia. Recent studies have shown that exogenous H2S regulates HIF action in different patterns. The activation of carotid bodies is a sensitive and prompt response to hypoxia, rapidly enhancing general O2supply. H2S has been identified as an excitatory mediator of hypoxic sensing in the carotid bodies. This paper presents a brief review of the roles of these two pathways which contribute to hypoxic sensing of H2S.

scholarly journals Gut Microbial Flora, Prebiotics, and Probiotics in IBD: Their Current Usage and Utility

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Scaldaferri ◽  
Viviana Gerardi ◽  
Loris Riccardo Lopetuso ◽  
Fabio Del Zompo ◽  
Francesca Mangiola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Current Usage ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, whose major forms are represented by Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Their etiology is still unclear, although several factors have been identified as major determinants for induction or relapses. Among these, the role of the “forgotten organ”, gut microbiota, has become more appreciated in recent years. The delicate symbiotic relationship between the gut microbiota and the host appears to be lost in IBD. In this perspective, several studies have been conducted to assess the role of prebiotics and probiotics in gut microbiota modulation. This is a minireview aimed to address in an easy format (simple questions-simple answers) some common issues about the theme. An update on the role of selected constituents of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD is presented together with the analysis of the efficacy of gut microbiota modulation by prebiotics and probiotics administration in the management of IBD.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota is a factor of risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
T. Y. Demidova ◽  
K. G. Lobanova ◽  
O. S. Oinotkinova
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Incretin Hormones ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Hepatic Gluconeogenesis

Gut microbiota (GM) is a set of bacteria which colonize the gastrointestinal tract. GM and its active metabolites take part in intestinal and hepatic gluconeogenesis, in the synthesis of incretin hormones, and affect the regulation of appetite. Thus, GM and its metabolites participate in the homeostasis of carbohydrates and fats. An imbalance in the set of the intestinal flora and a disturbance of the production of active metabolites sharply increases the risk of developing obesity and type 2 diabetes. There are conflicting data in the literature on the role of specific microorganisms in the development of metabolic disorders. Research is needed to identify specific types of bacteria and their active metabolites which affect the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Targeting the Oxytocinergic System: A Possible Pharmacological Strategy for the Treatment of Inflammation Occurring in Different Chronic Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10250
Author(s):  
Marzia Friuli ◽  
Barbara Eramo ◽  
Marta Valenza ◽  
Caterina Scuderi ◽  
Gustavo Provensi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
System A ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Unresolved inflammation represents a central feature of different human pathologies including neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. The epidemiologic relevance of such disorders justifies the increasing interest in further understanding the mechanisms underpinning the inflammatory process occurring in such chronic diseases to provide potential novel pharmacological approaches. The most common and effective therapies for controlling inflammation are glucocorticoids; however, a variety of other molecules have been demonstrated to have an anti-inflammatory potential, including neuropeptides. In recent years, the oxytocinergic system has seen an explosion of scientific studies, demonstrating its potential to contribute to a variety of physiological processes including inflammation. Therefore, the aim of the present review was to understand the role of oxytocin in the modulation of inflammation occurring in different chronic diseases. The criterion we used to select the diseases was based on the emerging literature showing a putative involvement of the oxytocinergic system in inflammatory processes in a variety of pathologies including neurological, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and obesity. The evidence reviewed here supports a beneficial role of oxytocin in the control of both peripheral and central inflammatory response happening in the aforementioned pathologies. Although future studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanistic details underlying such regulation, this review supports the idea that the modulation of the endogenous oxytocinergic system might represent a new potential pharmacological approach for the treatment of inflammation.

The Role of Women in Pursuing Scottish Criminal Actions, 1580–1650

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-250
Author(s):  
Stephanie Dropuljic
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
The Law ◽  
Role Of Women

This article examines the role of women in raising criminal actions of homicide before the central criminal court, in early modern Scotland. In doing so, it highlights the two main forms of standing women held; pursing an action for homicide alone and as part of a wider group of kin and family. The evidence presented therein challenges our current understanding of the role of women in the pursuit of crime and contributes to an under-researched area of Scots criminal legal history, gender and the law.

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