Insights of Breast Cancer & Barriers to its Therapy

Breast cancer is the most common cancer across the globe occurring commonly in women population, and it is one of the main causes of mortality in women. In 2018, 1,62,468 new cases and 87,090 death cases of breast cancer were registered in India. In these recent years, lots of studies were conducted in breast cancer related to treatment and management, but in spite of getting so much advancement in the treatment of breast cancer still, the mortality rate of women is increasing day by day. Numerous factors are acting as barriers or challenges in breast cancer preventive therapy. It includes lack of knowledge regarding the treatment of cancer and patient getting insecure about treatment, fear of having side effects, cost of treatment and the efficacy of the drugs being prescribed. The study intended to determine the perceived insights and barriers to treatment of breast cancer.

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Targeting Engineered Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Therapy

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13111829 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1829

Author(s):

Kumar Ganesan ◽

Yan Wang ◽

Fei Gao ◽

Qingqing Liu ◽

Chen Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Side Effects ◽

Exploratory Study ◽

Engineered Nanoparticles ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Breast Cancer Therapy ◽

Normal Tissues ◽

Therapeutic Drugs ◽

Common Cancer ◽

Important Approach

Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer in women globally after lung cancer. Presently, the most important approach for BC treatment consists of surgery, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The latter therapeutic methods are often unsuccessful in the treatment of BC because of their various side effects and the damage incurred to healthy tissues and organs. Currently, numerous nanoparticles (NPs) have been identified and synthesized to selectively target BC cells without causing any impairments to the adjacent normal tissues or organs. Based on an exploratory study, this comprehensive review aims to provide information on engineered NPs and their payloads as promising tools in the treatment of BC. Therapeutic drugs or natural bioactive compounds generally incorporate engineered NPs of ideal sizes and shapes to enhance their solubility, circulatory half-life, and biodistribution, while reducing their side effects and immunogenicity. Furthermore, ligands such as peptides, antibodies, and nucleic acids on the surface of NPs precisely target BC cells. Studies on the synthesis of engineered NPs and their impact on BC were obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. This review provides insights on the importance of engineered NPs and their methodology for validation as a next-generation platform with preventive and therapeutic effects against BC.

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Estrogen Receptor α (ERα)-targeting Compounds and Derivatives: Recent Advances in Structural Modification and Bioactivity

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1568026619666190619142504 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (15) ◽

pp. 1318-1337 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wei-Yun Guo ◽

Shang-Ming-Zhu Zeng ◽

Girdhar Singh Deora ◽

Qing-Shan Li ◽

Ban-Feng Ruan

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Estrogen Receptor ◽

Side Effects ◽

Structural Modification ◽

Estrogen Therapy ◽

Estrogen Receptor Α ◽

The Past ◽

Estrogen Receptor Modulators ◽

Common Cancer ◽

Receptor Modulators

Breast cancer is the most common cancer suffered by female, and the second highest cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. At present, hormone therapy is still the main treatment route and can be divided into three main categories: selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs), and aromatase inhibitors (AIs). However, breast cancer is difficult to cure even after several rounds of anti-estrogen therapy and most drugs have serious side-effects. Here, we review the literature published over the past five years regarding the isolation and synthesis of analogs and their derivatives.

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Knowledge of potential harms and benefits of tamoxifen among women considering breast cancer preventive therapy

10.31234/osf.io/5m2e7 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Rachael Thorneloe ◽

Louise Hall ◽

Fiona M Walter ◽

Lucy Side ◽

Kelly Lloyd ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Side Effects ◽

Potential Benefit ◽

Breast Cancer Incidence ◽

Preventive Therapy ◽

Decision Quality ◽

Prevention Therapy ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Additional Support ◽

Degree Level

Tamoxifen reduces breast cancer incidence in women at increased risk, but may cause side-effects. We examined women’s knowledge of tamoxifen’s potential harms and benefits, and the extent to which knowledge reflects subjective judgements of awareness and decision quality. After a hospital appointment, 408 (55.7%) women at increased risk of breast cancer completed a survey assessing objective knowledge about the potential benefit (risk reduction) and harms (endometrial cancer, thromboembolic events, and menopausal side-effects) of tamoxifen, and subjective tamoxifen knowledge and decisional quality. 258 (63.2%) completed a 3-month follow-up survey. 15.7% of participants recognised the potential benefit and three major harms of using tamoxifen. These women were more likely to have degree level education (vs. below degree level) (OR=2.24, 95%CI: 1.11-4.55) and good numeracy (vs. poor numeracy) (OR=5.91, 95%CI: 1.33-26.19). Tamoxifen uptake was higher in women who recognised all harms and benefits (vs. not recognising) (OR=2.47, 95%CI: 0.94–6.54). 65.8% of tamoxifen users were unaware of its potential benefit and harms. Most (87.1%) women reported feeling informed about tamoxifen, and subjective decisional quality was high (Mean [SD], 17.03 [1.87], out of 18). Knowledge regarding the potential harms and benefit of tamoxifen is low in women considering prevention therapy, and they may need additional support to make informed decisions about tamoxifen preventive therapy.

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Knowledge And Awareness Of Breast Cancer And Mammography Among Women In Klang, Selangor.

Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences ◽

10.37231/myjas.2021.6.1.265 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 15-20

Author(s):

Nurul Fadhlina Ismail ◽

Dhaarshini A/P Ravi

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Family History ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Cancer Knowledge ◽

Common Cancer ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

The World ◽

Breast Cancer Knowledge

Breast cancer (BC) is considered as one of the most common cancers among women and almost 2.1 million women are diagnosed with it each year around the world. The high mortality rate by breast cancer is mainly because of the late diagnosis of breast cancer which is because of the lack of awareness and knowledge about breast cancer itself and its screening methods among women. The gradually increasing mortality rate can be decreased by early detection of breast cancer. A validated questionnaire was adopted from a similar study that was done in Shah Alam, Selangor. The questionnaire consists of three sections namely sociodemographic status, knowledge about breast cancer and awareness of mammography. Most of the respondents (84.1%) stated that breast cancer is the most common cancer in Malaysia. In terms of risk factors, the majority (96.2%) of the respondents stated that genetic and family history is a risk of breast cancer while only 3.8% of them did not. 15 respondents received knowledge scores of which are less than 8 (very poor), 46 respondents have obtained scores from 8 to 11 (poor), 56 respondents have obtained scores from 12 to 16 (moderate) and 15 respondents have obtained scores from 17 to 20 (good). None of the respondents obtained scores of more than 20 (very good). This study shows that the respondents have very poor to moderate level of breast cancer knowledge. Mammography awareness was acceptable among the respondents as more than half of them knew about it.

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Mechanisms for Breast Cancer Cell Resistance to Doxorubicin and Solutions to Resistance and Side Effects

10.21236/ada393325 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

Tad H. Koch

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Side Effects ◽

Cancer Cell ◽

Breast Cancer Cell ◽

Cell Resistance ◽

Resistance To Doxorubicin

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Evaluation of Local Injection of Bevacizumab against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Xenograft Tumors

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612825666190306164157 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 862-870

Author(s):

Xin Jiang ◽

Qiao-Li Zhang ◽

Tie-Gang Liu ◽

Wei-Peng Zhao ◽

Ming Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Side Effects ◽

Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽

Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽

Triple Negative ◽

Local Delivery ◽

Local Injection ◽

Vegf Receptor ◽

Protein Protein Interaction ◽

Local Injections

Background and objective:Bevacizumab (BVZ) is a recombinant humanized antibody that inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and is used for the treatment of various types of cancer. BVZ is primarily given by the intravenous drip (I.V.), which often leads to low efficacy and various side effects. Therefore, the present study was to evaluate the effect of local delivery of BVZ against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) xenograft tumors.Methods:Mice 4T1 TNBC cells were engrafted in female BALB/c mice. After the tumors reached about 5 mm (diameter), animals were treated with BVZ through the local injection from four directions around the tumors. The tumor growth, survival and potential mechanisms of action were evaluated.Results:The growth and microvessel density of engrafted tumors were dramatically reduced with the tumor inhibition rate of 32.8 ± 3%. No obvious side effects were observed. The expression of VEGFA, VEGF receptor (VEGFR), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) and Integrin-5 was significantly reduced in TNBC tumor tissues. In contrast, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 was significantly upregulated in xenograft tumors. Additionally, local delivery of BVZ led to the reduction of VEGFA and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the serum. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis revealed that the proteins altered by the local delivery of BVZ were associated with angiogenesis and regulation of cell migration.Conclusion:This study provided evidence associated with local delivery of BVZ against TNBC tumors supporting the use of BVZ local injections to overcome some of the disadvantages associated with I.V. therapy with BVZ.

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Molecular Studies on Novel Antitumor Bis 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives Against Lung Carcinoma and their Limited Side Effects on Normal Melanocytes

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871520618666181019095007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (15) ◽

pp. 2156-2168 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Magda F. Mohamed ◽

Nada S. Ibrahim ◽

Ahmed H.M. Elwahy ◽

Ismail A. Abdelhamid

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Side Effects ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Cell Line ◽

Lung Carcinoma ◽

Carcinoma Cell ◽

Normal Cells ◽

Lung Carcinoma Cell Line ◽

Molecular Studies ◽

Dihydropyridine Derivatives

Background: Cancer is a complex genetic disease which is characterized by an abnormal cell growth, invasion and spreading to other parts of the body. There are several factors that lead to cancer by causing DNA damage and the impairment of its repair. Treatment of cancer using the chemotherapeutic drugs have adverse side effects such as toxicity as they lose their specificity toward cancer cells and affect also normal cells. Moreover, the cancer cells can resist the chemotherapeutic agents and make them ineffective. For these reasons, much attentions have been paid to develop new drugs with limited side effects on normal cells and to diminish cancer resistance to drug chemotherapy. Recently, some 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives were reported to act as Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) modulators that inhibit p-glycoprotein which is responsible for the inability of drugs to enter the cancer cells. Also 1,4-DHPs have antimutagenic properties against chemicals via modulating DNA repair when studied on drosophila. Objective: The objective of this study is the synthesis of bis 1,4-DHPs incorporating ester as well as ether linkages and evaluate the anticancer activity of new compounds for synergistic purpose. Different genetic tools were used in an attempt to know the mechanism of action of this compound against lung cancer. Method: An efficient one pot synthesis of bis 1,4-DHPs using 3-aminocrotononitrile and bis(aldehydes) has been developed. The cytotoxic effect against human cell lines MCF7, and A549 cell lines was evaluated. Results: All compounds exhibited better cytotoxicity toward lung carcinoma cells than breast cancer cells. With respect to lung carcinoma cell line (A549), compound 10 was the most active compound and the three other compounds 7, 8, and 9 showed comparable IC50 values. In case of breast cancer cell line (MCF7), the most active one was compound 7, while compound 8 recorded the least activity. Conclusion: we have developed an efficient method for the synthesis of novel bis 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives incorporating ester or ether linkage. All compounds showed better cytotoxicity results against A549 than MCF7, so that lung carcinoma cell line was chosen to perform the molecular studies on it. The results showed that all compounds (7, 8, 9 and 10) caused cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. The molecular docking study on CDK2 confirmed the results of cell cycle assay which showed good binding energy between the compounds and the active site of enzyme indicating the inhibition of the enzyme.

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