IRON INTAKE, HEMOGLOBIN, AND PHYSICAL GROWTH DURING THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF LIFE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-539
Author(s):  
Virginia A. Beal ◽  
Aldula J. Meyers ◽  
Robert W. McCammon
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Hemoglobin Synthesis

The variety of infant diets given subjects in this group during the first year all provide iron in amounts of 0.5 mg/kg/day or more except in one of the 59 children. This level of dietary iron intake was adequate to meet iron requirements for hemoglobin synthesis and to prevent development of hematologic or clinical evidence of iron deficiency. Food intake adequate to support rapid growth rates contains enough iron to support the needed relative acceleration of hemoglobin synthesis. Lower intakes of iron are associated with higher percentage utilization in hemoglobin synthesis and higher intakes result in lower utilization. Supplementation of diets with iron in several forms occurred in 25% of the group without hematologic evidence of response as compared with the group dependent on dietary iron alone.

IRON-FORTIFIED FORMULAS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 786-786
Author(s):  
L. J. Filer ◽  
Lewis A. Barness ◽  
Richard B. Goldbloom ◽  
Malcolm A. Holliday ◽  
Robert W. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Feeding Problems ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Dietary Component ◽  
Recent Statement ◽  
Marketing Information

In its recent statement on iron,1 the Committee on Nutrition emphasized the value of iron-fortified, proprietary milk formulas for the prevention of iron-deficiency anemia of infancy. Despite this recommendation, the most recent marketing information available to the Committee shows that more than 70% of the proprietary formulas currently prescribed by physicians do not contain added iron. The reasons for continuing routine use of formulas not fortified with iron are not entirely clear. One reason may be that some physicians still believe iron additives increase the incidence of feeding problems or gastrointestinal disturbances. There is no documented evidence that this is a significant problem. The Committee strongly recommends when proprietary formulas are prescribed that iron-supplemented formulas be used routinely as the standard–that is, that this be the rule rather than the exception. There seems to be little justification for continued general use of proprietary formulas not fortified with iron. The Committee is fully aware that only a small percentage of American infants are fed proprietary formulas after 6 months of age. Fluid whole milk (available in bottle or carton ) or evaporated milk, both of which contain only trace amounts of iron, are substituted at the time of greatest iron need and highest prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia. The infant's diet is usually deficient in iron, unless other foods are carefully selected to insure adequate iron intake. Since the major dietary component during infancy is milk, two courses of action should be taken: (1) Pediatricians and other health professionals should engage in a program of public education to convince American mothers to provide their infants with a source of dietary iron.

scholarly journals Dietary Iron Intake and Serum Interleukin-6 Levels of Obese Children With and Without Iron Deficiency

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Lanang Sidiartha ◽  
I Made Bakta ◽  
I Made Wiryana ◽  
I Wayan Putu Sutirtayasa ◽  
Damayanti R. Sjarif
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Obese Children

scholarly journals Ferroportin-Hepcidin Axis in Prepubertal Obese Children with Sufficient Daily Iron Intake

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Gajewska ◽  
Jadwiga Ambroszkiewicz ◽  
Witold Klemarczyk ◽  
Ewa Głąb-Jabłońska ◽  
Halina Weker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Iron Concentrations

Iron metabolism may be disrupted in obesity, therefore, the present study assessed the iron status, especially ferroportin and hepcidin concentrations, as well as associations between the ferroportin-hepcidin axis and other iron markers in prepubertal obese children. The following were determined: serum ferroportin, hepcidin, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), iron concentrations and values of hematological parameters as well as the daily dietary intake in 40 obese and 40 normal-weight children. The ferroportin/hepcidin and ferritin/hepcidin ratios were almost two-fold lower in obese children (p = 0.001; p = 0.026, respectively). Similar iron concentrations (13.2 vs. 15.2 µmol/L, p = 0.324), the sTfR/ferritin index (0.033 vs. 0.041, p = 0.384) and values of hematological parameters were found in obese and control groups, respectively. Iron daily intake in the obese children examined was consistent with recommendations. In this group, the ferroportin/hepcidin ratio positively correlated with energy intake (p = 0.012), dietary iron (p = 0.003) and vitamin B12 (p = 0.024). In the multivariate regression model an association between the ferroportin/hepcidin ratio and the sTfR/ferritin index in obese children (β = 0.399, p = 0.017) was found. These associations did not exist in the controls. The results obtained suggest that in obese children with sufficient iron intake, the altered ferroportin-hepcidin axis may occur without signs of iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia. The role of other micronutrients, besides dietary iron, may also be considered in the iron status of these children.

scholarly journals Health outcomes of iron supplementation and/or food fortification in iron-replete children aged 4–24 months: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic J. Hare ◽  
Sabine Braat ◽  
Bárbara R. Cardoso ◽  
Christopher Morgan ◽  
Ewa A. Szymlek-Gay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
High Income ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Theses And Dissertations ◽  
Additional Iron

Abstract Background Direct supplementation or food fortification with iron are two public health initiatives intended to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in 4–24-month-old infants. In most high-income countries where IDA prevalence is < 15%, the recommended daily intake levels of iron from supplements and/or consumption of fortified food products are at odds with World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines that recommend shorter-term (3 months/year) supplementation only in populations with IDA prevalence > 40%. Emerging concerns about delayed neurological effects of early-life iron overexposure have raised questions as to whether recommended guidelines in high-income countries are unnecessarily excessive. This systematic review will gather evidence from supplementation/fortification trials, comparing health outcomes in studies where iron-replete children did or did not receive additional dietary iron; and determine if replete children at study outset were not receiving additional iron show changes in haematological indices of ID/IDA over the trial duration. Methods We will perform a systematic review of the literature, including all studies of iron supplementation and/or fortification, including study arms with confirmed iron-replete infants at the commencement of the trial. This includes both dietary iron intervention or placebo/average dietary intakes. One reviewer will conduct searches in electronic databases of published and ongoing trials (Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, CENTRAL, EBSCO [e.g. CINAHL Complete, Food Science and Technology Abstracts], Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, ClinicalTrialsRegister.eu and who.it/trialsearch), digital theses and dissertations (WorldCat, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, DART-Europe E-theses Portal, Australasian Digital Theses Program, Theses Canada Portal and ProQuest). For eligible studies, one reviewer will use a data extraction form, and a second reviewing entered data for accuracy. Both reviewers will independently perform quality assessments before qualitative and, if appropriate, quantitative synthesis as a meta-analysis. We will resolve any discrepancies through discussion or consult a third author to resolve discrepancies. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement will be used as the basis for reporting. Discussion Recommended iron supplementation and food fortification practices in high-income countries have been criticised for being both excessive and based on outdated or underpowered studies. This systematic review will build a case for revisiting iron intake guidelines for infants through the design of new trials where health effects of additional iron intake in iron-replete infants are the primary outcome. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42018093744.

scholarly journals Sharply higher rates of iron deficiency in obese Mexican women and children are predicted by obesity-related inflammation rather than by differences in dietary iron intake

2011 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 975-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C Cepeda-Lopez ◽  
Saskia JM Osendarp ◽  
Alida Melse-Boonstra ◽  
Isabelle Aeberli ◽  
Francisco Gonzalez-Salazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Mexican Women ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Women And Children

scholarly journals Flipside of the Coin: Iron Deficiency and Colorectal Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysegül Aksan ◽  
Karima Farrag ◽  
Sami Aksan ◽  
Oliver Schroeder ◽  
Jürgen Stein
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Excess Iron ◽  
Tumor Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Initiation

Iron deficiency, with or without anemia, is the most frequent hematological manifestation in individuals with cancer, and is especially common in patients with colorectal cancer. Iron is a vital micronutrient that plays an essential role in many biological functions, in the context of which it has been found to be intimately linked to cancer biology. To date, however, whereas a large number of studies have comprehensively investigated and reviewed the effects of excess iron on cancer initiation and progression, potential interrelations of iron deficiency with cancer have been largely neglected and are not well-defined. Emerging evidence indicates that reduced iron intake and low systemic iron levels are associated with the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, suggesting that optimal iron intake must be carefully balanced to avoid both iron deficiency and iron excess. Since iron is vital in the maintenance of immunological functions, insufficient iron availability may enhance oncogenicity by impairing immunosurveillance for neoplastic changes and potentially altering the tumor immune microenvironment. Data from clinical studies support these concepts, showing that iron deficiency is associated with inferior outcomes and reduced response to therapy in patients with colorectal cancer. Here, we elucidate cancer-related effects of iron deficiency, examine preclinical and clinical evidence of its role in tumorigenesis, cancer progression and treatment response. and highlight the importance of adequate iron supplementation to limit these outcomes.

Iron Intake, Hemoglobin, and Growth

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-344
Author(s):  
LOUIS K. DIAMOND
Keyword(s):  
Critical Time ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Careful Observation ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article on "Iron Intake, Hemoglobin, and Physical Growth" (Pediatrics, 30:518, 1962) merits special comment. Although this represents years of careful observation of healthy infants and children, the hematologic data offered on them are meager. They do not clearly support the authors' contention that iron intake does not appear to be directly reflected in hemoglobin levels at 2 years of age. At 1 year this relationship certainly does not hold true from an analysis of their own data. As a matter of fact, 1 year of age is a more critical time to evaluate the relationship of iron to hemoglobin, because during the first year, growth is more rapid and dietary inadequacies are more likely to occur.

scholarly journals Double Fortified Salt Intervention Improved Iron Intake But Not Energy and Other Nutrient Intakes in Female Tea Plantation Workers From West Bengal, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudha Venkatramanan ◽  
Grace Marquis ◽  
Lynnette Neufeld ◽  
Michael Wenger ◽  
Laura Murray-Kolb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Tea Plantation ◽  
Time Points

Background: Iron deficiency is a global public health concern and has implications on the health status of women in reproductive age. Objective: We hypothesized that improving iron intake with double fortified salt would improve food intake, resulting in higher energy, nutrient intakes, and weight indicators of female tea plantation workers. Methods: In this randomized double-masked study, the participants (n = 245) were assigned to receive salt double fortified with iron and iodine (DFS; treatment) or salt fortified with iodine (control) and followed for 7.5 to 9 months. Dietary intakes were measured at three time points, baseline, midpoint, and end line using (1) food frequency questionnaire, (2) 24-hour recall, and (3) weighed lunch intake. Anthropometric measures of height (cm), weight (kg), and mid-upper arm circumference (cm) were also recorded at three time points. Mixed-model repeated-measures approach was used to detect group differences across time. Results: Double fortified salt improved dietary iron intake in the treatment group compared to the control group ( P < .001). No other dietary or anthropometric differences could be attributed to treatment. Significant effect of time was observed in the intake frequency of major food groups and calcium, vitamin A and C ( P <.001 for all), suggesting an equal effect of seasonality in both the groups. Conclusion: Addition of DFS in the diet improved dietary iron intake but did not affect the intake of energy, other nutrients, or nutritional status indicators. The improvement observed in the dietary iron intake demonstrates that fortification is an effective strategy to address iron deficiency in at-risk populations.

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