Problems of Translation

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-310
Author(s):  
A. F. LIBER
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Absence ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
French Word ◽  
Current Usage ◽  
French And English ◽  
Medical Dictionary ◽  
The Many ◽  
Problems Of Translation

Among the many virtues of the article by Lamy et al., "Congenital Absence of Betalipoproteins" (Pediatrics, 31:276, 1963) is the generally excellent English, with virtually no translationese. But the reader unversed in French may be puzzled by the legend of Figure 11, page 286: "Gelosis immunoelectrophoresis." "Gelosis" is clearly intended to render gélose, the French word for agar, or, in the current usage when referring to electrophoresis, agar-gel. The ending -sis is doubtless derived from the French -se, as in nephrosis for nephrose, analysis for analyse. A different law of transliteration applies to chemical substances, in whose names -ose is used in both French and English, as in glucose, identical in the two languages. Indeed, Dorland's Medical Dictionary gives gelose "a carbohydrate, (C4H10O5)n, from agar."

Instrumentation in Industrial Hygiene

1965 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Keenan
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Industrial Hygiene ◽  
Metallic Elements ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
High Utility ◽  
The Many ◽  
Made In

A discussion of the many types of samples encountered in industrial hygiene studies, the techniques and instruments used for their collection, the methods used for their preliminary chemical treatment, and the spectrographic instrumentation and techniques employed for the quantitative determination of their trace metallic constituents is presented. In this paper emphasis has been placed on the need to use sharp, clean separation procedures, along with appropriate instrumentation, to meet the analytical objectives in this field, i.e., highly sensitive, precise determinations of minute amounts of chemical substances. The high utility of the emission spectrograph for the analysis of metallic elements has been illustrated with typical examples of analytical applications made in the author's laboratory.

Voltaire, F. R. S

1951 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Friend ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
French And English ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Many ◽  
Ways Of Life

Of all the many impressions that Voltaire gained from his stay in England, the most profound and lasting were those caused by the burial of an actress and of a scientist in Westminster Abbey. The actress was Mrs Oldfield, and the man of science, Isaac Newton. The difference between the French and English ways of life at that time were accentuated for Voltaire by the fact that the French actress Adrienne Lecouvreur, to whom the clergy of Paris denied Christian burial, was his intimate friend. It was in her box at the Comedie Frangaise that the scene occurred between Voltaire and the Chevalier de Rohan. Shortly afterwards Voltaire was assaulted in the street by the Chevalier’s lackeys and belaboured with sticks. Insult was then added to injury by Voltaire’s imprisonment in the Bastille on 28 March 1726, at the Chevalier’s behest. Voltaire’s release on the following 2 May was conditional on his departure for England, where he arrived later in that month. And it was shortly after his return to France that Adrienne Lecouvreur died on 20 March 1730.

scholarly journals Preliminary ecotoxicity assessment of selected flavour and fragrance compounds using Microtox assay

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 00036
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kołodyński ◽  
Katarzyna Piekarska ◽  
Daniel Strub
Keyword(s):  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Microtox Assay ◽  
Bioluminescence Inhibition ◽  
The Many ◽  
Fragrance Compounds

The bioluminescence inhibition bioassay using marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri is widely used as a tool to assess the toxicity of chemical compounds, because of the many benefits comprising cost and time effectiveness, rapidness, sensitivity, and ease of operation. In addition, the test is used for various types of organic and inorganic compounds. Due to the insolubility of organic compounds in water, a suitable solubilizer should be applied. The ecotoxicity of the solvent should be negligible in relation to marine bacteria. On account of superior human activities the synthesis of new chemical substances is inextricably linked to the emergence of chemical compounds that are a potential threat on environment. A Microtox system utilizing the 81.9% Basic Test with 14 dilutions was applied to pre-evaluate the ecotoxicity of β-cyclocitral oxime, citronellal oxime and perillaldehyde oxime. Substances solutions with an initial concentration of 0.036% in DMSO were prepared. The preliminary results show that the studied scent compounds are characterized by quite high toxicity. In order to confirm the received ecotoxicity values, it is necessary to carry out additional surveys using another range of concentrations and biotests on organisms at each trophic level.

Portuguese Documents on Africa and Some Problems of Translation

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.E.H. Hair
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Scholarly Community ◽  
Untimely Death ◽  
The Press ◽  
French And English ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
Problems Of Translation ◽  
Relevant Material

In 1983 a note in History in Africa described a survey of Portuguese archive documents on West Africa organized by Vice-Admiral Avelino Teixeira da Mota but left stranded by his untimely death in 1982. The task of continuing the project—by extending the survey, completing the transcription of the survey documents and other relevant material, and publishing the transcripts—has latterly been taken up by the present successor of Teixeira da Mota in the directorship of the same scholarly unit, Dr Maria Emilia Madeira Santos. The first two volumes of Portugaliae Monuments Africana appeared in 1993 and 1995, volume 3 has been at the press since 1997, and the material for at least two more volumes is in advanced preparation. As the title shows, the geographical range of the series is wider than that of the original survey. The documents appear in Portuguese (or occasionally Latin). But a brief summary of each document is supplied in French and English, as well as in Portuguese, making the contents to some extent accessible even to those African historians who do not read (late-medieval) Portuguese. Having translated into English some thousand or so of these document summaries, I now discuss some of my problems in translating, and hence certain problems for African historians in using this material.PMA earns all those responsible the highest commendation for undertaking this difficult project; it is invaluable for that period of early African-European contacts it progressively covers; and it deserves the support of the scholarly community. The comments that follow are intended to make it better known and to explain some of its features, advantages and limitations.

scholarly journals ‘Quebec Sovereignty and Indigenous Nationhoods: Critiquing The Quebec Secessionist Movement from “an Indigenous” Lens’

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-44
Author(s):  
Chadwick Cowie ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Indigenous Nations ◽  
French And English ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Many ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Secessionist Movement

The purpose of this article is to assess and critique the Quebec secessionist movement from an Indigenous lens in order to include other contexts and views on the aforementioned topic that is traditionally left to the peripheries of the Quebec secessionist movement. In order to add an Indigenous lens to the discussion of Quebec’s secessionist movement, this paper will first review the concepts of sovereignty and self-determination from both ‘western-centric’ and Indigenous views. Furthermore, this article will then review the historical formation of French and English settlers and power in what Indigenous peoples call Turtle Island, from the 1500s until 1960. Lastly, with the many political, economic, and societal changes from the 1960s and on, this paper will critique the competing views of Quebec as a sovereign entity to that of Indigenous nationhoods. This article concludes that for Quebec to truly reflect a decolonized state, the inclusion of Indigenous nations as equal partners with their own sovereignty and self-determination recognized must also occur.

Nancy A. Niedzielski & Dennis R. Preston, Folk linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. Pp. xx, 375. Hb.

2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-489
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Subbiondo
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
Introductory Courses ◽  
Folk Linguistics ◽  
Current Usage ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
The Many

Linguists who teach introductory courses in their discipline routinely encounter the nonlinguists' knowledge, or lack of it, about language. Their students are fairly predictable in their ignorance of basic linguistic concepts: For example, they typically believe that there in one standard dialect of English, that a word's true meaning has little to do with its current usage, and that nonstandard dialects are primitive languages. In fact, teachers of introductory courses in linguistics realize that their principal responsibility is to correct the many and common misperceptions about language that prevail their culture. In most respects, Folk linguistics is a systematic study of these misperceptions.

Some Points of Comparison between the Companies Act, 1948, and the French Law of Companies

1951 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Jean Escarra
Keyword(s):  
Company Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
French Law ◽  
Share Capital ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
French And English ◽  
English Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Many

The paper I am going to read is a study in comparative jurisprudence. I propose to examine some aspects of Company Law, and especially of the law relating to companies limited by shares. From the many differences existing between French and English Law on this matter, I have selected several points, in the setting up as well as in the management and administration of such companies, which seem typical to me. These are as follows:—As regards the setting up of companies, I have thought it would be interesting to compare how French and English Law deal with:—(A) The subscription of share capital;(B) the prospectus or the other documents designed to serve the same purpose;(C) the part played by the statutory meeting.As regards the management and administration, I have chosen to examine:(D) The powers of directors, and how they are restricted in England according to the doctrine of ultra vires, as compared with the French system of legal personality;(E) the audit and inspection of companies.

Czechoslovakia's Penetration of Africa, 1955–1962

1963 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curt F. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Higher Learning ◽  
Technical Institute ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Learning ◽  
French And English ◽  
Real Importance ◽  
The Many

The water is safe to drink in Alexandria and Cairo, Egypt, thanks to a water filter station established by Czechoslovak engineers. A shoe factory in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is being built by Czech technicians. Across the frontier, in Somalia, Czechs are building a technical institute to teach some young Somalis the techniques necessary to staff modern factories. Across the continent in Conakry, Guinea, airport inscriptions are in Czech as well as in French and English to accommodate the many Czechs arriving on the direct Prague-to-Conakry airline. In the smaller villages of Ghana special trucks are delivering Czech beer to the local inhabitants. In Mali journalists are being trained by Czechs in the establishment of their own press agency. And in Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia, there are numerous Africans among the more than 2,000 students from Africa, Asia, and Latin America enrolled at Czech state expense in institutions of higher learning. To say that Africa has assumed a role of real importance for the Czechs is an understatement.

Monsters and the Question of Inheritance in Early Modern French Theatre

2018 ◽  
pp. 103-118
Author(s):  
Wes Williams
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
French And English ◽  
The Many ◽  
French Theatre

Following its ‘rebirth’ in the early sixteenth century, Heliodorus’ Aethiopika, itself a self-consciously theatrical, suspenseful narrative reworking of Homer, spent the next 150 years or so being edited, translated, and painted; it was also reimagined as dramatic poetry on the Italian, Spanish, French, and English stages. This chapter sketches out a few French aspects of this story, with occasional reference to other traditions, with its overriding obsession with the ‘faire’ Chariclea. Not least of the remarkable things about Heliodorus’ own reworking of epic tropes and themes is the very long recognition scene. This compelling scene, in which women rescue women, draws together the many strands of a tragicom(ed)ic tale about monsters, inheritance, doubtful generation, and the power of the imagination. Here we can see how tragicomedy might itself usefully be thought of as epic reimagined on stage as romance.

Degrees of pragmaticalization

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tine Defour ◽  
Ulrique D'Hondt ◽  
Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen ◽  
Dominique Willems
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
English Word ◽  
French Word ◽  
French And English ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Insight Into

Despite their formal resemblance, the English word ‘actually’ and the French word actuellement fulfil very different semantic-pragmatic functions in their present-day usage. In most cases they are ‘false friends’, as they overlap in meaning in a very limited number of contexts only. Since these words can — directly or indirectly (through borrowing) — be traced back to the same origin, their present-day meanings indicate that the words have followed different paths of change. It is the aim of the present article to trace the semantic-pragmatic developments of these words through a detailed examination of the discursive contexts in which they have occurred from their first attestations in the languages concerned until the present time. In this way, the subtle transitions from one meaning to another are laid bare. In addition, the cross-linguistic perspective offers insight into how polysemy may develop in different directions. The analyses are based on French and English monolingual corpus data, both synchronic and diachronic. In addition, translation corpus data provide further evidence for the semantics of the two adverbs. The results of the empirical analysis are interpreted within the framework of pragmaticalization and (inter)subjectification.

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