BASAL METABOLIC RATE IN OBESE CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 744-750
Author(s):  
ALBERTA ILIFF ◽  
HARRY H. GORDON ◽  
HELEN MCNAMARA ◽  
W. RANDAL BELL
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Basal Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Child Research

An analysis of the results of 524 observations of the basal metabolism of 348 obese children is presented. Since only 3% of the basal metabolic rates were lower than minus 15% of the Child Research Council surface area-age standards, it is suggested that these standards can be used satisfactorily in the management of children with obesity. For reasons which are not obvious these standards do not suffice for children with dwarfism.

INTERPRETATION OF THE BASAL METABOLIC RATE OF CHILDREN OF UNUSUAL BODY BUILD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 616-627
Author(s):  
ALBERTA ILIFF ◽  
VIRGINIA A. LEE ◽  
ROBERT C. LEWIS
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Basal Metabolism ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Child Research ◽  
Area Increase ◽  
Surface Area Increase

The relative predictive value of six methods of reference frequently used to determine the BMR of children of unusual body build has been studied. The methods of reference based on the Child Research Council standards which were employed for this purpose were those for cal./hr./sq. m., cal./hr./kg. and cal./hr./cm., each referred to age, and cal./hr. referred to surface area, weight and height, respectively. An analysis was made of 558 determinations of basal metabolism obtained on 86 healthy children of the Child Research Council, of 946 basal metabolism tests on 793 children described in the literature and of 80 basal metabolism tests on 74 children observed by Gordon. The study included children between 2 and 16 years of age whose weight or height or both weight and height fell above the 90th percentile or below the 10th percentile of all the children of similar age on whom the Council standards had been established. The results of this analysis show that the methods of reference of cal./hr. referred to surface area and of cal./hr. referred to weight are reliable for the interpretation of BMR determinations on children of all six types of body build. This is also true of cal./hr./sq. m. referred to age except in the case of very small children or dwarfs for whom high BMR are found. These observations might well have been anticipated since height and weight and surface area increase with age in children, but weight and surface area give a better evaluation of body mass than does height. The methods of reference of cal./hr./kg. referred to age, cal./hr./cm. referred to age and cal/hr. referred to height are not so reliable, either individually or collectively, for routine clinical use as are the other three methods of reference. Nevertheless, the deviations in the BMR obtained by these less satisfactory methods of reference may be of considerable importance in understanding the problems of a child of unusual body build. The use of the proper methods of reference based on reliable standards will result in trustworthy BMR for children of unusual body build.

Stability of basal metabolic rate on a polar expedition

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Lewis ◽  
J. P. Masterton ◽  
S. Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Basal Metabolism ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Efficient Protection ◽  
At Home

The basal metabolism studied in 29 young adults on 349 occasions over 2 years in the Arctic was 37.4 (sd α 3.7) kcal/m-2/hr-1, and well within the normal British standards. The variability showed no relationship to season. On polar expeditions, men's physiologically significant exposure to cold is small because of efficient protection by clothing and shelter. Information is needed about precise differences of microclimate in the polar regions and at home. Field work could more profitably be directed to the cognate problem of costs of various activities in the cold rather than basal metabolic rate. Submitted on April 25, 1960

scholarly journals Laboratory Metabolism of Incubating Semipalmated Plovers

The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 966-970
Author(s):  
Mark Williamson ◽  
Joseph B. Williams ◽  
Erica Nol
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Basal Metabolism ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Data

Abstract Abstract The Semipalmated Plover (Charadriussemipalmatus), anarctic-nesting migratory shorebird, regularlyencounters low temperatures during the breedingseason. We measured the basal metabolism of adultsduring incubation at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada todetermine basal metabolic rate (BMR),lower critical temperature(Tlc), total evaporative waterloss (TEWL), and dry thermal conductance(Cm). BMR and Tlcwere 47.4 kJ day−1and 23.3°C, respectively, TEWL was2.5 mL H2O−d,and Cm was1.13 mW g−1 °C−1.Measured BMR and Tlc were consistentwith high values found for other shorebird speciesbreeding in the Arctic, while Cm was18% higher than predicted from allometricequations. These metabolic data suggest thatSemipalmated Plovers are adapted to balance therequirements of incubation against energetic andthermoregulatory demands in the Arctic, especiallyin harsh early breeding season conditions.

Basal metabolism and respiration in men living at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 949-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Gill ◽  
L. G. C. E. Pugh
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Alveolar Ventilation ◽  
Basal Metabolism ◽  
South American ◽  
Insufficient Evidence ◽  
Prolonged Stay ◽  
The Mean

Respiratory determinations were carried out on eight members of the Himalayan Scientific and Mountaineering Expedition 1960—1961 and three Sherpas during a prolonged stay at 5,800 m (19,000 ft). Ventilation and oxygen uptake were similar in both groups, although the Sherpas were smaller men. The Sherpas had lower alveolar ventilation, higher PaCOCO2 and lower PaOO2 values than the scientists. Among six of the scientists mean basal metabolic rate was 10% above the mean value predicted from sea-level standards. There was no increase in the two others, who did not acclimatize. The mean basal metabolic rate in the three Sherpas was +21%. The findings were not explained by the extra O2 cost of increased breathing, changes in body composition, or exposure to cold, although this may have been a factor in the Sherpas. The results were similar to recent South American data on residents at 4,540 m (14,900 ft). It was concluded that acclimatization to great altitudes in man is associated with increase in basal metabolism, but there is insufficient evidence as to whether this is a response to hypoxia or other environmental factors. basal respiration; acclimatized men; high altitude (5,800 m) Submitted on March 30, 1964

scholarly journals Leptin Levels, Basal Metabolic Rates, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Pubertal Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 017-023
Author(s):  
Elisabete Vieira Conterato ◽  
Tania Diniz Machado ◽  
Carlos Alberto Nogueira-de-Almeida ◽  
Elza Daniel Mello
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Obese Children

Abstract Introduction Obesity in children and adolescents is considered a serious public health problem. The consequences of overweight can last for life. It is extremely important to have formulas to calculate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) that are truly reliable in relation to the individual caloric expenditure. Objectives To investigate the association of serum levels of leptin, lipid profile, and insulin resistance (insuline resistance by Homeostatic Model Assessment [HOMA] index) with the body mass index (BMI) z-score of pubertal obese children. In addition, to compare the basal metabolic rate (BMR) evaluation carried out using bioimpedance (BIA) with the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) equation. Methods Cross-sectional study including 37 pubertal obese children (aged 7 to 12 years old) seen for the first time in the outpatient care unit specialized in child obesity between June 2013 and April 2014. The participants were assessed regarding anthropometric data, body composition (fat mass) by BIA 310 bioimpedance analyzer (Biodynamic Body Composition Analyser, model 310 - Biodynamics Corporation, Seattle, EUA), and blood pressure. Blood samples were collected to measure glucose, insulin, lipid profile, triglycerides, and leptin. The stage of sexual maturity was determined by self-assessment according to the Tanner scale. Results Higher leptin levels were found in the severe obesity group (p = 0.007) and, as expected, higher BMI (p < 0.001), and fat mass (p = 0.029). The groups did not differ in relation to insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and blood pressure. The BMR measured by bioimpedance was lower as compared to the measure by the FAO/WHO equation (p < 0.001). Conclusions These results suggest that severely obese children may present leptin resistance in this early stage of life, (since this hormone is higher in these children). It is suggested that health professionals prioritize the calculation of BMR by bioimpedance, since the FAO/WHO equation seems to overestimate the caloric values.

scholarly journals THE RELATION OF HEART WEIGHT TO THE BASAL METABOLISM AS VARIED BY THYROID ADMINISTRATION

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 903-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis M. Smith ◽  
Eaton M. MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolism ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Hypertrophy Of The Myocardium

A linear relationship exists in the albino rat between the heart weight and the basal metabolic rate when varied by the administration of active thyroid material. It is suggested that this increase in heart weight which follows the increase in metabolism after thyroid is in the nature of a simple work hypertrophy of the myocardium.

Hibernation and Daily Torpor in Marsupials - a Review

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Geiser
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Daily Torpor ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Torpor Bouts

Most heterothermic marsupials appear to display one of the two patterns of torpor that have been described in placental mammals. During shallow, daily torpor body temperature (T(b)) falls for several hours from about 35-degrees-C to values between 11 and 28-degrees-C, depending on the species, and metabolic rates fall to about 10-60% of the basal metabolic rate (BMR). In contrast during deep and prolonged torpor (hibernation), T(b) falls to about 1-5-degrees-C, metabolic rates to about 2-6% of BMR and torpor bouts last for 5-23 days. Shallow, daily torpor has been observed in the opossums (Didelphidae), the carnivorous marsupials (Dasyuridae) and the small possums (Petauridae). Daily torpor may also occur in the numbat (Myrmecobiidae) and the marsupial mole (Notoryctidae). Deep and prolonged torpor (hibernation) has been observed in the pygmy possums (Burramyidae), feathertail glider (Acrobatidae) and Dromiciops australis (Microbiotheriidae). The patterns of torpor in marsupials are paralleled by those of monotremes, placentals and even birds. These similarities in torpor patterns provide some support to the hypothesis that torpor may be plesiomorphic. However, as endothermy and torpor in birds apparently has evolved separately from that in mammals and as torpor occurrence in mammals can change within only a few generations it appears more likely that torpor in endotherms is convergent.

Immunity and metabolic rate: the course of notoedric scabies in rats with different metabolic rates

Parasitology ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Leech ◽  
T. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

1. Two experiments are described investigating the effects of level of metabolism on (a) resistance to, and (b) recovery from, Notoedric scabies of rats. The progress and severity of the disease was measured by weekly counts of the number of lesions; the metabolic rate in some rats was raised by administration of iodinated casein and in others was depressed by methyl thiouracil.2. In normal rats, the initial severe phase of the disease was followed by a partial recovery with survival of a smaller population of parasites.3. This recovery process in established infestations was hastened by elevation and retarded by depression of the metabolic rate.4. Resistance to the development of severe disease was enhanced by elevation and reduced by depression of the basal metabolic rate.5. The level of the residual infestation, after the severe phase of the disease had passed, was also affected by the treatment, being decreased by the higher but increased by the lower metabolic rate.

Variable Energy Demands in Pseudomys hermannsburgensis: Possible Ecological Consequences

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Predavec
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Desert Environment ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Desert Rodent ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Variable Energy

The energy metabolism of Pseudomys hermannsburgensis, a native Australian desert rodent, was investigated with animals captured in the field. Animals showed large variation in basal metabolic rate between two time periods [November 1991 (1·40 ± 0·38 mL 0 2 g-1 h-1 ) and September 1992 (3·58 ± 0·24)], producing values that generally differed from those predicted from body mass. P. hermannsburgensis also entered torpor, which has not been demonstrated previously in an Australian rodent. Environmental stimuli for changes in metabolic rates are not clear. Possible ecological advantages of the observed patterns of energy metabolism are conservation of energy and water and increased longevity. All three factors may be considered adaptations to the variable desert environment.

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