scholarly journals Laboratory Metabolism of Incubating Semipalmated Plovers

The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 966-970
Author(s):  
Mark Williamson ◽  
Joseph B. Williams ◽  
Erica Nol
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Basal Metabolism ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Data

Abstract Abstract The Semipalmated Plover (Charadriussemipalmatus), anarctic-nesting migratory shorebird, regularlyencounters low temperatures during the breedingseason. We measured the basal metabolism of adultsduring incubation at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada todetermine basal metabolic rate (BMR),lower critical temperature(Tlc), total evaporative waterloss (TEWL), and dry thermal conductance(Cm). BMR and Tlcwere 47.4 kJ day−1and 23.3°C, respectively, TEWL was2.5 mL H2O−d,and Cm was1.13 mW g−1 °C−1.Measured BMR and Tlc were consistentwith high values found for other shorebird speciesbreeding in the Arctic, while Cm was18% higher than predicted from allometricequations. These metabolic data suggest thatSemipalmated Plovers are adapted to balance therequirements of incubation against energetic andthermoregulatory demands in the Arctic, especiallyin harsh early breeding season conditions.

Stability of basal metabolic rate on a polar expedition

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Lewis ◽  
J. P. Masterton ◽  
S. Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Basal Metabolism ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Efficient Protection ◽  
At Home

The basal metabolism studied in 29 young adults on 349 occasions over 2 years in the Arctic was 37.4 (sd α 3.7) kcal/m-2/hr-1, and well within the normal British standards. The variability showed no relationship to season. On polar expeditions, men's physiologically significant exposure to cold is small because of efficient protection by clothing and shelter. Information is needed about precise differences of microclimate in the polar regions and at home. Field work could more profitably be directed to the cognate problem of costs of various activities in the cold rather than basal metabolic rate. Submitted on April 25, 1960

scholarly journals Seasonal Energetics of Mountain Chickadees and Juniper Titmice

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon J. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Poecile Gambeli ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Metabolic Data ◽  
Mountain Chickadees

Abstract I used behavioral, meteorological, and laboratory metabolism data to calculate daily energy expenditure (DEE) in seasonally acclimatized Mountain Chickadees (Poecile gambeli) and Juniper Titmice (Baeolophus griseus). Analyses of laboratory metabolic data revealed that foraging energy requirements were not significantly higher than alert perching energy requirements. Respective DEE of chickadees and titmice were 48.8 kJ day−1 and 48.3 kJ day−1 in summer and 66.3 kJ day−1 and 98.7 kJ day−1 in winter. DEE as a multiple of basal metabolic rate (BMR) was 2.31 in summer chickadees and 1.91 in summer titmice. DEE was 2.70 times BMR in winter chickadees and 3.43 times BMR in winter titmice. The marked increase in calculated DEE in winter birds compared to summer is in contrast to a pattern of increased DEE in the breeding season for several avian species. These data suggest that winter may be a period of even greater stringency for small birds than previously believed.

Adaptation to cold: energy metabolism in an atypical lagomorph, the arctic hare (Lepus arcticus)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 841-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence C. H. Wang ◽  
Douglas L. Jones ◽  
Robert A. MacArthur ◽  
William A. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Normal Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Normal Body ◽  
Arctic Hare

Unlike other lagomorphs or any other mammals living in a cold environment, the basal metabolic rate of the arctic hare, Lepus arcticus monstrabilis (0.36 cm3 O2/g per hour) was only 62–83% of the values predicted from its body weight. The minimum thermal conductance (0.010 cm3 O2/g per hour per degree centigrade) was also reduced to only 51–59% of its weight-specific value (0.019–0.017 cm3 O2/g per hour per degree centigrade). The normal body temperature (38.9C), however, was comparable to that of other lagomorphs. The daily energy consumption between ambient temperatures of −24 and 12.5C was between 262 and 133 kcal, which is 6–43% above the minimum resting values at corresponding ambient temperatures.It is concluded that the reduction of surface area to volume ratio and the effectiveness of its insulation are sufficient compensations so that the arctic hare can maintain a normal body temperature with a depressed basal metabolic rate. Such a reduction of metabolism is energetically adaptive for a species living exclusively in a cold and relatively barren habitat.

Lower critical temperature and cold-induced thermogenesis of lean and overweight humans are inversely related to body mass and basal metabolic rate

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 238-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly J. Nahon ◽  
Mariëtte R. Boon ◽  
Fleur Doornink ◽  
Ingrid M. Jazet ◽  
Patrick C.N. Rensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature

Metabolism and temperature regulation in young harbor seals Phoca vitulina richardi

1975 ◽  
Vol 229 (2) ◽  
pp. 506-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Miller ◽  
L Irving
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Phoca Vitulina ◽  
Harbor Seals ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
Tissue Insulation

Metabolism and the ability to regulate core and peripheral temperatures under a variety of ambient conditions were studied in five unrestrained pups (less than 5 wk old) and four 3- to 5-mo-old harbor seals. Pups born with nonlanugo (adultlike) hair and little fat were able to swim in 5 degrees C water for several hours without becoming hypothermic. They were also found to tolerate 5 degrees C air temperature with the fur wet and exposed to a 35-knot wind. Basal metabolism in pups averaged 0.8 ml O2 g-1 h-1, which is 2.6 times the predicted value for an adult mammal of the same weight. Lower critical temperature in air was about 3 degrees C. Oxygen uptake in 3- to 5-mo-old seals under basal conditions was 0.5 ml g-1 h-1. Minimal thermal conductance values were .02 and .015 ml O2 g-1 h-1 degrees C-1 in pumps and 3- to 5-month-old seals, respectively. Appendages, and to a lesser extent the skin on the torso, cooled appreciably at lower air temperatures, and the flippers were kept just above freezing in subzero air. Tissue insulation provided by low peripheral temperatures and a high resting metabolic rate enable newborn and developing harbor seals to tolerate the low temperatures encountered in their natural environment.

The heat production of oiled mallards and scaup

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. McEwan ◽  
A. F. C. Koelink
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature

A measure of the thermal conductance of the plumage of normal and oiled ducks was determined from regression analyses that related metabolic rate and ambient temperature. The heat loss of heavily oiled mallards and scaup was 1.7 and 2 times greater than their normal values, respectively. Oiling not only tended to increase the basal heat production, but also shifted the lower critical temperature from 12 to 25C. Attempts to rehabilitate the scaup after oiling and cleaning were rarely successful because of plumage deterioration and the loss of water repellency.

Do metabolism and contour plumage insulation vary in response to seasonal energy bottlenecks in superb fairy-wrens?

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Lill ◽  
Jeffrey Box ◽  
John Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The North ◽  
General Metabolism ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
Heat Conservation ◽  
Low Altitude

Many small birds living at mid-to-high latitudes in the North Temperate Zone display seasonal increases in general metabolism and plumage insulation. We examined whether superb fairy-wrens at low altitude in temperate Australia, where winter is milder and the winter–spring transition less pronounced, exhibited similar adjustments. Their oxygen-consumption rate at ambient temperatures in and below their thermoneutral range was measured overnight in winter, spring and summer. Contour plumage mass was also compared in individuals caught in all seasons of the year. Resting-phase metabolic rate in the thermoneutral zone did not vary seasonally. The relationship between ambient temperature and whole-body metabolic rate below lower critical temperature differed in summer and winter, but the regression for spring did not differ from those for summer or winter. Plumage mass was greater (4.04% v. 2.64% of body mass) and calculated whole-bird wet thermal conductance lower (1.55 v. 2.24 mL O2 bird–1 h–1 °C–1) in winter than in summer. Enhanced plumage insulation could have improved heat conservation in autumn and winter. No increase in standard metabolism occurred in winter, perhaps because this season is relatively mild at low altitude in temperate Australia. However, superb fairy-wrens at 37°S operated below their predicted lower critical temperature for most of winter and the early breeding season, so they have presumably evolved as yet unidentified mechanisms for coping with the energy bottlenecks encountered then.

Thermoregulation in the only nocturnal simian: the night monkey Aotus trivirgatus

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (3) ◽  
pp. R156-R165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Le Maho ◽  
M. Goffart ◽  
A. Rochas ◽  
H. Felbabel ◽  
J. Chatonnet
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thermoneutral Zone ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature

The night monkey, a tropical monkey, is the only nocturnal simian; its thermoregulation was studied for comparison with other nocturnal or diurnal primates and other tropical mammals. Resting metabolic rate was 2.6 W (closed-circuit method) and 2.8 W (open-circuit method), 24 and 18% below the value predicted from body mass. The thermoneutral zone was very narrow; the lower critical temperature (LCT) was 28 degrees C and the upper critical temperature (UCT) was 30 degrees C. The body temperature (Tb) was at its minimum (38 degrees C) at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 25 degrees C, thus below the LCT. At low Ta, the increase in metabolic rate (MR) was smaller than predicted by the Scholander model, since MR intersected to a Ta 13 degrees C above Tb when extrapolated to MR = 0; this was attributed to a decrease of body surface area by behavior. The thermal conductance at the LCT was low: 2.3 W . m-2 . degrees C-1. Above the UCT, panting was the major avenue of heat loss. The response pattern of nocturnal habits, low resting metabolic rate, low thermal conductance, and panting in the night monkey, unique among simians, is found in many other mammals of tropical and hot desert habitats; it may be considered as an alternative adaptation to the thermal environment.

Regulation of metabolic rate in Svalbard and Norwegian reindeer

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (5) ◽  
pp. R837-R841 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Nilssen ◽  
J. A. Sundsfjord ◽  
A. S. Blix
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Winter Food ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature

Food intake, body weight, serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (FT4), and metabolic rate were measured at intervals in Svalbard (SR) and Norwegian (NR) reindeer. From summer to winter food intake decreased 57 (SR) and 55% (NR), while body weight decreased 8.6 (SR) and 3.8% (NR). In SR T3 and FT4 changed seasonally, whereas this was only evident for T3 in NR. Resting (standing) metabolic rate (RMR) in winter was 1.55 (SR) and 2.05 W X kg-1 (NR), lower critical temperature (TLC) being -50 (SR) and -30 degrees C (NR). RMR in summer was 2.15 (SR) and 2.95 W X kg-1 (NR), TLC being -15 (SR) and 0 degrees C (NR). Seasonal changes in T3 and FT4 did not coincide with changes in food intake or RMR in either SR or NR. RMR did, however, correlate with food intake. This indicates that seasonal changes in RMR are due to the thermic effects of feeding and represent no physiological adaptation aimed at conservation of energy during winter.

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