Where Do the Heaviest Children Come From? A Prospective Study of White Children From Birth to 5 Years of Age

A prospective follow-up study, from birth to age 5, of height, weight, and weight/height indices in 582 white children was carried out in a suburban private pediatric practice. The purpose of the study was to examine trends in height and weight over time, to evaluate any differences in measures of ponderosity between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants, and to locate the heaviest children at age 5. There were significant correlations between height, weight, the ratio of height to weight, the ponderal index (height/weight1,3), and the Quetelet index (weight/height2) achieved during the first year of life, and that attained at age 5 years. However, approximately 70% of the variance in weight and ponderosity indices at age 5 could not be accounted for by measurement of weight and ponderosity during the first year of life. Breast-fed and bottle-fed infants did not differ in weight and weight/height indices. There was a modest, but consistent, "tracking" pattern among children in the upper decile for weight and ponderosity at age 5 years in that 30% of them were also in the top decile for weight and ponderosity at age 6 months, and 30% to 40% were in the top decile at age 1 year. More than half of the variance in weight or indices of body proportion at age 5 is not accounted for by these variables in the first year of life, indicating limitations to the generalizability of the concept, that obese infants become obese children.

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Breast-Feeding and Infectious Illness, Power and Confidence Intervals

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.88.5.1079a ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 88 (5) ◽

pp. 1079-1080

Author(s):

JUDY HOPKINSON

Keyword(s):

Prospective Study ◽

Confidence Intervals ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

First Year ◽

Infectious Illness ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

The Impact ◽

Breast Fed

The article "Relationship Between Infant Feeding and Infectious Illness: A Prospective Study of Infants During the First Year of Life" by Rubin et al in the April issue of Pediatrics was provocative. Like Mulford, I too am concerned about the definitions of breast-feeding used in the study. Breast-feeding and formula-feeding are defined in such a way that the study actually examines the impact of the degree of breast-feeding on health of breast-fed infants. This may be an important issue in Denmark where the incidence of breast-feeding at 1 month is more than 90%.

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Prevalence of recurrent wheezing in infants and toddlers in Barbados: findings from a prospective study of a cohort of babies born during 2015–2017

Allergologia et Immunopathologia ◽

10.15586/aei.v49i1.21 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 17-24

Author(s):

Alok Kumar ◽

Prerna Singh ◽

Nico Belgrave

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Prospective Study ◽

First Year ◽

Infants And Toddlers ◽

Predictive Index ◽

Recurrent Wheezing ◽

Predictive Risk ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

First Year Of Life

Objectives: The main objective was to determine the prevalence of recurrent wheezing (RW) among infants and toddlers as well as the prevalence of asthma predictive risk factors among those with RW. Materials and methods: A prospective study of a cohort of babies recruited after their birth during July 2015–June 2017. Mothers were contacted using the WhatsApp messaging system for digital follow-up on their baby’s condition at 3-monthly intervals until they were 18 months old. Information on wheezing and its correlates were collected by digital follow-up and corroborated at an in-person interview and examination of their baby at 18 months of age. Recurrent wheezing was defined as more than three episodes of wheezing or its correlates during the follow-up period. Results: There were 338 males (41.5%) and 476 (58.5%) females. Overall, 31.1% (95% CI = 27.9%, 34.4%) had RW by 18 months and the same number had RW during their first year of life. Of the infants with RW, 121 (47.8%; 95% CI = 41.6, 54.2) had at least one or both of the major criteria and/or at least two minor criteria of the stringent Asthma Predictive Index (API). Of those with RW, 32.0% received antihistamine and 20% had received antibiotics on their last visit to a physician for wheezing or symptoms of cough, cold, and/or breathing difficulty. Conclusions: Nearly a third of infants and toddlers had RW and nearly half of the infants with RW had risk factors fulfilling the criteria of the stringent API.

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Patterns of Walker Use and Walker Injury

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.78.3.488 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 488-493 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. J. Rieder ◽

C. Schwartz ◽

J. Newman

Keyword(s):

Prospective Study ◽

Population Studies ◽

First Year ◽

Anticipatory Guidance ◽

Severe Injuries ◽

Initial Injury ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Significant Injury

Infant walkers have been described as a cause of unexpected trauma in the first year of life. We conducted a prospective study to determine the mechanism and pattern of walker injuries presenting to an urban pediatric teaching hospital. We also studied the patterns of walker use. All injuries sustained by infants in baby walkers during a 1-year period were reviewed. The 139 injuries included 29 fractures. The most severe injuries were caused by falls down stairs; these falls accounted for 123 of the injuries. Stair gates were present in one third of all falls. At follow-up 2 months later, two thirds of the children had been in the walker subsequent to the injury. One third were still in the walker at 2 months after their initial injury. Less than half of the homes that had not had stair gates in place had acquired them at the time of follow-up. Baby walkers represent a cause of significant injury in the infant population; studies of warning labels and anticipatory guidance are needed.

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Muenke syndrome: long-term outcome of a syndrome-specific treatment protocol

Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics ◽

10.3171/2019.5.peds1969 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 415-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bianca K. den Ottelander ◽

Robbin de Goederen ◽

Marie-Lise C. van Veelen ◽

Stephanie D. C. van de Beeten ◽

Maarten H. Lequin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Protocol ◽

First Year ◽

Ventricular Size ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Skull Growth ◽

Muenke Syndrome ◽

First Year Of Life

OBJECTIVEThe authors evaluated the long-term outcome of their treatment protocol for Muenke syndrome, which includes a single craniofacial procedure.METHODSThis was a prospective observational cohort study of Muenke syndrome patients who underwent surgery for craniosynostosis within the first year of life. Symptoms and determinants of intracranial hypertension were evaluated by longitudinal monitoring of the presence of papilledema (fundoscopy), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA; with polysomnography), cerebellar tonsillar herniation (MRI studies), ventricular size (MRI and CT studies), and skull growth (occipital frontal head circumference [OFC]). Other evaluated factors included hearing, speech, and ophthalmological outcomes.RESULTSThe study included 38 patients; 36 patients underwent fronto-supraorbital advancement. The median age at last follow-up was 13.2 years (range 1.3–24.4 years). Three patients had papilledema, which was related to ophthalmological disorders in 2 patients. Three patients had mild OSA. Three patients had a Chiari I malformation, and tonsillar descent < 5 mm was present in 6 patients. Tonsillar position was unrelated to papilledema, ventricular size, or restricted skull growth. Ten patients had ventriculomegaly, and the OFC growth curve deflected in 3 patients. Twenty-two patients had hearing loss. Refraction anomalies were diagnosed in 14/15 patients measured at ≥ 8 years of age.CONCLUSIONSPatients with Muenke syndrome treated with a single fronto-supraorbital advancement in their first year of life rarely develop signs of intracranial hypertension, in accordance with the very low prevalence of its causative factors (OSA, hydrocephalus, and restricted skull growth). This illustrates that there is no need for a routine second craniofacial procedure. Patient follow-up should focus on visual assessment and speech and hearing outcomes.

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Abnormal Shoulder Girdle Muscle Tone in Premature Infants During Their First 18 Months of Life

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.77.5.664 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 77 (5) ◽

pp. 664-669

Author(s):

Michael K. Georgieff ◽

Judy C. Bernbaum

Keyword(s):

Premature Infants ◽

Motor Development ◽

Muscle Tone ◽

Birth Asphyxia ◽

Shoulder Girdle ◽

First Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Girdle Muscle ◽

Shoulder Girdle Muscle

To document the incidence of and neonatal factors associated with abnormal shoulder girdle muscle tone in premature infants at follow-up, we studied 125 consecutively admitted infants weighing < 1,750 g treated in The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia intensive care nursery and subsequently seen in the Neonatal Follow-up Program up to 18 months of age. Fifty-seven infants (46%) displayed abnormal shoulder girdle muscle tone which presented clinically as scapular retractions. These infants had significantly lower birth weights (P < .001) and gestational age (P < .001) as well as a higher incidence of acute and chronic pulmonary disease (P < 0.01) and CNS insults (P < .05) when compared with infants without scapular retractions. The 57 infants with scapular retractions were further divided into two groups: 42 infants (74%) in whom scapular retractions were associated with generalized mild hypertonicity and 15 infants (26%) in whom scapular retractions compensated for trunk and neck hypotonicity. The infants with scapular retractions and hypotonicity had a significantly higher incidence of neonatal neurologic morbidity including seizures, major resuscitations, and birth asphyxia (P < .01) when compared with the infants with scapular retractions and hypertonicity. Shoulder girdle tone abnormalities in the first year of life inhibit crawling, sitting, and object manipulation and, therefore, may manifest as delays in motor development. Identification of infants with significant neonatal risk factors for tone abnormalities is important to allow for earlier therapeutic intervention.

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Infant Feeding and Infectious Disease

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.86.5.806a ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 86 (5) ◽

pp. 806-807

Author(s):

CHRIS MULFORD

Keyword(s):

Infant Feeding ◽

Research Question ◽

First Year ◽

Detailed Data ◽

Close Attention ◽

Substantial Investment ◽

Infectious Illness ◽

Definition Of ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

First Year Of Life

To the Editor.— I read with interest the article "Relationship Between Infant Feeding and Infectious Illness: A Prospective Study of Infants During the First Year of Life" by Rubin et al in the April issue.1 Two things puzzle me. The first is that, despite the authors' stated goal of paying close attention to methodology, their definition of breast-feeding fails to meet the standards set forth by most experts on lactation. The second is that, given their substantial investment of time and money in obtaining detailed data on 500 babies for a full year, the authors chose to ask their particular research question.

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Involuntary Smoking and Incidence of Respiratory Illness During the First Year of Life

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.75.3.594 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 594-597

Author(s):

Frank A. Pedreira ◽

Vincent L. Guandolo ◽

Edward J. Feroli ◽

Gordon W. Mella ◽

Ira P. Weiss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family History ◽

Chronic Cough ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

First Year ◽

Adverse Influence ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Lower Respiratory Disease ◽

Paternal Smoking ◽

Involuntary Smoking

A prospective study of 1,144 infants and their families was performed. Smoking and family histories were evaluated with respect to the incidence of lower respiratory disease during the first year of life. It was found that (1) tracheitis and bronchitis occurred significantly more frequently in infants exposed to cigarette smoke in the home, (2) maternal smoking imposed greater risks upon the infant than paternal smoking, (3) occurrence of neither tracheitis nor bronchitis showed a consistent relationship to the number of cigarettes smoked, (4) a family history that was positive for respiratory illness (chronic cough or bronchitis) significantly influenced the incidence of bronchitis, (5) too few cases of laryngitis and pneumonia were seen to warrant any opinions regarding the adverse influence of either smoking or a family history that was positive for respiratory illness, and (6) occurrence of bronchiolitis was not affected by the presence of a smoker nor influenced by a family history that was positive for respiratory illness. It is concluded that passive smoking is dangerous to the health of infants and that infants born to families with a history that is positive for respiratory illness (chronic cough or bronchitis) are at risk of developing bronchitis.

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Nutritional Status as an Important Factor in the Health Status of the Adult

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi15.1-2.1975.19-24 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (1-2) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

J.H.P. Jonxis

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Health Status ◽

Fat Metabolism ◽

Western World ◽

First Year ◽

Economic Factors ◽

Permanent Damage ◽

The Individual ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Breast Fed

Malnutrition in the first year of life may cause permanent damage to the individual. There may be a permanent retardation in growth if the malnutrition is a serious one and the food intake is severely insufficient over a longer, period. Specially when malnutrition occurs in the first months after birth, it may cause damage to the central nervous system.As long as the breast-fed child gets enough breastmilk, it is unlikely that serious problems arise. The declinein feeding in many developing countries is a serious problem, especially because the alternatives for human milk are not always available, owing to economic factors. In the, countries of the Western world there exists just, the opposite problem owing to partial over-nutrition abnormalities in fat metabolism may occur, which may influence the health of the individual later on in life.

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Safety of potential breast milk exposure to IFN-β or glatiramer acetate

Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation ◽

10.1212/nxi.0000000000000757 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. e757

Author(s):

Andrea Ines Ciplea ◽

Annette Langer-Gould ◽

Anna Stahl ◽

Sandra Thiel ◽

Annette Queisser-Wahrendorf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Glatiramer Acetate ◽

Growth Curves ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Physical Growth ◽

First Year ◽

Motor Delay ◽

Infant Outcomes ◽

First Year Of Life

ObjectiveTo determine whether potential breast milk exposure to interferon-beta (IFN-β) or glatiramer acetate (GA) is safe for the infant.MethodsWe identified 74 infants born to 69 women with MS who breastfed under IFN-β (n = 39), GA (n = 34), or both (n = 1). Women had been enrolled into the German Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy Registry during pregnancy. Data were obtained from standardized, telephone-administered questionnaires completed by the mother during pregnancy and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum and the infant's take-home medical record.ResultsThe median duration of exposed breastfeeding was 8.5 months (wide interquartile range: 4.9–12.7 months). Physical growth curves during the first year of life were consistent with national, sex-specific growth curves. Median body measurements were consistent with national medians. Most children (n = 71, 96%) had normal motor and language development. Gross motor delay was reported in 3 children, of whom 1 remained delayed at last follow-up (3.9 years old) and 2 were normal by 0.9 and 4.1 years old. The proportion of children hospitalized at least once (girls n = 2, 7%, and boys n = 6, 14%) and the proportion of children with at least one episode of systemic antibiotic use during the first year of life (girls n = 7, 23%, and boys n = 8, 18%) are consistent with national averages.ConclusionPotential breast milk exposure to IFN-β or GA did not increase the risk of common adverse infant outcomes in the first year of life. Taken together with the benefits of breastfeeding and low biological plausibility of risk, women with MS who wish to resume IFN-β or GA postpartum can be encouraged to breastfeed.

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Outcomes of early repeat sweat testing in infants with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-related metabolic syndrome (CRMS)/CF screen-positive, inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID)

10.22541/au.162150441.16941595/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

vito terlizzi ◽

Laura Claut ◽

Carla Colombo ◽

Antonella Tosco ◽

Alice Castaldo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Definitive Diagnosis ◽

First Year ◽

Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ◽

Transmembrane Conductance ◽

Sweat Chloride ◽

Sweat Testing ◽

Cf Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ◽

First Year Of Life

Background: Reaching early and definitive diagnosis in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator-related metabolic syndrome (CRMS)/CF screen-positive, inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID) is a priority of all CF newborn screening programs. Currently, sweat testing is the gold standard for CF diagnosis or exclusion. We assessed outcomes in a cohort of Italian CRMS/CFSPID infants who underwent repeat sweat testing in the first year of life. Methods: This multicentre, prospective study analysed clinical data and outcomes in CRMS/CFSPID infants born between September 1, 2018 and December 31, 2019, and followed until June 30, 2020. All subjects underwent CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene sequencing and the search for CFTR macrodeletions/macroduplications, and repeat sweat testing in the first year of life. Results: Fifty subjects (median age at end of follow-up, 16 months [range, 7–21 months]) were enrolled. Forty-one (82%) had the first sweat chloride in the intermediate range. During follow up, 150 sweat tests were performed (range, 1–7/infant). After a median follow-up of 8.5 months (range 1–16.2 months), 11 (22%) subjects were definitively diagnosed as follows: CF (n=2 [4%]) at 2 and 5 months, respectively; healthy carrier (n=8 [16%]), at a median age of 4 months (range 2–8 months); and healthy (n=1 [2%]) at 2 months of age. Inconclusive diagnosis remained in 39 (78%) infants. Conclusions: Early repeat sweat testing in the first year of life can shorten the time to definitive diagnosis in screening positive subjects with initial sweat chloride levels in the intermediate range.

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