Familial Bathing Patterns: Implications for Cases of Alleged Molestation and for Pediatric Practice

In a cross-sectional study of how 576, upper-middle class children were socialized around bathing behaviors, families were found to be variable in their handling of bathing practices. But as a group, children were found to bathe alone more frequently as they grew older, and parents were found to bathe less frequently with the child of the opposite sex, particularly as children grew older. It was uncommon for mothers to bathe or shower with sons older than 8 years of age or for fathers to bathe or shower with daughters older than 9 years of age, although most had stopped before that age. This cross-sex aversion may be a reflection of the incest taboo. Several suggestions are made about the development-related changes in bathing practices identified in the study.

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Preschool Vision Screening in Pediatric Practice: A Study From the Pediatric Research in Office Settings (PROS) Network

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.89.5.834 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 89 (5) ◽

pp. 834-838 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Richard C. Wasserman ◽

Candace A. Croft ◽

Sarah E. Brotherton

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vision Screening ◽

Initial Screening ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Older Children ◽

Pediatric Practice ◽

Screening Process ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Supervision

In this cross-sectional study, the vision-screening process is described for 8417 children aged 3 to 5 seen for health supervision in a group of 102 pediatric practices in 23 states and Puerto Rico. Three hundred forty children who failed screening (63% of those who failed) were followed up 2 months after initial screening. The sample was 52% male, 86% white, 9% black, 3% Hispanic, and 1% Asian. Vision screening was attempted on 66% of children overall. Pediatricians' reasons for not screening were "not routine" (44%), "too young" (40%), and "screening done previously" (17%). Younger children were less likely to be screened than older children (39% of those aged 3), and Hispanics were less likely to be screened than other ethnic groups (P < .001). Thirty-three percent of children received no screening for latent strabismus. Two months later, 50% of parents whose child had failed a vision test were unaware of this fact on questionnaire follow-up. Eighty-five percent of children referred to an eye specialist had made or kept an appointment. It is concluded that pediatricians need to increase vision screening among younger preschool children and communicate more effectively to parents the results of screening failure.

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Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding breastfeeding and infant milk substitutes among mothers of upper middle-class society in a baby friendly hospital initiative accredited hospital of New Delhi, India

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20195749 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 173

Author(s):

Maansi Gangwal ◽

Bindu T. Nair ◽

Varun Kumar Singh

Keyword(s):

Maternal Health ◽

Middle Class ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Public Health Intervention ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Milk Substitutes ◽

Upper Middle Class

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is considered a major public health intervention to promote both child and maternal health. Introduction and awareness of infant milk substitutes among mothers appear as a threat to this important practice.Methods: The study is an observational cross-sectional study using a questionnaire containing socio-demographic variables. The study was conducted among 300 mothers who reported to immunization clinic and paediatrics OPD of a BFHI accredited hospital in Delhi. Data collected in the study has been analysed using SPSS version 21.0 and MS-Excel. Student ‘t’ test for quantitative variables and ‘chi square test’ for categorical variable have been used for statistical significance. p-value <0.05 was considered to be significant.Results: In this study 78.7% mothers intended to breastfeed. 71.3% knew that breastfeeding should be continued up to 2 years and 96.3% knew exclusive breastfeed should be given till 6months. Major source of knowledge were doctors and elders of society. However, 49.6% mothers started breastmilk substitutes before 6 months of age. Major causes that appeared as barriers against exclusive breastfeeding were insufficient quantity of milk (23.4%), child refusal (61%) and maternal health problems (15.6%).Conclusions: Despite good knowledge about breastfeeding among upper middle-class mothers, practice of exclusive breastfeeding remains suboptimal. There is a need for more reinforcement upon importance of breastfeeding, its benefits for both mother and baby so as to foster the practice.

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Utility of numerical and visual analog scales for evaluating the post-operative pain in rural areas

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20190991 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 284

Author(s):

Laxminarayana Anpuram

Keyword(s):

Middle Class ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Upper Class ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

P Values ◽

Visual Analog Scales ◽

Post Operative Pain

Background: Under normal circumstances one tries to avoid pain. If incurred, one would like to do something about it, like taking pain killers, seeking medical help or avoiding movements or positions that bring on pain or make it worse. The aim of study was to evaluate the literacy impact on the ability to indicate pain on two rating scales.Methods: This study was a cross sectional study conducted in post-operative patients admitted in tertiary hospital in rural areas of India. This study was conducted between May 2016 to October 2016.Results: In this study, 100 patients were enrolled. illiterate patients were 40 which was the highest and the least was graduate patients which constituted about 8%. Patients who were in upper class was the least which constituted about 6%, patients who were in middle class was the highest which was 65%. P values for age, sex and literacy in VAS scale were 0.642, 0.966 and 0.322 respectively. The P values for age, sex and literacy in NAS scale were 0.711, 0.401 and 0.870 respectively.Conclusions: This study proved that illiterate patients in Indian rural population can easily rate their pain on these scales and thus visual analog scales and numeric analog scales were the simplest tools for assessing the pain.

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Perception of Sexual Harassment among Students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria

The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology ◽

10.36108/njsa/6102/14(0290) ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Caroline Okumdi Muoghalu ◽

Rofiyat Iyabode Olaoye

Keyword(s):

Sexual Harassment ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Topical Issue ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

University System ◽

Determining Factors ◽

Opposite Sex ◽

The University ◽

Harassment Policy

Sexual harassment is a topical issue in Nigerian universities due to its high occurrence. The research examined its prevalence, determining factors, nature and the perceived health implications identified by students of Obafemi Awolowo University. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 180 randomly selected undergraduates in nine halls of residence through the administration of questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings indicated that 46.7 percent of the respondents had experienced sexual harassment and that absence of deterrence, failure of victims to report, drug abuse and lack of respect for the opposite sex were some of the determining factors. The nature of sexual harassment in the University included unwelcome hugging, sexual assault/rape, threats, sexual jokes and sexual gestures. it was also reported that victims suffer depression, anxiety/panic, sleeplessness, abortion and trauma among others. It was concluded that the students perceive sexual harassment as high and as a product of patriarchal gender relations which has permeated the university system. Strict implementation of the university’s sexual harassment policy will go a long way to reducing the incidence sexual harassment in the institution.

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Geographic epidemiology of cardiometabolic risk factors in middle class urban residents in India: cross–sectional study

Journal of Global Health ◽

10.7189/jogh.05.010411 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Rajeev Gupta ◽

Krishna Kumar Sharma ◽

Bal Kishan Gupta ◽

Arvind Gupta ◽

Banshi Saboo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Middle Class ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Urban Residents ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Geographic Epidemiology

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To study the immunization status of children aged 1-5 years admitted to department of pediatrics, Lala Lajpat Rai & Associated Hospitals, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur

IP International Journal of Medical Paediatrics and Oncology ◽

10.18231/j.ijmpo.2021.013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 63-66

Author(s):

Neeta Singh

Keyword(s):

Middle Class ◽

Birth Order ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Lower Class ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lower Middle Class ◽

Medical College ◽

Immunization Status ◽

Upper Middle Class

The Present study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics of Lala Lajpat Rai & Associated Hospital GSVM Medical College, Kanpur. All the children aged between 1-5 years, admitted in Department of Pediatrics were asked to participate in this study. Information regarding vaccination, socio-demographic factors was collected from their parents and care takers. Accuracy and validity of information were confirmed by immunization card in possible situation and inspection for BCG scar. Hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study.In upper class, 100% of children were completely immunized. In upper middle class, 80.8% children had complete and 19.1% partial immunization status. No one remained unimmunized in upper middle class. In lower middle class, 33.9% of children were completely immunized, 59.6% partially immunized and 6.4% remained unimmunized.Children who were 1stin birth order, had maximum immunization coverage (44.8%). Minimum immunization coverage was in birth order >4 (3.2%). P value is <0.001, indicates the significant relation between birth order and immunization status. As birth order increased, immunization coverage decreased. In this present hospital based descriptive cross –sectional study, we found that 51.2% children were fully immunized, 45.6% were partially immunized and 3.2% children were unimmunized as per National immunization schedule. Children belonging to upper class were 100% completely immunized. In upper middle class 80.8% children in lower middle class 33.9%, in upper lower class 55.7% and in lower class 50.9% children were completely immunized respectively. In lower class immunization coverage was higher than lower middle class. Droprate for BCG to pentavalent 1 was 10.64%, similarly dropout from BCG to measles was 12.7%. Dropout rate of pentavalent 1 to pentavalent 2 was 1.4%, pentavalent2 to pentavalent3 was 2.6%. It indicates that system is not able to hold the child once registered. Steps for improvement should focus on reducing the drop rate from BCG to pentavalent and measles.

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Patients' understanding of words used to describe lumps: a cross-sectional study

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215105006481 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Neil K Chadha ◽

Costa Repanos

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

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Does a Graduate Course in Fluency Disorders Make a Difference?

Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders ◽

10.1044/ffd20.1.10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 10-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Evelyn R. Klein ◽

Barbara J. Amster

Keyword(s):

Undergraduate Students ◽

Graduate Programs ◽

The United States ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Graduate Course ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Fluency Disorders ◽

Introductory Course ◽

Communicative Disorders

Abstract A study by Yaruss and Quesal (2002), based on responses from 134 of 239 ASHA accredited graduate programs, indicated that approximately 25% of graduate programs in the United States allow students to earn their degree without having coursework in fluency disorders and 66% of programs allow students to graduate without clinical experience treating people who stutter (PWS). It is not surprising that many clinicians report discomfort in treating PWS. This cross-sectional study compares differences in beliefs about the cause of stuttering between freshman undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory course in communicative disorders and graduate students enrolled and in the final weeks of a graduate course in fluency disorders.

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