The 55 Miles Per Hour Maximum Speed Limit

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 654-654
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Interstate Highways ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Surface Transportation ◽  
Relocation Assistance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Act One

The first significant reduction in three decades in the number of highway deaths was noted in this country when the 55 miles per hour (mph) national speed limit became law in 1973. Where this speed limit is still in force, the reduction in automobile deaths and injuries has been maintained. In 1987, however, Congress passed the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act. One of the provisions of this act was to allow states to raise the speed limit on most rural interstate highways to 65 mph. Because the average highway speed routinely exceeds the prevailing legal limit by at least several miles per hour, the higher speed limit has markedly increased the proportion of traffic traveling at very high speeds. In 1988, 3 times as many vehicles were exceeding 70 mph and 11 times as many vehicles were traveling at speeds greater than 80 mph as in 1986 when the 55 mph speed limit prevailed. These higher speeds have been accompanied by appreciable increases in automobile crash deaths and injuries. The relationship of automobile mortality and morbidity to the speed limit is well documented. The American Academy of Pediatrics endorses a return to the national maximum speed limit of 55 mph as an effective method of lowering the incidence of automobile deaths and injuries. Pediatricians should make every effort to support this form of injury prevention by personal example, education of pediatric patients and their parents, and legislative advocacy.

EXAMINATION OF SPEED LIMIT CHANGE WITH RESPECT TO MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY ON MISSOURI INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS

1998 ◽  
Vol 91 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S30
Author(s):  
Nathan P. Peimann ◽  
Brian K. Jeffords ◽  
Lawrence M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Speed Limit ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Interstate Highways

scholarly journals Relación de las características antropométricas con la velocidad del balón en el fútbol (Relationship of Anthropometric Variables with speed ball in soccer)

Retos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 826-835
Author(s):  
Jesús León Lozada-Medina ◽  
York Fred Santos-Quiroz ◽  
Manuel De Jesús Cortina Nuñez ◽  
Carlos Armando Hoyos-Espitia ◽  
Luis Eduardo Pupo Sfeir
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Ball Speed ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

  En el fútbol la posibilidad de generar tiros estáticos con alta velocidad, puede determinar el resultado de un juego al disminuir la posibilidad de reacción del guardameta. La investigación se planteó analizar las características antropométricas con la velocidad del balón en el fútbol. Se evaluaron 17 futbolistas masculinos de la selección del estado Barinas categoría sub-20. (173,2 cm ±6,9 y 65 kg ±7,8). Las variables antropométricas se recolectaron según protocolo de ISAK, para la valoración de la proporcionalidad y la composición corporal se utilizó el método escalable, comparándose mediante un prototipo ontogénico deportivo; se aplicó una prueba de la velocidad pico del balón en el tiro estático sin intención de precisión utilizando un radar doopler para el registro de las velocidades. Los resultados muestran que existe una correlación significativa (<,05) directa para el índice Z de la altura ileoespinal, e inversa para el índice Z del panículo del muslo con respecto a la velocidad máxima del balón en el tiro estático, ambas correlaciones presentan un coeficiente de determinación de 24% y 25,8% respectivamente. No se hallaron correlaciones (>,05) para los índices Z de la altura tibial lateral, la longitud trocánter tibial lateral, ni para el área magra del muslo con la velocidad máxima del balón. De esta manera la menor acumulación de tejido adiposo y mayor altura del miembro inferior se consideran variables relacionadas a la generación de mayores velocidades con el balón. Abstract. In Soccer the possibility of generating static shots with high speed can determine the outcome of a game to reduce the chance of reaction of the goal keeper. This research study analyzes the relationship of body proportionality and body composition with maximum ball speed shooting of soccer. 17 male players under the age of 20 (U-20) of Barinas State (173.2 cm ± 6.9 and 65 ± 7.8 kg) were evaluated. The anthropometric variables were collected according to ISAK protocol. For the assessment of proportionality and body composition scalable method was used being compared through an ontogenetic sport prototype. A test of peak ball velocity was applied in the static shot without focusing on precision using a doopler radar to record speeds. The results show that there is a significant direct correlation (<.05) for Z ileoespinal height index, and inverse for Z index panículo thigh with respect to the maximum speed of the ball in the static shot. Both correlations present a coefficient of determination of 24% and 25.8% respectively. No correlations (> -.05) were found for the Z indices of lateral tibial height, lateral tibial length trochanter or for the lean thigh area with the maximum speed of the ball. Therefore, the lower accumulation of adipose tissue and greater height of the lower limb are considered variables related to the generation of higher velocities with the ball.

scholarly journals Is The ‘Rule of Tens’ a Necessary Screening Criteria in Cleft Lip Surgeries

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibadurahman Ibadurahman ◽  
Gentur Sudjatmiko
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Wound Dehiscence ◽  
Screening Criteria ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Cleft Lip Repair ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The  “rule  of  tens”  (ROT)  is still  widely  applied nowadays  in  many cleft centers worldwide for cleft lip surgery, although many surgeons do not implement it as a  standard ru Recent advances in  the field of anesthesiology  have  enhanced the  safety  of surgery for neonates. In Indonesia, ROT is still applied but is still flexible,  due  to some  pertaining  social  confiicts.  The relevance of ROT to  the  rate  of  mortality and morbidity is still unknown. This study aims to assess the need of using ROT in cleft lip surgeries.Methods: A  retrospective study  was conducted. Data  was obtained from  the  medical  records of patients who  had undergone  cleft lip repair  between  January 2004  to December  2005  in  one  day  care  setting.  All data  related  to  ROT  parameters  was  categorized  in  two  groups,  either fit  or  unfit  according  to  ROT criterias. The relationship of ROT to rate of associated morbidity and mortality was evaluated.Results: There  were  204  cases of cleft lip repair  with  age  range  of  6-week  to  12-year  old.  More  than  half (52.9%) was  unfit for ROT. There  were  twelve cases of wound dehiscence  and one  total  breakdown of the sutures, and no mortality. There were no statistically significant correlation ce between ROT and the rate of dehiscence. Conclusion: ROT is not a definitive criterion that could predict the success of cleft lip repair surgery.

Exercise in Birds

1991 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. BUTLER
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Tufted Duck ◽  
Underwater Propulsion ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Birds have two independent locomotor systems: the forelimbs (wings) are used predominantly for aerial flight, but may be used for underwater propulsion, e.g. in penguins; the hindlimbs (legs) are used for running, surface swimming and diving. In birds of similar mass, energy consumption during flight is approximately 2.5 times greater than that when running or swimming at maximum speed. This difference is the result not only of the larger mass of the flight muscles compared with that of the leg muscles, but also of their greater oxidative capacity. Interestingly, the relationship of energy consumption to body mass in cursorial birds when running is similar to that of volant birds when flying. Energy consumption during diving may be as high in some birds (e.g. tufted duck) as when they are swimming at maximum sustainable speed, and this is not influenced by water temperature. The composition of the flight and leg muscles is different. The muscles of the leg consist of deeply situated slow oxidative (SO) fibres, which are active during quiet standing and walking, fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibres, which are recruited during walking and sustained running or swimming, and peripherally located fast glycolytic (FG) fibres, which are recruited at the highest running or swimming speeds. In most volant birds, the pectoralis muscle consists predominantly of FOG fibres with a smaller percentage of FG fibres. There is some controversy over the occurrence of SO fibres in some species, although they are most probably present in those that glide. The FOG fibres are highly oxidative, with a high capillary density. The respiratory and cardiovascular adjustments that occur during flying, running and diving are described, and the ability of some species of birds to fly at extremely high altitudes, where the partial pressure is one-third of the sea level value, is discussed.

scholarly journals Analysis of Mortality and Morbidity in COVID-19 Patients with Obesity Using Clinical Epidemiological Data from the Korean Center for Disease Control & Prevention

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9336
Author(s):  
So Young Kim ◽  
Dae-Myoung Yoo ◽  
Chanyang Min ◽  
Jee Hye Wee ◽  
Joo-Hee Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Previous studies have reported the association of obesity with increased morbidity or mortality due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to investigate the relationship of obesity, as defined by the body mass index (BMI), with morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19. Data from 5628 confirmed COVID-19 patients were collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Korea. The hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality in the BMI groups were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for covariates. The odds ratios (ORs) of morbidity and diabetes in the BMI groups were analyzed using logistic regression adjusted for the same covariates. Both underweight and obesity were associated with a higher HR for mortality (adjusted HR = 2.28, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] = 1.23–4.25, p = 0.009 for underweight and adjusted HR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.10–2.66, p = 0.017 for obese). Obesity was related to higher odds of morbidity (adjusted OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.32–2.21, p < 0.001). Underweight and obesity were associated with high mortality and/or morbidity due to COVID-19 in Korea.

scholarly journals Study of Mortality and Morbidity in Neonates with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

2021 ◽  
pp. 277-282
Author(s):  
Zainab Elahi ◽  
Seyyed Abolfazl Afje ◽  
Mohammad Kazemian ◽  
Maryam Shariati ◽  
Naeeme Taslimi Taleghani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia ◽  
Diaphragmatic Hernia ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Type Of Delivery

Introduction: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia may either lead to death or cause several complications such as increased pulmonary artery pressure. Objective: The present study aimed to compare mortality and morbidity, vasopressor intake, and visceral hernia of CDH neonates with pulmonary hypertension and without pulmonary hypertension in Mahdieh and Mofid hospitals in Tehran. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study included 56 neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia who were admitted to Mofid and Mahdieh Children's Hospitals from 2014 to 2018. The sample size included 56 people selected based on census method. We compared the pulmonary hypertension and non-pulmonary hypertension groups in variables, such as gender, gestational age, birth weight, place of birth, and type of delivery and we examined relationship between pulmonary hypertension and mortality and morbidity and relationship between mortality and vasopressor intake. Results: The OR value was calculated to be 1.106, which is significant at the level of 0.004 (p < 0.01). This finding indicated that the chance of death in the group of infants with severe pulmonary hypertension was increased by 1.106. Also, the relationship of visceral hernia (stomach, intestine, liver, kidney, and spleen) to thorax was examined by logistic regression. Only the OR value of liver hernia (9.42) was significant (p < 0.001), indicating that the chance of death was higher in infants with liver hernias. It also the OR value of dopamine, dobutamine, and milrinone was significant (p < 0.01). Conclusion: In general, the results obtained in our study indicated that the mortality rate in the group of infants with pulmonary hypertension was significantly higher than the group without pulmonary hypertension. Also, liver hernia to thorax was associated with the severity of pulmonary hypertension, and the patients needed medication had a higher chance of death.

scholarly journals The sequence of camelpox virus shows it is most closely related to variola virus, the cause of smallpox

2002 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Gubser ◽  
Geoffrey L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Protein Sequences ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Variola Virus ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Dna Strand ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reading Frames

Camelpox virus (CMPV) and variola virus (VAR) are orthopoxviruses (OPVs) that share several biological features and cause high mortality and morbidity in their single host species. The sequence of a virulent CMPV strain was determined; it is 202182 bp long, with inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of 6045 bp and has 206 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). As for other poxviruses, the genes are tightly packed with little non-coding sequence. Most genes within 25 kb of each terminus are transcribed outwards towards the terminus, whereas genes within the centre of the genome are transcribed from either DNA strand. The central region of the genome contains genes that are highly conserved in other OPVs and 87 of these are conserved in all sequenced chordopoxviruses. In contrast, genes towards either terminus are more variable and encode proteins involved in host range, virulence or immunomodulation. In some cases, these are broken versions of genes found in other OPVs. The relationship of CMPV to other OPVs was analysed by comparisons of DNA and predicted protein sequences, repeats within the ITRs and arrangement of ORFs within the terminal regions. Each comparison gave the same conclusion: CMPV is the closest known virus to variola virus, the cause of smallpox.

The 55 Miles per Hour Maximum Speed Limit

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-304
Author(s):  
H. James Holroyd ◽  
Lorne K. Garrettson ◽  
Joseph Greensher ◽  
Matilda S. McIntire ◽  
Leonard S. Krassner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Crisis ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Automobile Accidents ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Automobile Accident ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
The One

When the 55 mph national speed limit became a law in 1973, the first significant reduction in the number of highway deaths in this country occurred. When this speed limit has been maintained, the number of automobile accident fatalities and injuries has continued to decrease. However, recent statistics1 indicate that the legal speed limit is again being exceeded, and the number of automobile accidents are again beginning to rise.2-4 The United States is in the midst of a worse energy crisis than the one which prompted the enactment of the 55 mph speed limit in 1973, and we should be more aware of attempts to save energy as well as save lives. The Committee published comments on the incidence of mortality and morbidity in automobile accidents and the speed limit in its 1975 and 1976- 1977 newsletters.5,6 Because of recent statistics, the Committee wishes to reemphasize its previous statements. The Committee strongly endorses the national, maximum speed limit of 55 mph as an effective method of lowering the incidence of automobile accidents, injuries, and fatalities. Pediatricians should make every effort to reinforce this form of accident prevention by personal example and by education of pediatric patients and their parents.

Impact of 65-mph Speed Limit on Iowa’s Rural Interstate Highways: Integrated Bayesian Forecasting and Dynamic Modeling Approach

1998 ◽  
Vol 1640 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanmuganathan Raju ◽  
Reginald Souleyrette ◽  
Thomas H. Maze
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Dynamic Modeling ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Bayesian Forecasting ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Surface Transportation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
Relocation Assistance ◽  
The Impact

In 1987, a provision of the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act allowed states to raise speed limits on rural Interstates to 65 mph (104.6 km/h). By 1995, nearly all states had done so. Several studies have investigated the safety impacts of these increases. Methodologies varied from analysis of variance to simple before and after comparison and have included time series procedures, with and without intervention variables. In general, these studies have produced contradictory findings. An integrated Bayesian forecasting and dynamic modeling approach used to determine the impact of the increased speed limit on rural Interstates of Iowa is reported. The approach is used to verify that raising the speed limit to 65 mph (104.6 km/h) led to an increase in fatal accidents on rural Interstates of Iowa. Comparison of fatal accident data on rural Interstates of Iowa and New Jersey yields similar results. Although this conclusion was anticipated, the study further demonstrates that a Bayesian/dynamic approach is more robust than the standard time series model.

scholarly journals Hypertension and sex related differences in mortality of COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 037-043
Author(s):  
Ghosh Probir Kumar ◽  
Hossain Mollah Mohammad Manir ◽  
Alauddin Chowdhury ABM ◽  
Alam Nazmul ◽  
Harun Golam Dostogir
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Many ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases and premature deaths. Hypertension plays a striking role in mortality and morbidity in case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection; however, numerous studies have reported contradictory findings. Objective: To assess the relationship of hypertensive disease and mortality of COVID-19 infection and to assess the sex and age differentials on the association. Methods: We have conducted a systematic review of published literatures that identified the relationship between hypertension and mortality of COVID-19 infections. Nineteen articles were selected following structured inclusion and exclusion criteria for systematic review and analyses. A total of 21,684 hospital admitted COVID-19 patients were included in this review and meta-analysis from 19 studies. The studies covered the six months of the pandemic from December 2019 to May 2020. Results: In the pooled analysis, the median age of patients was 58 years, and the proportion of male patients was 58.8%. In contrast, we estimated 33.26% of hypertensive and 19.16% of diabetes mellitus patients in the studies. Hypertension was found to be associated with COVID-19 mortality (“Risk ratio (RR) = 1.45, [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.35 - 1.55]; I2 = 77.1%, p - value < 0.001”). The association in the meta-regression was affected by sex (p - value = 0.050). The association was found to be stronger in the studies with males ≥ 55% and age ≥ 55 years (“RR = 1.65, [95% CI: 1.52 - 1.78]; I2 = 77.1%, p - value < 0.001”) compared to male < 55% or age < 55 years (“RR = 1.11, [95% CI: 0.94 - 1.28]; I2 = 72.2%, p - value < 0.001”). Conclusion: Hypertension was significantly strong associated with COVID-19 mortality which may account for the contradiction in the many studies. The association between hypertension and mortality was affected by sex and there were significantly higher fatalities among older male patients.

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