Specifics of the morphological identification of the pathogen of passaluariasis of rabbits

Passalurus ambiguus (Nematoda, Oxyuroidae) is one of the most common parasites of digestive tract of domestic and wild rabbits and rodents. Passalurus spp. are cosmopolitan, and the mature nematodes are localized in the appendages and large intestine of animals. The passaluariasis infections remain quite relevant in modern rabbit breeding, because the disease is highly contagious, with the possibility of unlimited spread inducing significant economic losses. The aim of the study was to determine the identifying morphological species characteristics of P. ambiguus nematodes, which were isolated from the colon of domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus). The identifying characters of Passalurus include morphological features, namely the presence of a spherical bulb in the esophagus, and the presence of three teeth in the oral capsule. Males of P. ambiguus have a characteristic structure of the tail end, namely the presence of papillary protrusions and a massive narrowed part with a spicule handle, and five papillae around the cloaca. Twenty-eight metric indicators are proposed that characterize the size of the body, oral capsule, esophagus in different parts of it, the tail end, spicules, the location of the cloaca. Two different morphotypes of mature females of P. ambiguus were revealed – short-tailed and long-tailed, which were larger by 19 indicators (by 3.2–43.6%). The morphotypes of P. ambiguus females are characterized; the length of the tail, body length and width in different areas, depth of the oral capsule, esophageal size and its structural elements, the location of the vulva and nerve ring, the width of the caudal process. At the same time, the parameters of esophageal bulb length and caudal process in short-tailed females were higher (by 13.9% and 11.9%, respectively) than in the long-tailed females. A total of 25 morphometric parameters were proposed for the identification of P. ambiguus females. The obtained data indicate the feasibility of further research on the causes of occurrence of such morphotypes in P. ambiguus females and the need to take into account the existence of such forms of females for their differential diagnosis taking into account their proposed morphometric parameters.

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Morphological identification of Nematodirus spathiger nematodes (Nematoda, Molineidae) obtained from the small intestine of sheep

Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems ◽

10.15421/022119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 121-127

Author(s):

V. Melnychuk ◽

V. Yevstafieva ◽

M. Pishchalenko ◽

O. Reshetylo ◽

A. Antipov

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

The Body ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Domestic Sheep ◽

Morphological Identification ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Morphometric Characters ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Delayed Growth

Strongyloidiases are caused by nematodes of the suborder Strongylida and are the most widely prevalent group of gastrointestinal helminthiases of sheep in many regions of the world. Among gastrointestinal strongylids, the helminths of the genus Nematodirus are represented by the largest number of species and highest infection rates in sheep. Nematodirosis causes significant economic losses in the sheep industry through decreased sheep productivity, delayed growth and development of young animals, and a reduced resistance to other diseases. Timely and accurate diagnosis of nematodirosis and identification of the pathogen will effectively prevent the disease and help to carry out treatment and prevention measures. Therefore, the aim of the work was to study the definitive morphometric characters of mature males and females of Nematodirus spathiger Railliet, 1896, obtained from the small intestine of domestic sheep. The results of experimental studies showed that nematodes of this species morphologically are characterized by a thin filiform body, a vesicle at the head end and a chitinous tooth in a short oral capsule. The differential morphological features of male nematodes of N. spathiger include specifics of the structure of spicules, their distal end and the shape and location of the rays of the caudal bursa; in females, those are the features of the structure of the vulva and tail end. In identification of male nematodes of N. spathiger, it is proposed to use 40 metric parameters, of which 11 characterize the overall size of the body, esophagus and vesicles, 24 refer to the size of the tail bursa, 5 to the size of the spicules and the enveloping membrane. To help identify the females of N. spathiger, 25 parameters are chosen, of which 14 also characterize the overall size of the body, esophagus and head vesicle, 6 refer to the size of the cuticular formations of the vulva and its location, and 5 to the size of the tail end, the location of the anus and the size of the tail spike.

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Pathophysiology of Fever and Application of Infrared Thermography (IRT) in the Detection of Sick Domestic Animals: Recent Advances

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11082316 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 2316

Author(s):

Daniel Mota-Rojas ◽

Dehua Wang ◽

Cristiane Gonçalves Titto ◽

Jocelyn Gómez-Prado ◽

Verónica Carvajal-de la Fuente ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Infrared Thermography ◽

Core Body Temperature ◽

The Body ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Febrile Response ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Stable Temperature ◽

Core Body

Body-temperature elevations are multifactorial in origin and classified as hyperthermia as a rise in temperature due to alterations in the thermoregulation mechanism; the body loses the ability to control or regulate body temperature. In contrast, fever is a controlled state, since the body adjusts its stable temperature range to increase body temperature without losing the thermoregulation capacity. Fever refers to an acute phase response that confers a survival benefit on the body, raising core body temperature during infection or systemic inflammation processes to reduce the survival and proliferation of infectious pathogens by altering temperature, restriction of essential nutrients, and the activation of an immune reaction. However, once the infection resolves, the febrile response must be tightly regulated to avoid excessive tissue damage. During fever, neurological, endocrine, immunological, and metabolic changes occur that cause an increase in the stable temperature range, which allows the core body temperature to be considerably increased to stop the invasion of the offending agent and restrict the damage to the organism. There are different metabolic mechanisms of thermoregulation in the febrile response at the central and peripheral levels and cellular events. In response to cold or heat, the brain triggers thermoregulatory responses to coping with changes in body temperature, including autonomic effectors, such as thermogenesis, vasodilation, sweating, and behavioral mechanisms, that trigger flexible, goal-oriented actions, such as seeking heat or cold, nest building, and postural extension. Infrared thermography (IRT) has proven to be a reliable method for the early detection of pathologies affecting animal health and welfare that represent economic losses for farmers. However, the standardization of protocols for IRT use is still needed. Together with the complete understanding of the physiological and behavioral responses involved in the febrile process, it is possible to have timely solutions to serious problem situations. For this reason, the present review aims to analyze the new findings in pathophysiological mechanisms of the febrile process, the heat-loss mechanisms in an animal with fever, thermoregulation, the adverse effects of fever, and recent scientific findings related to different pathologies in farm animals through the use of IRT.

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Gene Variations in Cis-Acting Elements between the Taiwan and Prototype Strains of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Alter Viral Gene Expression

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes9120591 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 591

Author(s):

Tsung-Lin Tsai ◽

Chen-Chang Su ◽

Ching-Chi Hsieh ◽

Chao-Nan Lin ◽

Hui-Wen Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽

The Body ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Viral Gene ◽

Sequence Motif ◽

Cis Acting ◽

Diarrhea Virus ◽

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽

In Cis

In 2013, the outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) in Taiwan caused serious economic losses. In this study, we examined whether the variations of the cis-acting elements between the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) Taiwan (TW) strain and the prototype strain CV777 alter gene expression. For this aim, we analyzed the variations of the cis-acting elements in the 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs) between the PEDV TW, CV777, and other reference strains. We also determined the previously unidentified transcription regulatory sequence (TRS), a sequence motif required for coronavirus transcription, and found that a nucleotide deletion in the TW strain, in comparison with CV777 strain, immediately downstream of the leader core sequence alters the identity between the leader TRS and the body TRS. Functional analyses using coronavirus defective interfering (DI) RNA revealed that such variations in cis-acting elements for the TW strain compared with the CV777 strain have an influence on the efficiency of gene expression. The current data show for the first time the evolution of PEDV in terms of cis-acting elements and their effects on gene expression, and thus may contribute to our understanding of recent PED outbreaks worldwide.

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THE COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF AGE, SEXUAL AND TYPOLOGICAL MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF UNPAIRED BRANCHES OF THE ABDOMINAL AORTA OF ADULTS ACCORDING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

MORPHOLOGICAL NEWSLETTER ◽

10.20340/mv-mn.19(27).02.13-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 13-18

Author(s):

I. V. Gaiyvoronsky ◽

P. M. Bykov ◽

M. G. Gaivoronskaya ◽

G. I. Sinenchenko

Keyword(s):

Superior Mesenteric Artery ◽

Abdominal Aorta ◽

Mesenteric Artery ◽

Celiac Trunk ◽

Morphometric Parameters ◽

The Body ◽

Body Type ◽

Elderly Age ◽

Main Trunk ◽

Men And Women

The rapid development of transplantation, endovascular and minimally invasive surgery necessitates a detailed study of the structural features of the vessels of the abdominal cavity. The purpose of the study is the characteristics of the morphometric parameters of the abdominal aorta and its unpaired branches in men and women at different ages and depending on the body type. The analysis of 266 computer tomograms of the abdominal part of aorta and its unpaired branches was carried out in adult men women divided into three age groups (first and second periods of mature age and elderly age), as well as into three groups according to the Pinier index (asthenic, normosthenic and hypersthenic body types). It was established that individual morphometric parameters of the abdominal part of aorta and its unpaired branches in men and women significantly change with age. It is proved that the diameter of the aorta at various levels significantly increases with age from the first mature to the elderly age by an average of 5 mm. However, in men, the length of the abdominal aorta, celiac trunk and main trunk of the superior mesenteric artery does not change with age. In women, the length of the celiac trunk increases with age at 5.9 mm, the length of the main trunk of the superior mesenteric artery - at 17 mm. The angle of discharge of the celiac trunk in men changes unevenly with age - in the second period of mature age, there is a statistically significant decrease by an average to 12.3°, then in old age an increase to 15°. Moreover, in women, the values of this indicator vary more evenly. The angles of discharge of other vessels did not show a clear age dependence, since this parameter is largely due to the constitutional features. The aorto-mesenteric distance changes with age only in women. In elderly age, it is on average 4.4 mm larger than in the first period of mature age. It was also found that there are significant differences between constitutional types identified using the Pinier index in the overwhelming majority of the morphometric parameters studied. The obtained information has a significant clinical importance, since it will allow objectifying the diagnostic criteria of various vascular syndromes and minimizing the risk of endovascular interventions.

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First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hapla Parasitizing Roses in Ethiopia

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-14-0383-pdn ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (9) ◽

pp. 1286-1286 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Beira H. Meressa ◽

H. Heuer ◽

H.-W. Dehne ◽

J. Hallmann

Keyword(s):

Addis Ababa ◽

Sequence Similarity ◽

Infected Plant ◽

Export Market ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Morphological Identification ◽

Meloidogyne Hapla ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Damage Potential

Meloidogyne hapla is one of the most damaging plant-parasitic nematodes in temperate regions. This nematode has a wide host range with more than 500 plant taxa including roses. In Ethiopia, rose production has developed over the past 10 years to the second most important export market after coffee. Considering the high damage potential of M. hapla, infestation of roses in Ethiopia with this nematode could result in major economic losses. Therefore, awareness of this nematode species is extremely important. During two surveys conducted in August 2011 and April 2012, M. hapla was detected in soil samples from six out of nine rose producing farms located in the districts of Ziway, Holleta, Sebeta, and Menagesha. At infested farms, rose plants appeared stunted and less productive and often showed symptoms of chlorosis and wilting. Identification was based on morphological and morphometrical characters of females, males, and second-stage juveniles, which were all within the range of variability known for this species (4). Shape of juvenile stylet knobs, shape of male head, and perennial pattern of the females with characteristic punctuations between the anus and tail terminus were also typical for M. hapla. The morphological identification was confirmed by sequence analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segment of the 28S rDNA gene following amplification with the primers D2A (5′-ACAAGTACCGTGAGGGAAAGTT-3′) and D3B (5′-TCGGAAGGAACCAGCTACTA-3′) (1). PCR products were purified and sequenced at the Macrogene sequencing facility service (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Sequences were deposited in GenBank (KJ645427 to 33). The sequences were compared with previously published sequences in NCBI database and showed 96 to 100% sequence similarity with M. hapla accession nos. GQ130139, DQ328685, KF430798, and DQ145641. Unfortunately, comparison of sequences did not provide further information about the origin of this Ethiopian population, if it is native to Ethiopia or was imported with infected plant material. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of M. hapla occurring in Ethiopia. M. hapla is known as a serious pest of roses in colder climate regions. In Africa, it was previously reported from Tanzania (3) and South Africa (2). Thus, it appears that this species has now become also established in Ethiopia at higher altitudes (1,400 to 2,100 m above sea level) within the urban hinterland of Addis Ababa. References: (1) Baldwin et al. Mol. Phy. Evol. 8:248, 1887. (2) J. H. O'Bannon. Institute Agri. Res. 29, 1975. (3) E. Onkendi and L. N. Moleleki. Eur. J. Pl. Pathol. 136:1, 2013. (4) A. G. Whitehead. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lon.31:263, 1968.

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Scuticociliatosis caused by Uronema sp. in ten different ornamental aquarium reef fish in Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612019104 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pedro Henrique Magalhães Cardoso ◽

Luisa Zanolli Moreno ◽

Andrea Micke Moreno ◽

Simone de Carvalho Balian ◽

Carolina Helena de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reef Fish ◽

Inflammatory Process ◽

Ornamental Fish ◽

The Body ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Vacuolar Degeneration ◽

Diseased Fish ◽

Ulcerative Lesions ◽

Severity Of The Disease

Abstract Scuticociliatosis, caused by an opportunistic ciliate protozoan, is responsible for significant economic losses in marine ornamental fish. This study reports the occurrence of Uronema spp., parasitizing ten species of marine reef fish at an ornamental fish wholesaler: Blue green damselfish (Chromis viridis), Vanderbilt’s Chromis (Chromis vanderbilti), Pennant coralfish (Heniochus acuminatus), Threespot angelfish (Apolemichthys trimaculatus), Goldspotted angelfish (Apolemichthys xanthopunctatus), Sea goldie (Pseudanthias squamipinnis), Orchid dottyback (Pseudochromis fridmani), Threadfin butterflyfish (Chaetodon auriga), Vagabond butterflyfish (Chaetodon vagabundus), and Bluecheek butterflyfish (Chaetodon semilarvatus). Diseased fish showed disorders such as hemorrhages and ulcerative lesions on the body surface. Histopathological analysis of the muscle, liver, gut, kidney, spleen, gills, and stomach revealed hemorrhages and degeneration of muscle fiber, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocyte, inflammatory process and granuloma in the liver, atrophy of intestinal villi, inflammatory process and granuloma in the kidney, melanomacrophage centers, as well as inflammatory process in the spleen, epithelial cells hyperplasia and granuloma formation in the gills, and vacuolar degeneration and eosinophils in the stomach. Due to the severity of the disease, it is necessary to implement biosecurity measures with rapid and accurate diagnosis to minimize the risk of economic losses caused by Uronema spp.

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Prevalence and distribution of feet lesions in dairy cows raised in the freestall

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n1p239 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 239 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rafael Costa Ebling ◽

Amanda Krummenauer ◽

Gustavo Machado ◽

Diego Zeni ◽

Luis Paulo Carazzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

The Body ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Productivity Losses ◽

Foot Diseases ◽

Infectious Origin ◽

Condition Score ◽

Foot Lesions ◽

Sole Ulcers

Foot lesions are one of the main causes of productivity losses in the dairy industry. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of claudication and distribution of hoof lesions by associating them with preventive hoof trimming, as well as list the main causes of involuntary discarding and the main health problems reported in dairy farms. The study included 10 farms distributed in 7 municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul state. The body condition score (BCS) and locomotion score (LS) of the cows were assessed. Hoof examination, lesion classification, and hoof trimming of the animals were performed. Of the 492 animals, 38.4% presented lameness and 36% had foot lesions, 81.4% of which were observed in the pelvic limbs and 19.6% in the thoracic limbs. Of the lesions in the limbs, 47.1% were of infectious origin and 52.9% were noninfectious. The main lesions were sole ulcers (31.6%), digital dermatitis (30.3%), thin soles (12%), and interdigital dermatitis (11.2%). Cows aged 4 to 6 years had a higher number of lesions and a higher LS. Preventive hoof trimming reduced the chances of lameness by 55% as the locomotive system was the main sanitary problem and the first reason for involuntary disposal of the farms. The results show that dairy cows raised in a free stall system have a high prevalence of claudication and foot diseases. These data should be taken into account when altering the livestock management of these animals in order to reduce significant economic losses in the herd.

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SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN PSEUDOPUS APODUS (REPTILIA: SAURIA: ANGUIDAE) FROM THE STEPPE CRIMEA

Ecologica Montenegrina ◽

10.37828/em.2018.19.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Oleg V. Kukushkin ◽

Igor V. Dovgal

Keyword(s):

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Morphometric Parameters ◽

The Body ◽

Body Proportions ◽

Reliable Determination ◽

Kerch Peninsula ◽

The Crimea ◽

Males And Females ◽

Almost All

The current paper is focused on sexual dimorphism of a giant glass lizard, or sheltopusik, Pseudopus apodus apodus (Pallas, 1775) from its northernmost populations inhabiting the Crimea. In total, 72 P. apodus individuals (45 males and 27 females) were collected at the Kerch Peninsula during 2013–2017. To estimate the variability, 13 morphometric parameters and 18 indices characterizing the head and body proportions were used. It was found that males and females differed significantly by means of almost all parameters, except the body and tail sizes. Besides that, the differences by 10 ratios characterizing head proportions were revealed as well. However, a reliable determination of the lizard sex using linear sizes and/or ratios values seems to be impossible because of the strong overlap of the variability ranges in both sexes. At the same time, the use of the canonical discriminant analysis by the complex of morphometric parameters and by ratios has shown that the males and females in both datasets are classified correctly basing on the sex with an accuracy approximating 100%. The differences in the allometric growth of males and females partially define the sexual dimorphism of P. apodus on head size and shape. A sex-related differences in the development of at least one pair of parameters (head and snout lengths) were clearly evident, since isometry was established for males, while allometry ‒ for females. Moreover, the systems of correlation between the body and head parts differ in both sexes. Thus, male characterisitics correlate significanly, while the female ones were less toughly connected, and some pairs of parameters did not correlate at all.

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Dynamics of morphometric parameters of α-endocrinocytes of mammal pancreas

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202017503023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 175 ◽

pp. 03023

Author(s):

Olga Dilekova ◽

Cristina Pavlova ◽

Valentina Shpygova ◽

Nikolai Agarkov ◽

Vladislav Porublyov

Keyword(s):

Postnatal Development ◽

Critical Period ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Morphometric Parameters ◽

The Body ◽

Postnatal Ontogenesis ◽

Dynamic Processes ◽

Physiological Changes ◽

Critical Periods ◽

Age Related

In domestic animals in postnatal ontogenesis, statistically significant changes in the number of α-endocrinocytes and the values of their nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in the endocrine islets of pancreas have been revealed, which reflects the species and age-related dynamic processes of its morphofunctional development in animals. In cattle and small cattle (sheep), pigs, dogs and cats, two critical periods of postnatal development of the pancreas have been identified. The first critical period is observed from the birth to the age of three months. It is associated with an alimentary factor: the transition from a dairy diet to roughage, which leads to a decrease in the values of morphometric indicators of the pancreas and the restructuring of the functional work of the organ as a whole. The second critical period is registered in animals during puberty, that is, at 6 months of age, which is associated with the release of hormonal inducers aimed primarily at the implementation of physiological changes in the body.

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Surface Area of Patellar Facets: Inferential Statistics in the Iraqi Population

Anatomy Research International ◽

10.1155/2017/2685159 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ahmed Al-Imam ◽

Zaid Al-Zamili ◽

Rawan Omar

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Statistical Correlation ◽

Morphometric Parameters ◽

The Body ◽

Sesamoid Bone ◽

Inferential Statistics ◽

Surface Areas ◽

Dimensional Complexity ◽

Image Analyses

Background. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body; its three-dimensional complexity necessitates biomechanical perfection. Numerous pathologies occur at the patellofemoral unit which may end in degenerative changes. This study aims to test the presence of statistical correlation between the surface areas of patellar facets and other patellar morphometric parameters. Materials and Methods. Forty dry human patellae were studied. The morphometry of each patella was measured using a digital Vernier Caliper, electronic balance, and image analyses software known as ImageJ. The patellar facetal surface area was correlated with patellar weight, height, width, and thickness. Results. Inferential statistics proved the existence of linear correlation of total facetal surface area and patellar weight, height, width, and thickness. The correlation was strongest for surface area versus patellar weight. The lateral facetal area was found persistently larger than the medial facetal area, the p value was found to be <0.001 (one-tailed t-test) for right patellae, and another significant p value of < 0.001 (one-tailed t-test) was found for left patellae. Conclusion. These data are vital for the restoration of the normal biomechanics of the patellofemoral unit; these are to be consulted during knee surgeries and implant designs and can be of an indispensable anthropometric, interethnic, and biometric value.

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