scholarly journals The eviction of Polish and German population from the border regions of the Ukrainian SSR to the Kazakh SSR in 1935–1936

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Olesya Rozovyk
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
German Population ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
Security Service ◽  
Border Areas ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Forced Eviction

The aim of the article is to reveal the process of forced eviction of the Polish and German population from the border regions of the Ukrainian SSR to the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (since 1936 – the Kazakh SSR) in the period of 1935–1936 based on the analysis of little-known documents stored in the archives of the Security Service of Ukraine. The research methodology is based on historical and scientific principles, as well as the use of historical-genetic, problem-chronological and comparative methods. Results. In 1935–1936, the Soviet government pursued a policy of forced eviction of residents from the territories near the western border of the Ukrainian SSR. The border areas were under the supervision of the military command of the republic at that time. In the early 1930s the border began to be actively fortified, and the border area of 7,5 km was defined as esplanade (that is, a territory between military or fortified objects and settlements). According to the Soviet leadership, it was necessary to evict the local population from this territory, including Polish and German people. Residents of the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR came under special attention of the NKVD, who for the most part had a negative attitude towards the Soviet regime. Besides, they had relatives abroad, and in the case of a future armed conflict with neighboring countries, they could support foreign troops. There were 178 such settlements. They were home to 4 232 Polish and 1 357 German families with a total number of more than 27 000 people. But subsequently, the total number of planned migrants increased to 15 000 families, which amounted to 70 000 people. Due to the fact that all vacant lands in the southeastern regions of the republic were settled in the 1920s, it was planned to move the named number of Polish and German families mainly to Kazakhstan. Conclusions. In 1935–1936, the NKVD officers evicted not only the Ukrainian population, but also residents of Polish and German national regions. In 1936, more than 74 000 people were resettled from Vinnytsa, Kyiv and Odesa regions to the Kazakh SSR. Thus, forced eviction of population from the border areas became a continuation of the Soviet regime’s repressive policy as a means of overcoming the protest movements of the inhabitants of the Ukrainian SSR. Practical value. The results of the study outline a range of little-studied problems that can be investigated in the future with declassification of new documents of this period; the information presented in the article can be used in the development of educational programs. Originality. The study is based on little-known documents stored in the archives of the Security Service of Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The article supplements historical research on the national and repressive policies of the Soviet regime, which makes it topical and fills in the gaps in historical data on forced evictions of the mid-1930s. Article type: empirical.

scholarly journals Izba-Reading Room as a Rural Cultural Center in Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1920-1930s

2021 ◽  
pp. 436-447
Author(s):  
A. N. Soboleva
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Reading Room ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Soviet Culture ◽  
The Republic

The features of the emergence and functioning of reading rooms in the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the 1920s-1930s are considered. The author analyzes the measures taken by the Soviet government, local cells of the Communist Party and Komsomol activists aimed at strengthening izba-reading rooms on the territory of the republic. The main problems of the organization and activities of izba-reading rooms are investigated in detail, attention is paid to various methods of work to attract the population to new forms of Soviet culture. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the study   of the role and place of the izba-reading room in the regional cultural space will make an important contribution to the creation of a largescale objective picture of the cultural revolution that took place in the USSR in the 1920s1930s. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that a number of previously unpublished sources are put into circulation, collected directly for this study. This made it possible to highlight some details that previously could not be reflected in other works. As a result   of the study, it was determined that the izbareading room, despite the difficulties that arose (weak resource base, a shortage of trained personnel, low qualifications of workers, cultural and linguistic differences, a wary attitude of the local population  towards  the  events  of the Soviet government) gradually managed to win the sympathy of the adult population and become a reference point of cultural and educational work in the village.

scholarly journals Uvod v zgodovino spremljanja britanske obveščevalne dejavnosti na Slovenskem – "samoevalvacije" slovenske Službe državne varnosti

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2020) (3) ◽  
pp. 839-877
Author(s):  
Gorazd Bajc ◽  
Tadeja Melanšek ◽  
Darko Friš
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Intelligence Agency ◽  
State Security ◽  
Security Service ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 1960S

Based on the analysis of selected preserved materials housed in the Archive of the Republic of Slovenia the present contribution discusses "self-evaluations" of the Slovenian State Security Service with respect to monitoring the activities of the British Intelligence Agency on the territory of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia in the period between the 1960s and the late 1980s. The authors analyse those intelligence reports which pertained to reporting on the agency’s own activities and could thus be described as assessments of the (un)successfulness in its surveillance of British diplomats, media, and citizens visiting Slovenia at the time, and the Slovenian/Yugoslav emigrants in Great Britain.

scholarly journals Spremljanje slovenskih delavcev na začasnem delu in bivanju v Zvezni republiki Nemčiji v sedemdesetih letih dvajsetega stoletja: prispevek k poznavanju zgodovine slovenske Službe državne varnosti

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2020) (3) ◽  
pp. 879-919
Author(s):  
Ana Šela ◽  
David Hazemali
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
The State ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Guest Workers ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
State Security ◽  
Security Service ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Selection Of

In this paper the authors present the tracking and monitoring of Slovenian guest workers, who were temporarily living and working in the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1970s, by the State Security Service. By analysing archival material of the Slovenian political police about the activities and associations of Slovenes in the Federal Republic of Germany, which is kept by the Archive of the Republic of Slovenia and using a selection of scientific works of domestic and foreign historiography, the authors present the process of emigration from the Socialist Republic of Slovenia to the Federal Republic of Germany from a west German and Yugoslav perspective. They also present how the State Security Service tracked Slovenian guest workers in the FRG during the 1970s and which groups of emigrees it paid special attention to. Here the authors concentrate on the tracking of Slovenian emigree clergy and emigree press, both groups having had large cultural influence on other Slovenian guest workers while they lived and worked in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Features of spatial planning in the border areas of the European North of Russia: the Republic of Karelia

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
V. Shlyamin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
European North ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Border Areas ◽  
The Republic

The article analyzes the rates of socio-economic development of the border regions of the NorthWest Federal District and adjacent territories of Finland, substantiates proposals for improving spatial planning in border areas on the example of the Republic of Kareliа.

scholarly journals THE TRAINING OF NATIONAL STAFF IN DAGESTAN IN 1920s.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
М.К. НАГИЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Professional Staff ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Training Professional

В статье рассматривается проблема подготовки профессиональных кадров специалистов из представителей коренных народностей Дагестана для органов власти и управления национальной автономии на начальном этапе социалистического строительства. Крайне низкий уровень экономического развития, почти поголовная неграмотность местного населения, острая нехватка образованных кадров служили серьезным препятствием в реализации политики коренизации, предусматривавшей, в частности, активное вовлечение представителей местных народов в партийно-советские органы власти Дагестанской АССР. Их эффективность в значительной степени зависела от уровня общей грамотности и профессиональной подготовки управленцев. Автор прослеживает способы и методы подготовки управленческих кадров. Отмечено, что на начальном этапе дефицит кадров отчасти восполнялся за счет организации курсов по подготовке специалистов, а затем — создания учебных центров, на базе которых в последующем были образованы техникумы и училища, положившие начало становлению системы профессионального образования в республике. Подготовка кадров осуществлялась и посредством целевого направления представителей местных народов в центральные учебные заведения страны. Управленческие структуры обеспечивались необходимыми кадрами также благодаря привлечению имевшихся в дореволюционном Дагестане специалистов, которые изъявили желание сотрудничать с советской властью. Автор заключает, что в результате целенаправленной работы советского государства за небольшой период времени удалось обеспечить Дагестан необходимыми кадрами, наладить обучение специалистов для различных сфер, обеспечить кадровую преемственность, что позитивно сказалось на решении задач социально-экономического развития республики. The article deals with the problem of training professional staff of specialists from representatives of indigenous peoples of Dagestan for the authorities and management of national autonomy at the initial stage of socialist construction. The extremely low level of economic development, the almost total illiteracy of the local population, and the acute shortage of educated cadres served as a serious obstacle to the implementation of the policy of korenizatsiya, which included, in particular, the active involvement of representatives of local peoples in the Party and Soviet government of the Dagestan ASSR. Their effectiveness largely depended on the level of literacy of the society and managerial training. The author traces the ways and methods of training managerial personnel. It was noted that at the initial stage, the staff deficit was partially replenished through the organization of training courses for specialists and then the creation of training centers, on the basis of which later technical schools and schools were established, which initiated the formation of the vocational education system in the republic. The personnel training was also carried out through targeted assignment of representatives of local peoples to the central educational institutions of the country. The administrative structures were provided with the necessary personnel also due to the involvement of specialists in pre-revolutionary Dagestan who expressed a desire to cooperate with the Soviet authorities. The author concludes that as a result of the purposeful work of the Soviet state for a short period of time, it was possible to provide Dagestan with the necessary personnel, to train specialists for various spheres, to provide personnel continuity, which positively affected the tasks of the socioeconomic development of the republic.

scholarly journals POLITICAL SENTIMENTS OF WESTERN UKRAINIANS DURING ELECTION CAMPAIGNS OF THE POST-WAR PERIOD

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
OLEKSANDRA STASIUK
Keyword(s):  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Election Campaigns ◽  
Critical Rhetoric ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
National Liberation Movement ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Protest Voters

The article considers the main manifestations of political sentiments of the population of Western oblasts of Ukraine concerning election campaigns of the post-war period. The factors determining the voting behavior of voters and causes of social deviations are analyzed. It is emphasized that the attitude of the Western Ukrainians to the Soviet election campaigns was primarily determined by the electoral experience they gained while participating in parliamentary structures of Austria-Hungary, interwar Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. The scheme of stratification of electoral sentiments of the local population by quantitative, social, and political, gender, and other indicators are presented. The dominant anti-Soviet views that were caused by the rejection of Soviet totalitarianism by Western Ukrainians, the predatory economic policy of the government, and activities of the national liberation movement are noted. The specific facts of dissatisfaction of the population with the Soviet electoral legislation, forms and methods of its implementation as well as some measures of the Soviet government aimed at the forced Sovietization of the region are stated. It is determined that the largest group of protest voters was the peasantry, which in the postwar period was in difficult material and living conditions and actively supported the participants of OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists) and UPA (Ukrainian Insurgent Army). The geography of critical rhetoric suggests the similarity of electoral sentiments in different regions of the republic. However, if Western Ukrainians were not afraid to protest in public, the residents of Greater Ukraine hid their true attitude towards Soviet democracy because of fear of repression. It is claimed that the study of political attitudes of the population in regions where the Soviet regime has not yet been established, and peoplе’s consciousness was free of the Soviet ideological stamps allows reflecting their real state. Keywords: Western regions of the Ukrainian SSR, post-war period, Sovietization, elections to the Supreme Soviets of the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR, political behavior of the population.

Resettlement Processes in the Ukrainian SSR during the Holodomor (1932–34)

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-99
Author(s):  
Olesia Rozovyk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Power ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Federative Socialist Republic

This article, based on archival documents, reveals resettlement processes in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1932–34, which were conditioned by the repressive policy of the Soviet power. The process of resettlement into those regions of the Soviet Ukraine where the population died from hunger most, and which was approved by the authorities, is described in detail. It is noted that about 90,000 people moved from the northern oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR to the southern part of the republic. About 127,000 people arrived in Soviet Ukraine from the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) and the western oblasts of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). The material conditions of their residence and the reasons for the return of settlers to their previous places of inhabitance are described. I conclude that the resettlement policy of the authorities during 1932–34 changed the social and national composition of the eastern and southern oblasts of Ukraine.

Gypsy Population of Tatarstan: Attitude to Education and Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-192
Author(s):  
Tatyana Alekseevna Titova ◽  
Elena Valeryevna Frolova ◽  
Elena Gennadievna Gushchina ◽  
Anastasia Victorovna Fakhrutdinova
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Health Protection ◽  
Complex Study ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
The Republic

Abstract The studied problem significanceis caused by theneed of complex study of the groups which are in an nonnative environment environment. The purpose of the article is study of the of the Gipsy population that live in Zelenodolsk district of the Republic of Tatarstan to the systems and education healthcare. The leading approach to a research of this problem is a polyparadigmal methodology. The educational process is understood as an instrument of socialization of Roma children and health problems of representatives of their population. Special attention is paid to the circumstance that the questions of education of children is far from being priority one for the Gipsy population of the explored area. The understanding of health protection haw essential differences in comparison with local population. The conclusion is drawn that integration of Roma into local community depends on support of initiatives of locals and administration by most of representatives of a camp. Materials of the article can be useful to ethnologists, social and cultural anthropologists, political scientists and also representatives of the bodies/ committees and institutions supervising questions of interethnic and inter-religious interaction.

Modern challenges of border areas development in the context of decentralization reform

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Khrystyna Prytula ◽  
Yaroslava Kalat ◽  
Iryna Kyryk
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Uneven Development ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
Border Areas ◽  
Decentralization Reform

An integral part of the implementation of any reform is the emergence of the risks of its negative impact on one or another area of region development. The decentralization reform in Ukraine is not an exception. In its the context the most probable occurrence of negative phenomena is in the border regions, which could be prevented by first detecting them. In the scientific article, the authors focus on the analysis of a number of challenges for the development of border regions in the context of decentralization reform. Given the territorial remoteness of the central regions of the country and the capital, which today serve as areas of concentration of investment and economic activity, the border regions traditionally (this is typical for the border areas of the EU member states) lag behind the rest of the regions by the main socio-economic indicators of development. Among the main challenges facing the border regions of Ukraine today are the following: the provision of competitiveness in the context of European integration processes and reduction of the border barrier function; low level of economic security; the outflow of human capital and the issue of ethnic minorities. Based on an expert survey of representatives of the fifteen united territorial communities (UTCs), the possibility of such risks of decentralization in the border regions were defined as following: groundless use of local budget funds; emergence of significant imbalances between delegated new authority and available financial resources of the community; increasing uneven development of territories within the community; increasing uneven development of communities within the country; deterioration of the availability and quality of providing educational and medical services; deterioration of the quality of local government; reducing of the state influence on the management of local development processes; radicalization of political unions representing the interests of ethnic minorities in places of their compact residence; further economic decline of the territory of communities and so on.

scholarly journals Border Regions and Infrastructure Networks in the European Integration Process

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Nijkamp
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Infrastructure Networks ◽  
Indigenous Development ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
Development Scenarios ◽  
Border Areas ◽  
Peripheral Areas

This paper is focused on development strategies of peripheral areas. In particular, the issue of integration effects on (internal) border regions after the completion of the internal European market is addressed. After a review of recent EC policies, it is claimed that there is an urgent need for the design and evaluation of active development strategies for former internal border areas. A case study on two Dutch (peripheral) border provinces is described to see how the indigenous development potential of such areas can be exploited as a strategic vehicle for enhancing their international competitiveness. A multiple criteria analysis is used to identify the most plausible and desirable development scenarios for these regions.

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