scholarly journals The Greatness of the Personality in the Hybrid Conditions of Totalitarianism: to the 80th Anniversary of the Memory of Mykola Radin

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 269
Author(s):  
Oleksandr But
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Party Committee ◽  
Regional Administration ◽  
80Th Anniversary ◽  
The People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Local Party

This article is based on the analysis of human issues in history using the example of people in the leading positions of administration in the unique metallurgical industrial giants of the Dnieper Ukraine and Azov region, who were tasked with solving the problems of Soviet industrialization under the rule of a totalitarian regime in the USSR. The research is based on a wide range of published works, as well as newly found and in-depth researched documents of both federal and local Soviet state archival institutions, as well as the archive of the regional administration of the Security Service of Ukraine; with the main attention being focused on little-known events and facts. At the center of the study is one of the long-unknown figures of the big industry in Soviet Ukraine. For the first time in historical studies, the roles and relationships that the industrial manager Mykola Radin had with the Party Committee, under the conditions which were officially codified in the newly adopted Constitution of the Soviet Union and the Constitution of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, are analyzed and viewed through qualitative changes in society and somewhat expanded democracy, while almost simultaneously the ruling party demanded immediate deployment of a policy to target new "pests" and "enemies of the people". The article showcases the mechanism of cooperation between the young leaders of the plant's local Party Committee and the newly elected municipal Communist Party of Ukraine members with the Party's paramilitary units of the Soviet Secret Service of that era: the NKVD. The research of the archived documents of the plant’s Party Committee shows us proof that a Russian graduate of the Military Academy, without actually having any idea about the process of metallurgical production, used the local Party elections to organize a hybrid offensive against well-known and respectable specialists of industry, in the name of a prompt execution of the Stalinist Central Committee's program on the "strengthening of the class struggle with further progress towards Socialism", and hence the intensive searches for more "Pests" and "enemies of the people". Moreover, the agent of Moscow succeeded in organizing a kind of partnership with the local party leaders to further trouble the director of the plant. The research allowed us to prove and document the truth and decency of Mykola Radin, the head of the giant metallurgical plant, and the unfoundedness of the Party's attacks against him, which was very much characteristic of the absurdity of exaggeration among the Communisty Party functionaries, who lived in fear of the NKVD, especially during the Great Terror. Their hybrid offensive can be send as a model betrayal of humanity and basic decency. The historic memory proves a constant need for further deepening of the old and searching for the new information concerning repressed leaders of industrialization in Soviet Ukraine.

“UNBOWED PEOPLE: FROM THE COMMON VICTORY TO THE COMMON HISTORICAL MEMORY”

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-147
Author(s):  
Vadim M. Shneider ◽  
◽  
Inna S. Kondrashova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Republic

The paper provides a review on the collective monograph “Unbowed рeople: from the common victory to the common historical memory”, which was prepared within the framework of the joint working group of Historians of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors of the book are historians, archivists and museum workers from Russia, Kazakh- stan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. The monograph is divided into seven chap- ters, each of them includes scientific articles, united by a common theme. In the First chapter, articles that are concerned with various sources of information about the Great Patriotic War are presented. The Second chapter includes ar- ticles studying the situation on the fronts of the war. The Third chapter unites the articles which show the situation in the occupied territories during the war. The Fourth chapter presents articles about the process of evacuation of people and industrial enterprises from the western part of the USSR to the Central Asian republics and the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The Fifth chapter brings together articles on a wide range of issues related to the rear and home front workers. The Sixth chapter includes articles, touching on the theme of rebuilding cities damaged during the war, the revival of the Soviet economy and issues associated with the system of checking prisoners of war returned to the Soviet Union after liberation. The Seventh chapter brings together the articles of researchers dedicated to the key features of the historical memory of the inhabitants of various regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. Publication of the collective monograph “Unbowed рeople: from the common victory to the common historical memory” became an important event for the historical community of Russia, Kazakhstan and other countries that were part of the USSR during the war. A distinctive characteristic of the book is a detailed and objective study of both the tragic and heroic events that influenced the course of the war. The articles indicate that the Great Patriotic War holds a special place in the memory of the inhabitants of the post-Soviet countries, because the tragedy of the war touched every family. Collective monograph “Unbowed people. From a common victory to a common historical memory” is an example of successful interaction of researchers from the post-Soviet states and it can be relevant as a schoolbook, as well as used in the preparation of courses on Russian history for students of humanitarian universities.

scholarly journals Nutrition of deportees from the Moldavian SSR in the context of “Yug” Operation (1949)

Akademos ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
Ion Xenofontov ◽  
◽  
Lidia Prisac ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Workplace Health ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Small Children ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family ◽  
Second Wave

The article inserts sequences referring to the nutrition of the Stalinist regime victims, subjects to deportation Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, in the second wave (1949), in special regulatory localities distributed in the special areas of the Soviet Union. Testimonies of people considered by the Stalinist regime to be “enemies of the people”, reflects the nutrition shortage not only in the journey from “home” to “destination”, but also in the process of adapting to the intruder environment, food security being precarious in both cases. In many ways, a large part of the memories of deported persons show similarities to the famine suffered by the population of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1946. In the destination localities, the nutrition of the deportees depended on many factors: climatic (winter temperature reaching -40° C) and living conditions, workplace, health, the presence of the head of the family and members able to work, etc. Families deported with small children, in the absence of the father (the basic maintainer) and only with the presence of the mother, were the most difficult.

scholarly journals The “Emigration Commission”: The Chief Representative for the evacuation of the Polish and Jewish population from the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the evacuation apparatus: A description

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 69-110
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Hryciuk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Local Population ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War

The changes of political borders between Poland and the Soviet Union in 1944–1945 were accompanied by a relocation campaign lasting until autumn 1946 and affecting the Polish and Jewish populations of Eastern Galicia, Volhynia and Northern Bukovina. An agreement for mutual resettlement of Poles, Jews and Ukrainians, formally referred to as evacuation, was concluded on 9th September 1944 in Lublin between the Polish Committee of National Liberation and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The organisation of the relocation was entrusted to a special apparatus subordinated to evacuation representatives of both sides. The Chief Representative for the evacuation of the Polish and Jewish population from the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was based in Lutsk. Initially, he oversaw seventeen and then eighteen regional representatives in larger cities located in the so-called western oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR. Together with representatives of the Ukrainian side they were to carry out a registration campaign and organise transport for the relocated population and its possessions. The relocation apparatus began to be organised by a group of employees who arrived in Lutsk from Lublin in October 1944 with the first Representative, Stanisław Pizło. The process was viewed with distrust and hostility by the Poles, who were reluctant to leave their homeland. The several hundred staff of the resettlement apparatus struggled, similarly to the local population, with numerous problems relating to provisions and subsistence. The Soviet security services saw many officials working for the Representative as individuals hostile to the Soviet authorities. Consequently, Polish officials were quite often arrested, having been accused of collaborating with the Polish independence underground and of sabotaging the resettlement campaign. A lack of a sense of security led to a considerable staff turnover among the resettlement staff. As most of the people entitled to be evacuated from the various resettlement regions left, from the second half of 1945 the staff working for the evacuation apparatus were gradually dismissed. The transfer of population ended in November 1946 and the final protocol closing the post-war resettlements under the agreement of 9th September 1944 concluded between the Polish Committee of National Liberation and the government of the Ukrainian SSR was signed in May 1947.

PARTICIPATION OF UZBEK SOLDIERS IN THE LIBERATION OF THE BALTIC STATES

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Ilkhomjon M. Saidov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Soviet Historiography

The article is devoted to the participation of natives of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in the Baltic operation of 1944. The author states that Soviet historiography did not sufficiently address the problem of participation of individual peoples of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War, and therefore their feat remained undervalued for a long time. More specifically, according to the author, 40–42% of the working age population of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Such figure was typical only for a limited number of countries participating in the anti-fascist coalition. Analyzing the participation of Soviet Uzbekistan citizens in the battles for the Baltic States, the author shows that the 51st and 71st guards rifle divisions, which included many natives of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, were particularly distinguished. Their heroic deeds were noted by the soviet leadership – a number of Uzbek guards were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In addition, Uzbekistanis fought as part of partisan detachments – both in the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, the Western regions of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Moldova. Many Uzbek partisans were awarded the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War” of I and II degrees.

scholarly journals The All-Buryat Congress for the Spiritual Rebirth and Consolidation of the Nation: Siberian politics in the final year of the USSR

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
Melissa Chakars
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
The Political ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
People's Party ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian State ◽  
General Goals

This article examines the All-Buryat Congress for the Spiritual Rebirth and Consolidation of the Nation that was held in the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in February 1991. The congress met to discuss the future of the Buryats, a Mongolian people who live in southeastern Siberia, and to decide on what actions should be taken for the revival, development, and maintenance of their culture. Widespread elections were carried out in the Buryat lands in advance of the congress and voters selected 592 delegates. Delegates also came from other parts of the Soviet Union, as well as from Mongolia and China. Government administrators, Communist Party officials, members of new political parties like the Buryat-Mongolian People’s Party, and non-affiliated individuals shared their ideas and political agendas. Although the congress came to some agreement on the general goals of promoting Buryat traditions, language, religions, and culture, there were disagreements about several of the political and territorial questions. For example, although some delegates hoped for the creation of a larger Buryat territory that would encompass all of Siberia’s Buryats within a future Russian state, others disagreed revealing the tension between the desire to promote ethnic identity and the practical need to consider economic and political issues.

scholarly journals Польща в українському кіно

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 25-88
Author(s):  
Łarysa Briuchowecka
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Historical Film ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Film Studios ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Post War

POLAND IN UKRAINIAN CINEMAMultinational Ukraine in the time of Ukrainization conducted a policy which was supportive of the national identity, allowed the possibility of the cultural development of, among others, Jews, Crimean Tatars, and Poles. Cinema was exemplary of such policy, in 1925 through to the 1930s a number of films on Jewish and Crimean Tatar topics were released by Odessa and Yalta Film Studios. However, the Polish topic, which enjoyed most attention, was heavily politicized due to tensions between the USSR and the Second Commonwealth of Poland; the Soviet government could not forgive Poland the refusal to follow the Bolshevik path. The Polish topic was particularly painful for the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic due to the fact that the Western fringe of Ukrainian lands became a part of Poland according to the Treaty of Riga which was signed between Poland and Soviet Russia. This explains why Polish society was constantly denounced in the Ukrainian Soviet films The Shadows of Belvedere, 1927, Behind the Wall, 1928. Particular propagandistic significance in this case was allotted to the film PKP Piłsudski Kupyv Petliuru, Piłsudski Bought Petliura, 1926, which showed Poland subverting the stability of the Ukrainian SSR and reconstructed the episode of joint battles of Ukrainians and Poles against the Bolsheviks in the summer of 1920 as well as the Winter Campaign. The episodes of Ukrainian history were also shown on the screen during this favorable for cinema time, particularly in films Zvenyhora 1927 by Oleksandr Dovzhenko and a historical epopee Taras Triasylo 1927. The 1930s totalitarian cinema presented human being as an ideological construct. Dovzhenko strived to oppose this tendency in Shchors 1939 where head of the division Mykola Shchors is shown as a successor of Ivan Bohun, specifically in the scene set in the castle in which he fights with Polish warriors. Dovzhenko was also assigned by Soviet power to document the events of the autumn of 1939, when Soviet troops invaded Poland and annexed Western Ukraine. The episodes of “popular dedications” such as demonstrations, meetings, and elections constituted his journalistic documentary film Liberation 1940. A Russian filmmaker Abram Room while working in Kyiv Film Studios on the film Wind from the East 1941 did not spare on dark tones to denunciate Polish “exploiters” impersonated by countess Janina Pszezynska in her relation to Ukrainian peasant Khoma Habrys. Ihor Savchenko interpreted events of the 17th century according to the topic of that time in his historical film Bohdan Khmelnitsky 1941 where Poles and their acolytes were depicted as cruel and irreconcilable enemies of Ukrainian people both in terms of story and visual language, so that the national liberation war lead by Khmelnytsky appeared as a revenge against the oppressors. The Polish topic virtually disappeared from Ukrainian cinema from the post-war time up until the collapse of the Soviet Union. The minor exclusions from this tendency are Zigmund Kolossovsky, a film about a brave Polish secret service agent shot during the evacuation in 1945 and the later time adaptations of the theatre pieces The Morality of Mrs Dulska 1956 and Cracovians and Highlanders 1976. Filmmakers were able to return to the common Polish-Ukrainian history during the time of independence despite the economic decline of film production. A historical film Bohdan Zinoviy Khmelnitsky by Mykola Mashchenko was released in 2008. It follows the line of interpretation given to Khmelnitsky’s struggle with Polish powers by Norman Davies, according to whom the cause of this appraisal was the peasant fury combined with the actual social, political and religious injustices to Eastern provinces. The film shows how Khmelnitsky was able to win the battles but failed to govern and protect the independence of Hetmanate which he had founded. The tragedies experienced by Poland and Ukraine during the Second World War were shown in a feature film Iron Hundred 2004 by Oles Yanchuk based on the memoirs of Yuri Borets UPA in a Swirl of Struggle as well as in documentaries Bereza Kartuzka 2007, Volyn. The Sign of Disaster 2003 among others.Translated by Larisa Briuchowecka

scholarly journals THE ANTI-SOVIET MOOD OF URBAN POPULATION OF IZMAIL REGION OF UKRAINIAN SSR IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD (1944–1954)

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
O. Iliin
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
Central State ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Post War ◽  
State Archives

The work researches essential reasons for spreading anti-Soviet public sentiments among local inhabitants of Izmail Region, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the post-war period, describes their specific features and forms of counteraction to Soviet reformation and Communist totalitarian regime. Source basis of the said research is represented by documents of the Central State Archives of Public Organizations of Ukraine and the State Archives of Odessa Region. General reports and statements of activities from Regional Attorney Office Fund, SAOR, as well, as statistics data, reports and accounts in cases of special jurisdiction of Regional Attorney Office. Furthermore, reports of Soviet Administration and Communist Party figures, special notifications referring to armed force censorship, reports by PCHA about local inhabitants' sentiments, documentation describing the course of operation of kulaks' deportation. Documentation of Organization and Instruction Section of Communist Party of Ukraine Central Committee, CSAPO fund was also used: reports about the activities of military section of Communist Party Regional Committee, internal memoranda, statements of completed work. Special attention has been paid to review of display of discontent in matters of religious policy, particularly, activities of underground religious associations. Author also describes resistance of the local population to mobilization to Soviet industrial enterprises, specified number of deserters from enterprises of military industry. Author also revealed and described social and political sentiments in the first months of Soviet power implementation and changes in such sentiments which occurred due to drop in social standards and housing problems. It was discovered also that illegal actions of local Communist Party and Soviet Administration and individual public figures formed additional factors, which contributed to popular discontent.

scholarly journals Sergey Rumjancev, “Патриотический примордиализм”: воображение этничности и нации в постсоветском Азербайджане. Социологическое эссе / “Patriotic Primordialism:” Imagining Ethnicity and Nation in Post-Soviet Azerbaidzhan. A Sociological Essay

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-110
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Republics

The last years of existence of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, as well as the two Post-Soviet decades, became the time of invariable interest and steadfast attention to the phenomena of ethnic and national identity. The growth of this interest, of course, cannot be a great surprise. The collapse of the Soviet Union, for the majority of Azerbaijanis, including (but not only) politicians, experts and social researchers, was directly connected with the nationalistic movements in the former Soviet republics.

scholarly journals Przemiany narodowościowe na ziemi łotewskiej w XX i na początku XXI wieku

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Eberhardt
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Year 2000

Ethnic Transformations on the Latvian Territory in the 20th Century and at the Beginning of the 21st CenturyThis paper presents demographic and ethnic transformations in the territory of Latvia. First, information is provided on the origins of the population of Latvian nationality. Then, ethnic composition of the population inhabiting the present-day Latvian territory at the end of the 19th century is characterised. The basis for the respective statistical analysis is constituted by the results of the Russian census of 1897. This census showed, side by side with the Latvian population, also important German, Russian, Jewish, and Polish minorities. The subsequent part of the paper is devoted to the ethnic situation in the interwar period. Here, the census carried out in 1935 is the main source of information. Essential demographic transformations took place during World War II. The paper accounts for the war losses, which in ethnic terms had a selective character. Latvian Jews were exterminated, while the remaining groups also suffered great losses. Then, the paper takes up the subject of the demographic-ethnic situation during the post-war Soviet occupation and the existence of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. In this period, numerous migrants from the farther-off territories of the Soviet Union moved to Latvia, these Russian-speaking migrants being primarily of Russian nationality. This resulted in the essential shift in the ethnic composition of the population in Latvia. The effects are reflected in the data from the Soviet censuses of 1959 and 1989. The results of these censuses are subject to interpretation in the paper. The last part of the article is devoted to ethnic changes in the sovereign Latvian state. Statistical and substantive analysis was carried out using the census data of the year 2000, and the estimated data from the year 2014. The contemporary ethnic structure of the entire country and in individual provinces was established. Przemiany narodowościowe na ziemi łotewskiej w XX i na początku XXI wiekuW artykule przedstawiono przemiany demograficzno-etniczne na ziemi łotewskiej. We wstępie podano informacje o rodowodzie ludności narodowości łotewskiej. Następnie zaprezentowano i scharakteryzowano skład narodowościowy na współczesnym terytorium państwa łotewskiego w końcu XIX wieku. Podstawą analizy statystycznej były rezultaty spisu rosyjskiego z 1897 roku. Ujawnił on oprócz Łotyszy liczną mniejszość niemiecką, rosyjską, żydowską i polską. Kolejna część publikacji poświęcona jest sytuacji narodowościowej w okresie międzywojennym w niepodległym państwie łotewskim. Wykorzystano tu głównie spis przeprowadzony w 1935 roku. Poważne przeobrażenia demograficzne miały miejsce w latach II wojny światowej. Określono straty wojenne, które miały charakter selektywny w ujęciu narodowościowym. Przyniosły one eksterminację łotewskich Żydów oraz duże straty wśród pozostałych grup etnicznych. Dalsza część artykułu dotyczy sytuacji demograficzno-narodowościowej w okresie powojennej okupacji sowieckiej i istnienia Łotewskiej SRS. W tym czasie napłynęło na terytorium Łotwy wielu migrantów z głębi ZSRR. Była to ludność rosyjskojęzyczna, głównie narodowości rosyjskiej. Doprowadziło to do istotnej zmiany składu narodowościowego kraju. Odnotowały to spisy sowieckie z lat 1959 i 1989. Ich wyniki poddano interpretacji. Ostatnia część artykułu poświęcona jest zmianom narodowościowym zachodzącym już w suwerennym państwie łotewskim. Przeprowadzono analizę statystyczną i merytoryczną, korzystając z danych spisowych z 2000 roku oraz danych szacunkowych z 2014 roku. Określono współczesną strukturę narodowościową w skali całego kraju i wybranych prowincji.

scholarly journals Polska we współczesnej polityce historycznej Białorusi

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-260
Author(s):  
Piotr Kościński
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
History Plays ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Positive Assessment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Eastern European Countries

In Eastern European countries, history plays an important role for social and political reasons. In Belarus, it is used instrumentally, and recent attempts to demonstrate the negative impact of Poland and Poles on the country’s history may, although not necessarily, be used in current political activities. The government and President Alexander Lukashenko treat the historical picture of the history of their country in relations with Poland as a derivative of the basic assumption: the first Belarusian state was the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR), which they assess positively, just like (with various reservations) the entire Soviet Union. The positive assessment of the USSR and the Belarusian SSR creates an ideological basis for strengthening their power inside the country and building positive assessments of today’s Russia and cooperation with Russia.

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