scholarly journals БІОМОРФОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СКЕЛЕТНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ ПЛЕЧОВОГО СУГЛОБА ПІНГВІНА ГУМБАЛЬТА

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2(66)) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
O.O. Melnyk ◽  
M.V. Melnyk ◽  
W. Kinda ◽  
D. Kubiak-Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Caudal Part ◽  
Natural Laws ◽  
Skeletal Structures ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Humboldt Penguin

The article presents the results and analysis of osteometric research of skeletal structures of the shoulder joint of Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti). Statistical analysis of the obtained results was made and the percentage ratio of the skeletal structures of the shoulder joint of Humboldt penguin was determined. Certain species features and natural laws were established that point out specific biomorphological adaptations to the «underwater flight». In particular clavicles that accrete into a «fork» are not attached to the sternum. This allowed us to understand certain patterns of their development.The shoulder joint of birds is a complex joint that is formed by bones of shoulder girdle and humerus. A coracoid is the most developed bone of the shoulder girdle. It should be noted that coracoid of birds is characterized by a high degree of development, which is caused by the development of muscles of wing that are fixed to it. The proximal end of coracoid forms a so-called acro-coracoidal process, to which a collarbone is fixed. The distal end of coracoid is connected to sternum, thus forming a coraco-sternal joint that is characterized by low motility.It was found that flipper form of thoracic limb and certain structural features of skeletal structures of the shoulder joint of Sphenisciformes, in particular flattened humerus, caudaly extended scapula, powerful coracoid and furcula are apparently caused by the influence of increased functional loads that have arisen as a result of adaptation to perform rowing functions by wing during rapid and deep swimming under water, because movement under water requires more physical activity.Penguins  (Humboldt penguin) are characterized by greatly elongated and expanded in its caudal part scapula (Annex A-3, Fig. 3.5). Its length relatively to the length of the humerus is 150%, and in the widest part - more than 20% of the scapula length. It should be noted that in caudal part of scapula is small, not ossified area that is covered with connective tissue membrane. In studied species acromion of scapula is directed upwards. Furcula in penguin is much expanded in its proximal part. Coracoid is like a column and elongated. Its length relatively to the length of the humerus is 111.1%. Underlying of coracoid is relatively narrow. Width of the coracoid base relatively to the lengths is 29.1%. On the lateral edge of coracoid base is a small appendage, directed proximally. In addition, the lateral edges of coracoid in studied bird species has so-called coracoid window. This window is formed as a result of coracoid ligament ossification. The proximal end of coracoid is bended laterally. Humerus in Humboldt penguin has a flattened shape. Its length relatively to the total length of the wing is 33.5%. Pneumatic fossa is large enough.

Brodie’s Abscess of the Proximal Humerus Metaphysis: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilesh Vishwakarma ◽  
Shaival Chauhan ◽  
Shrey S Binyala ◽  
Sanjeev K Singh
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Focal Lesion ◽  
Posterior View ◽  
Brodie’S Abscess ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Right ◽  
Pyogenic Osteomyelitis ◽  
Metaphyseal Region

Introduction:Primary subacute pyogenic osteomyelitis, or Brodie’s abscess was initially documented by Sir Benjamin Brodie in 1832. We present a case report with a 6-months follow-up period, demonstrating the successful diagnosis and surgical treatment of a focal lesion of the proximal metaphysis of the right humerus in a 21-years-old female. The pathology of hematologic osteomyelitis and its role in the development of a subacute abscess along with a review of literature and an in detail description of the pathogenesis of Brodie’s abscess is discussed and submitted. Case Report:A 21- years -old healthy female with a history of fall sustaining injury to the right shoulder one 1 year back followed by which she presented to the outpatient clinic with a swelling over her right shoulder. The patient was managed conservatively with analgesics and was relieved of pain over a course of one 1 week of medications, the patient now presents with pain and swelling in the right shoulder joint on and off since the episode of fall one 1 year back, which had increased over a period of past one 1 week. A week before the most recent presentation she started experiencing some discomfort and pain in her right shoulder. No recent trauma was reported. A mild swelling appeared over the proximal part of the humerus. There were no constitutional symptoms of fever or any illness reported. On examination, there was noted a painful restriction of ROM at the right shoulder joint with no rotator cuff injury. Laboratory investigations were suggestive of raised inflammatory markers. Radiograph of the right shoulder taken in the true antero-posterior view with the shoulder in the neutral rotation was suggestive of an oval lucency with surrounding sclerosis in the proximal metaphyseal region of the humerus. Magnetic resonance imaging MRI of the right shoulder joint showed features consistent with Brodie’s abscess in the proximal metaphyseal region of the humerus. Surgical debridement of the abscess w

ANALYSIS OF THE TOPOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THYROID ACTIVITY IN A TELEOST FISH: CARASSIUS CARASSIUS L.

1967 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Frisén ◽  
Marianne Frisén
Keyword(s):  
Crucian Carp ◽  
Carassius Carassius ◽  
Caudal Part ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Thyroid Uptake ◽  
Regression Functions ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACT Combined autoradiography and X-ray photography has demonstrated that the tissues of the caudal part of the lower jaw and the pronephric region have a considerably larger uptake of radioiodine than other tissues in the immature crucian carp, Carassius carassius L. It is known from previous studies that thyroid follicles occur in these regions. The pronephric thyroid differs from the mandibular thyroid with regard to radioiodine turnover. On an average, the pronephric thyroid has a larger uptake than the lower jaw thyroid. The relative uptakes varied considerably in the population investigated. The ratio mandibular uptake/total thyroid uptake has been determined at several sampling intervals. The means of these ratios show no significant trend with time, a finding which strongly supports the view that the two regions are variably sized parts of a physiologically homogeneous thyroid gland. The analysis is based on a mathematical model of iodine turnover. The method of comparing complex regression functions (sums of exponential functions) should be widely applicable. The correlation between the radioiodine content of either region and total thyroid content is low. Thus, it is necessary to study simultaneously all follicle-carrying tissues in fish with more than one aggregation of thyroid elements. The net radioiodine turnover in the crucian carp indicates a comparatively high degree of thyroid activity and considerably higher than that reported for C. auratus L. This phenomenon is discussed.

scholarly journals Біоморфологія м’язів, діючих на плечовий суглоб чорнодзьобої гагари

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (82) ◽  
pp. 120-124
Author(s):  
O.O. Melnyk ◽  
M.V. Melnyk
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Gavia Immer ◽  
Environmental Sciences ◽  
National University ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
First Time

The article presents the results of studies of the biomorphological features of muscles acting on shoulder joint of some representatives of order Gaviiformes. Shoulder joint is a multifaceted joint, movements of which are provided not only by the muscles of the shoulder joint itself, but also some muscles of the shoulder girdle and elbow joint. It should be noted that the main muscles of the flight of birds are muscles of the shoulder girdle, in particular: thoracic and m. supracoracoideus. Also important are some of the muscles of the elbow, in particularm.coraco-radialis and m. scapula-triceps This is confirmed both by the points of fixation, and the degree of their development.The degree of development and differentiation of muscles acting on the shoulder joint is different, which is due to the peculiarities of the wing operation during the flight, and in waterfowl – peculiarities of underwater swimmingusing wings. The aim of this biomorphological study was understanding of development degree, and the main, mechanisms of differentiation and transformation of muscles acting on the shoulder joint of birds adapted to the aquatic habitat.Material for research was obtained from the funds of the Department of anatomy of Animals named after acad. V.G. Kasyanenko of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, where the muscle structures of the shoulder joint were studied on  black-tailed gagar Gavia immer in number of 3 individuals. Birds of Gaviiformes order are characterized by a rapid, but little maneuverable flight. They are extremely well adapted to the aquatic environment and spend most of their lives in the water, leaving on land only during breeding. These birds perfectly swim and dive, and during diving use not only the pelvic fins but also the wings. This, in turn, imposes certain imprints on the degree of development and differentiation of the studied muscle groups. It was found that among the studied groups of muscles (shoulder girdle, shoulder and elbow joints) the most developed group of muscles is shoulder girdle – 86%. The muscle groups of the elbow – 8.5% and the shoulder – 5.4% of the joints are significantly less. In addition, for the first time, we have found that the largest in its development among all the muscles examined - the thoracic muscle (the group of muscles of the shoulder girdle) has significant differences in comparison with other species of birds. These differences consist in the fact that this muscle is clearly differentiated into two separate layers, in fact two separate muscles – superficial and deep, most of which are developed superficial. Such a differentiation is due to biomorphological adaptations to the habitat. 

scholarly journals Biomechanical substantiation of the technique of hanging in rock climbing

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
S.V. Kozin
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Kinematic Chain ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Rock Climbing ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Kinematic Characteristics ◽  
Correct Technique

<p><em>The purpose</em> of the work is to identify the main kinematic characteristics of a hanging in rock climbing by athletes of different qualifications and theoretically substantiate the correct technique for performing of a given movement. <em>Material and methods.</em> The technique of hanging performance in bouldering of 20 leading climbers of the World and Ukraine and 20 beginner male amateur climbers was analyzed. The age of athletes was 22.4 ± 3.2 years, body length 178.5 ± 12.5 cm, body weight 72.2 ± 8.5 kg. A qualified athlete took part in a demonstration of various models for performing a hang. Using the Kinovea 0.8.15 computer program, the kinematic characteristics of the two models of technology were analyzed (model 1 — typical for novice athletes, model 2 — typical of qualified athletes) based on determining the angle between the shoulder and shoulder girdle, as well as between the lumbar spine and vertical axis. Results. The main kinematic parameters of vibration in climbing for various models of equipment, characteristic of athletes of different qualifications, are revealed. The presence of significant differences (p &lt;0.001) in the angles between the shoulder and the upper arm, between the lower spine and the vertical axis in the fixation phase of the vis is shown. The angle between the shoulder and shoulder girdle in the first model of technology was 1460, in the second model of technology this angle is 970. The angle between the lumbar spine and the vertical axis was 110 in the first model, in the second model this angle was 280. A theoretical justification of the correct hanging technique climbing in terms of the laws of mechanics and the laws of the interaction of forces in the kinematic chain. Findings. In the first model, vis is carried out mainly due to the ligamentous apparatus of the joints of the shoulder girdle with minimal inclusion of muscles, which is dangerous by injury to the ligaments of the shoulder joint. In the second model, VIS also provides for the inclusion of the muscles of the trunk and legs, which reduces the load on the ligamentous apparatus and reduces the chance of injury to the ligaments of the shoulder joint.</p>

scholarly journals Water–DNA interactions as studied by X–ray and neutron fibre diffraction

2004 ◽  
Vol 359 (1448) ◽  
pp. 1237-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Watson Fuller ◽  
Trevor Forsyth ◽  
Arumugam Mahendrasingam
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Double Helix ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Conformations ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Fibre Diffraction ◽  
Dna Double Helix ◽  
High Degree

X–ray fibre–diffraction studies indicate a high degree of stereochemical specificity in interactions between water and the DNA double helix. Evidence for this comes from data that show that the molecular conformations assumed by DNA in fibres are highly reproducible and that the hydration–driven transitions between these conformations are fully reversible. These conformational transitions are induced by varying the relative humidity of the fibre environment and hence its water content. Further evidence for stereochemical specificity comes from the observed dependence of the conformation assumed on the ionic content of the fibre and the nucleotide sequence of the DNA. For some transitions, information on stereochemical pathways has come from real–time X–ray fibre diffraction using synchrotron radiation; information on the location of water with respect to the double helix for a number of DNA conformations has come from neutron fibre diffraction. This structural information from fibre–diffraction studies of DNA is complemented by information from X–ray single–crystal studies of oligonucleotides. If the biochemical processes involving DNA have evolved to exploit the structural features observed in DNA fibres and oligonucleotide single crystals, the challenges in developing alternatives to a water environment can be expected to be very severe.

A functional analysis of flying and walking in pterosaurs

Paleobiology ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Padian
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bipedal Locomotion ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Wing Membrane ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Recovery Stroke

An analysis of the structure and kinematics of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of pterosaurs, and functional analogy with recent and fossil vertebrates, supports a reappraisal of the locomotory abilities of pterosaurs. A hypothesis of structural, aerodynamic, and evolutionary differences distinguishing vertebrate gliders from fliers is proposed; pterosaurs fit all the criteria of fliers but none pertaining to gliders. The kinematics of the reconstructed pterosaur flight stroke reveal a down-and-forward component found also in birds and bats; structural features of the shoulder girdle and sternum unique to pterosaurs may be explained in light of this motion. The recovery stroke of flight was accomplished, in birdlike fashion, by a functional reversal of the action of theM. supracoracoideusby the pronounced enlargement of the acrocoracoid process, which acted as a pulley. The wing membrane was supported and controlled through a system of stiffened, intercalated fibers, which were oriented like the main structural elements in the wings of birds and bats.The hindlimbs of pterosaurs were independent of the wing membrane, and articulated like those of other advanced archosaurs and birds, not like those of bats. The gait was parasagittal and the stance digitigrade. Because of limitations on the motion of the forelimb at the shoulder, pterosaurs could not have walked quadrupedally. However, bipedal locomotion appears to have been normal and quite sufficient in all pterosaurs. There is nothing batlike about pterosaur anatomy; on the other hand, pterosaurs bear close structural resemblances to birds and dinosaurs, to which they are most closely related phylogenetically.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Conserved Rhoptry-Associated Leucine Zipper-Like Protein in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 879-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Haase ◽  
Ana Cabrera ◽  
Christine Langer ◽  
Moritz Treeck ◽  
Nicole Struck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACT One of the key processes in the pathobiology of the malaria parasite is the invasion and subsequent modification of the human erythrocyte. In this complex process, an unknown number of parasite proteins are involved, some of which are leading vaccine candidates. The majority of the proteins that play pivotal roles in invasion are either stored in the apical secretory organelles or located on the surface of the merozoite, the invasive stage of the parasite. Using transcriptional and structural features of these known proteins, we performed a genomewide search that identified 49 hypothetical proteins with a high probability of being located on the surface of the merozoite or in the secretory organelles. Of these candidates, we characterized a novel leucine zipper-like protein in Plasmodium falciparum that is conserved in Plasmodium spp. This protein is expressed in late blood stages and localizes to the rhoptries of the parasite. We demonstrate that this Plasmodium sp.-specific protein has a high degree of conservation within field isolates and that it is refractory to gene knockout attempts and thus might play an important role in invasion.

scholarly journals Біоморфологічні особливості м’язів, діючих на плечовий суглоб, деяких представників ряду горобцеподібних – Ordо Passeriformes

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (77) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
O.O. Melnyk ◽  
M.V. Melnyk
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
National University ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Shoulder Girdle Muscles ◽  
Fixation Points

Biomorphological features of muscles that act on the shoulder joint of some representatives of orderPasseriformes are represented in the article. As shoulder joint of birds has many axes, not only the muscles of the shoulder joint provide the movements in it, but some of the muscles of the shoulder girdle and elbow joint. It should be noted that the main flight muscles of birds are the shoulder girdle muscles, including the chest (m. pectoralis) and supra-coracoid muscles. Some muscles of an elbow joint, including m. coracoradialis and m. scapuli triceps, are equally important. However, the amount of muscles that somehow act on the shoulder joint of the investigated birds' species is different, the degree of muscle development in these species is also different. In order to understand the degree of development, particularly mechanisms of differentiation and development of muscle structures, a comprehensive study of the muscles of the shoulder girdle, shoulder and elbow joints was conducted. The material for the research was obtained from the funds of the Department of animal anatomy named after acad. V.G. Kasyanenko of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, where the studies of muscular structures of the shoulder joint of some representatives of order Passeriformes, including raven (Corvus corax), rook (Corvus fragilegus), waxwings (Bombycilla garrulous), were conducted. Research of muscles of the shoulder joint, shoulder girdle and elbow joint of birds was performed on fresh or fixed in 10% formalin solution cadavers. After describing and defining of fixation points of the muscles, they were dissected to determine the location of the muscle fibers. In addition, in order to determine the degree of development of muscles and muscle groups, each muscle was weighed. During the research, muscles were drawn or pictured to complement the work with illustrative material. There was no larger or smaller muscle neither in muscle group of shoulder, nor elbow joint that should be significantly for each case. There is no clear stability in the development of muscle groups of these joints. At the same time, muscle group of elbow joint is more developed than the muscle group of shoulder joint. All these mentioned features of structure and differentiation of muscles, which act on the shoulder joint of birds, are caused by physical exertion, posed by adaptation to a different type, speed and duration of flight.

Application of a PCR-based approach to identify sex in Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan I. Jarvi ◽  
Susan I. Jarvi ◽  
Paul C. Banko ◽  
Paul C. Banko
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Conservation Genetics ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Hawaiian Honeycreepers ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
High Degree

The application of molecular techniques to conservation genetics issues can provide important guidance criteria for management of endangered species. The results from this study establish that PCR-based approaches for sex determination developed in other bird species (Griffiths and Tiwari 1995; Griffiths et al. 1996, 1998; Ellegren 1996) can be applied with a high degree of confidence to at least four species of Hawaiian honeycreepers. This provides a rapid, reliable method with which population managers can optimize sex ratios within populations of endangered species that are subject to artificial manipulation through captive breeding programmes or geographic translocation.

Study of bone mineral saturation in the dynamics of therapy of professionally caused osteopathies of the shoulder joint

2019 ◽  
pp. 1009-1012
Author(s):  
V. N. Druzhinin ◽  
V. G. Suvorov ◽  
A. N. Cherny ◽  
S. N. Troynakov ◽  
U. T. Tukhtaev
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Proximal Humerus ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Radiological Examination ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Objective Criterion ◽  
Digital Reference

The relevance of the study is due to the high prevalence of degenerative-dystrophic changes in the bone-articular apparatus and periarticular tissues in the structure of diseases in General in the population and in persons working in contact with harmful production factors. The most common in clinical practice diseases of the shoulder girdle with lesions of bone-cartilage and tendon-muscle structures include arthrosis and changes in periarticular tissues, including: periarthritis, tendinitis, tenosynovitis (tendovagines, entezity), enthesopathy, bursitis, ruptures of the rotator cuff of the humerus, the symptom of “collision” — impingement sholder syndrome, lesions of the acromioclavicular and clavicular joints. Treatment of these conditions is not a solved medical and social problem, so perhaps their early diagnosis today is still relevant in the sense of primary prevention of disability of the population, including the working part of it-improving the quality of diagnosis of shoulder joint pathology today can be achieved through the use of new methodological techniques, objectifying the degree of severity of x-ray morphological changes on the basis of appropriate quantitative characteristics.The aim of the study was to optimize the diagnosis of osteopenia (osteoporosis) using digital reference osteodensitometry to objectively assess the effectiveness of therapy for ostearthritis and periarthritis of the shoulder joint.A comparative analysis of the results of clinical and radiological examination of the condition of the shoulder joint engineering plants workers with the presence of the clinic osteoarthritis and periarthritis shoulder joint and assessment of mineral status of humerus at primary diagnosis and in the dynamics of observations on the basis of use of new technologies for digital osteodensitometry.The use of reference digital osteodensitometry made it possible to objectively assess the levels and topography of mineral distribution in the proximal humerus in the control group and in patients with osteopathy at various stages of clinical observation.The mineral density of the proximal humerus has differences depending on the sector and zone of study, being an objective criterion for the orientation of the restructuring of their structure and, consequently, the effectiveness of therapeutic measures.Digital reference osteodensitometry, as the most affordable method of early detection of osteoporosis or osteopennia, can be used in complex clinical and radiological examination of patients with suspected or already professionally caused osteopathy of the shoulder joint.

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