THE OCCURRENCE OF BACTERIAL AGENTS CAUSING MASTITIS IN DAIRY SHEEP AND THEIR RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS

Introduction: The aim of this study was to monitor the occurrence of bacterial agents causing mastitis, forms of mastitis and antibiotic resistance in 300 ewes on a farm in Eastern Slovakia. Material and methods: During the milking season, were performed three complex investigations including clinical examination, California Mastitis Test and laboratory analysis of milk samples. The investigations and milk samples were taken in three phases; the beginning (April), the middle (June) and the end (September) of the milking season. Results: Of all the samples (806), 225 (28.0%) were positive for bacterial pathogens. The highest incidence of mastitis (33.3%) was recorded in September, while April (23.8%) and June (25.3%) had lower incidence. The samples from September showed the highest incidence of subclinical mastitis (20.1%), with 13.2% being an acute form of mastitis. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were identified in 61.7% of the positive samples. Especially, S. chromogenes, S. epidermidis and S. schleiferi were most frequently isolated. Staphylococcus aureus was the causative agent in 20.0% of the positive samples and caused acute or subclinical mastitis in the affected ewes. The tested bacteria showed very high resistance to novobiocin (59.5%) and penicillin (51.4%) and high resistance to amoxycillin (35.1%). We found that 80% of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria tested for antibiotic resistance were resistant to novobiocin and 70% were resistant to penicillin. Of all tested CNS, 56.5% were resistant to novobiocin, 39.1% to penicillin, and 34.7% to amoxicillin. Conclusion: Proper isolation and identification of the causative organism play a significant role in the prevention and control of the intramammary infection. In our study, a combinations of Streptomycin, Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline were the most effective antibiotics for the control of mastitis.

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Isolation and identification of main mastitis pathogens in Mexico

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s0102-09352013000200012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 377-382 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

H. Castañeda Vázquez ◽

S. Jäger ◽

W. Wolter ◽

M. Zschöck ◽

M.A. Castañeda Vazquez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Milk Samples ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Bacillus Spp ◽

Clinical Cases

The present work is a large epidemiological study aiming to detect the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and to investigate the major udder pathogens in Jalisco State, western Mexico. For this purpose, 2205 dairy cows, representing 33 Mexican dairy herds, were involved. Of 2205 cows, 752 mastitic animals were diagnosed and only 2,979 milk samples could be obtained for further investigation. All 2979 milk samples were subjected to California Mastitis Test (CMT) to differentiate clinical cases from subclinical ones where 1996 samples (67 %) reacted positively. Of these, 1087 samples (54.5%) came from cows suffering from clinical cases of mastitis. Bacteriological identification of the causative agents revealed the presence of a major group of pathogens including the Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS), S.aureus, S.agalactiae, Corynebacterium spp. and Coliform bacteria which were detected in 464 (15.6%), 175 (5.9%), 200 (6.8%), 417 (14%) and 123 (4.1%) of the 2927 investigated quarters, 295 (15.4%), 118 (15.7%), 111 (14.8%), 227 (30.2%) and 109 (14.5%) of the 752 examined cows and in 33 (100%), 22 (66.7%), 19 (57.6%), 30 (90.1%) and 27 (81.8%) of the 33 herds involved, respectively. Other pathogens could be detected in the investigated milk samples such as S. dysgalactiae (0.4%), S.uberis (0.37%), Bacillus spp. (1%), Nocardia spp. (0.6%) und Candida spp. (0.1%). Meanwhile, others were present in a negligible ratio; including the Aerococcus viridans, and Enterococcus spp., Lactococcus lactis, S. bovis.

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Ocorrência de patógenos causadores de mastite subclínica no município de Jaguapitã, estado do Paraná - Brasil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n5p3233 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 3233

Author(s):

Edivaldo Maziero Soethe ◽

Mauricio Zampronio Affonso ◽

Antonio Francisco Chaves Neto ◽

Luiz Carlos Negri Filho ◽

Dalton Evert Bronkhorst ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Bacterial Growth ◽

Bacterial Culture ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Milk Samples ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Streptococcus Uberis ◽

Staphylococcus Intermedius

The aim of this research was to identify the occurrence of pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in grade B milk farms of the Jaguapitã county, state of Paraná, Brazil. California Mastitis Test (CMT) were carried out in 400 milk samples from 100 animals and 157 teats from 55 animals (55%) were positive, showed score two or higher to CMT. When these 157 positive samples to CMT were transported for bacterial culture in blood agar, 25.48% (40/157) samples showed no bacterial growth or more than two types of bacterial colonies grew, 28.03% (44/157) were Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), 8.28% (13/157) were Streptococcus uberis, 7.64% (12/157) were Staphylococcus aureus, 7.64% (12/157) were Corynebacterium spp, 7.01% (11/157) were Staphylococcus intermedius, 4.46% (7/157) were Staphylococcus hyicus, 3.82% (6/157) were Bacillus spp., 2.55% (4/157) were Streptococcus dysgalacteae, Enterobacteria and Yeasts. We conclude that CNS is the most relevant subclinical mastitis causative agent.

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Risk factors associated with the occurrence of multiresistant Staphylococcus spp. isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in northern Brazil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n2p901 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 901-910

Author(s):

Lilian Bernardina Ferreira ◽

◽

Larissa de Freitas Santiago Israel ◽

Renata Fernandes Rabello ◽

Guilherme Nunes de Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Phenotypic Expression ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Phenotypic Profile ◽

Milk Samples ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

Staphylococcus bacteria are often associated with subclinical bovine mastitis. This study aimed to identify multiresistant Staphylococcus spp. associated with subclinical mastitis and the associated risk factors. Twenty-three dairy farms with a history of decrease in milk production, located in the lower Acre region, Brazil, were selected. An epidemiological questionnaire was provided in all farms. All animals were examined using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and their milk samples were collected for bacterial culture. After isolation and identification, the disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed against nine classes of antimicrobials. Of the 339 cows examined using the CMT, 108 had mastitis. A total of 229 milk samples were collected from individual teats. MALDI-TOF MS found isolates belonging to eight species of Staphylococcus, in 101 of these samples. S. chromogenes (58.4%) demonstrated strongest resistance to the nine classes of antimicrobial active principles. Nineteen isolates with multidrug resistance phenotypic profile were identified. This phenotypic expression indicates wide circulation of resistant genes in this species. The presence of multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus spp. in this study was correlated with lack of water for cleaning the corral, which is a preventive factor, minimizing the transmission and persistence of pathogens in the farms.

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The Impact of Mastitis on Reproductive Parameters of Dairy Cows

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.2478/fv-2019-0030 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 72-78

Author(s):

F. Zigo ◽

A. Adamová ◽

M. Vasiľ ◽

J. Elečko ◽

S. Ondrašovičová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Reproductive Parameters ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Milk Samples ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Service Period ◽

High Incidence ◽

The Impact

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of mastitis and its impact on the reproductive parameters in a herd of 180 dairy cows. Based on the herd records 127 cows of Slovak spotted cattle and their crosses with red Holstein were selected for study between 1—2 months after calving. The examination of the health status of the mammary glands consisted of: the clinical examination of the udder, the California mastitis test (CMT) supplemented by the collection of mixed milk samples, and the laboratory examination of bacterial pathogens causing the mastitis. In addition to the mammary investigation, reproduction indicators such as the length of the insemination interval, the service period, the intercalving period and the insemination index were also analyzed. The results of this study indicated: a high incidence of mastitis (41.6 %), especially latent (21.2 %), subclinical (15.7 %) and clinical (4.7 %) forms were most common in the herd. The most frequently isolated bacteria from the infected milk samples were: coagulase negative staphylococci (54.1 %), S. aureus (16.9 %), Streptococcus spp. (15.0 %), A. viridans (7.5 %) and Ent. faecalis (6.4 %). According to the available literature, the optimum values of the intercalving period were 365—400 days, the insemination interval 55—80 days, the insemination index 1.2—2 and the service period 60—110 days. In comparison, our results showed increased, unsatisfactory reproductive values in the group of dairy cows with clinical mastitis. While in healthy cows as well as in groups of cows with latent and subclinical mastitis, all of the reproductive indicators were within the optimal levels.

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Epidemiological studies on subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in northern regions of Bangladesh

Bangladesh Journal of Livestock Research ◽

10.3329/bjlr.v19i1-2.26433 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (1-2) ◽

pp. 112-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

MIA Begum ◽

MS Hossain ◽

M Ershaduzzaman ◽

MS Alam

Keyword(s):

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Housing System ◽

Dairy Goats ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Milk Samples ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Mastitic Milk

A cross sectional study was carried out from June, 2008 to December, 2010 to estimate the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and to determine the responsible bacterial pathogens in lactating dairy goats in northern districts of Bangladesh. A total of 292 goats and 584 udder halves milk samples were screened using California Mastitis Test (CMT). Prevalence of subclinical mastitis at goat level was 56.2% (164/292), and in udder half level it was 33.9% (198/584). The subclinical mastitis prevalence at goat level was high (71.6%) in Jamnapari goats as compared to Black Bengal goats (50.2%), whereas at the udder half level, subclinical mastitis prevalence was 45.1% and 29.6% in Jamnapari and Black Bengal goats, respectively. The pathogens isolated from subclinical mastitic milk samples were coagulase negative Staphylococci, Coliforms, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. Among these, the most frequent isolates were coagulase negative Staphylococci (28.8%), Coliforms (22.7%) and Streptococcus spp (15.2%). Out of four potential host related risk factors considered, litter size and body condition of goats were found to influence the prevalence rate of subclinical mastitis in goat significantly (p< 0.05). On the other hand, the subclinical mastitis was very significantly (p=0.0001) associated with the housing system of goats, i.e., goats reared in raised floor had a low subclinical mastitis infection rate (35.8%) as compared to reared in earth floor (62.2%). Antibiogram studies were also performed for the bacterial isolates and Gentamicin was found to be the most effective drug.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 112-122, Jan-Dec 2012

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Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in Swiss organic and conventional production systems

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s002202990600210x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 86-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Markus Roesch ◽

Marcus G Doherr ◽

Walter Schären ◽

Melchior Schällibaum ◽

Jürg W Blum

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Production Systems ◽

Post Partum ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Somatic Cell Counts ◽

Milk Samples ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Conventional Production

The objective was to compare the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SM) and of udder pathogens in 60 Swiss organic (OP) and 60 conventional production systems (CP). Cows (n=970) were studied for SM prevalence and udder pathogens at median 31 d and 102 d post partum. Cows showing a [ges ]1+ positive California Mastitis Test (CMT) in at least one quarter were considered to have SM. Cow-level prevalences of SM for visits at 31 d and 102 d post partum (39% and 40% in OP and 34% and 35% in CP) were similar, but quarter-level prevalences of SM were higher (P<0·02) in OP than CP (15% and 18% in OP and 12% and 15% in CP). Median somatic cell counts in milk at 31 d post partum were higher (P<0·05) in OP than CP cows (43000 and 28000 cells/ml, respectively), but were similar at 102 d post partum in OP and CP cows (45000 and 38000 cells/ml, respectively). In milk samples from quarters showing a CMT reaction [ges ]2+ the prevalences of coagulase negative staphylococci were lower (P<0·05) at 102 d post partum, whereas prevalences of non-agalactiae streptococci were higher (P<0·05) in OP than in CP cows at 31 d and 102 d post partum. In conclusion, under Swiss conditions, subclinical mastitis is a greater problem in organic than in conventional production systems, but differences are not marked.

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Assessment of udder health in lame cows

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb202089020133 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

pp. 133-140

Author(s):

Vladimír Hisira ◽

Pavel Slovák ◽

Paulína Marčeková ◽

Marián Kadaši ◽

Pavol Mudroň

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Digital Dermatitis ◽

White Line ◽

Udder Health ◽

Milk Samples ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Sole Ulcers

The objective of this study was to assess the udder health in lame dairy cows. The study was performed on 35 dairy cows which were admitted to the Clinic of Ruminants. The most frequent claw diseases were white line abscess (28.6%) and toe necrosis (28.6%), followed by digital dermatitis (17.1%), toe ulcers (14.3%), and sole ulcers (11.4%). The prevalence of mastitis in lame cows was 74.3% (26); clinical mastitis was detected in 5 (19.2%) and subclinical mastitis in 21 (80.8%) dairy cows. Distribution of mastitis was similar in terms of front (52.54%) and rear quarters (47.46%). For statistical analyses of mastitis grade in lame dairy cows, a six-point Mastitis Score was created based on physical examination of the mammary gland and results of California Mastitis Test. The Mastitis Score tended to be higher in cows with corium inflammation than in those with digital dermatitis (10.0 and 6.5, respectively). Microbiological culture of 24 positive milk samples was performed and intra-mammary pathogens were isolated in 18 (75%) samples. The most prevalent bacteria were coagulase negative staphylococci (50%), followed by Enterococcus spp. (16.7%), Proteus spp. (11.1%), and Aerococcus viridians (11.1%). Of the total bacteria, contagious pathogens were determined in two milk samples (11.1%). In conclusion, high prevalence of mastitis was detected in lame cows suffering from claw diseases without a significant effect of the type of claw diseases on the mastitis grade. Moreover, the dominating isolation of environmental pathogens may be a result of longer lying period of animals affected with lameness.

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Molecular detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes isolated from mastitic milk and humans in El-Behira, Egypt

International Journal of One Health ◽

10.14202/ijoh.2021.70-77 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 70-77

Author(s):

Mohamed S. Diab ◽

Nermin A. Ibrahim ◽

Yasser F. Elnaker ◽

Sherif A. Zidan ◽

Marwa A. Saad

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Human Samples ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Mastitic Milk

Background and Aim: Milk is a chief source of many nutrients. However, we must also bear in mind that it is a potential source for many cases of food poisoning. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of cow mastitis and evaluate the presence of enterotoxins and antibiotic resistance patterns in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and contact humans in El-Behira Province, Egypt. Materials and Methods: A total of 680 milk samples from 170 cows and 86 human samples consisting of 43 hand swabs and 43 nasal swabs were analyzed. The milk samples were subjected to the California mastitis test. Results: The general occurrence was 23.1% (157/680) where 48 quarters had clinical mastitis and 109 had subclinical mastitis. Subsequently, S. aureus was isolated in Baird-Parker agar where typical and atypical colonies were selected and submitted to coagulase and complementary tests. Out of 48 samples of mastitic milk studied, 16 (33.3%) showed contamination by S. aureus whereas 109 samples of subclinical mastitis showed contamination in only 18 (16.5%). On the opposite hand, of the 86 human samples, 33 revealed S. aureus contamination, corresponding to 38.37% of the samples. Furthermore, multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting nuc and the staphylococcal enterotoxin-encoding genes sea, seb, sec, sed, and see were performed after culture, revealing that 88.2% (30/34) of milk samples and 93.9% (31/33) of human samples were variably positive to those genes. Conclusion: The use of nuc gene based PCR is an accurate and rapid method for S aureus isolates detection. A high prevalence of multiple drug-resistant isolates of S. aureus recovered from both human and milk represents further evidence for possible veterinary hazards as well as public hazards, especially to those that consume milk from this region.

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Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows: somatic cell counts and associated bacteria in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ◽

10.3329/jbau.v15i2.35073 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

SMMR Sumon ◽

MA Ehsan ◽

MT Islam

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Mixed Infections ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Somatic Cell Counts ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Bacillus Spp

Subclinical mastitis is an economically important disease of dairy cows and has a prominent place amongst the factors that limit milk production. This study was undertaken to determine the association of somatic cell counts (SCC) and occurrence of bacteria with SCM in smallholder dairy cows in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. A total number of 240 quarters milk samples from apparently healthy lactating cows were subjected to SCC using NucleoCounter® SCC-100 ™ (Chemo Metec). A quarter was considered SCM positive if the quarter had SCC>100 x 103 cells/ml. All subclinical mastitis positive quarter milk samples were subjected to bacteriological examination and isolates were classified into major, minor, uncommon and mixed pathogens. The overall quarter-level prevalence of subclinical mastitis of dairy cows in Mymensingh district was 25% (95% CI, 19.52% to 30.48%). The most frequently isolated bacterial species were Staphylococcus aureus (18.33%) followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (10%), Enterobacter spp. (6.67%), Escherichia coli (5%), Bacillus spp. (5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5%). Different bacterial isolates were associated with 90% cases of subclinical mastitis as mono infections or mixed infections. Mono and mixed infections significantly influenced SCC and were the most prominent factors responsible for increasing SCC. Mean SCC was the highest for Bacillus spp. (713.67 x 103 cells/ml) followed by Enterobacter spp. (395.75 x 103 cells/ml), Escherichia coli (386.00 x 103 cells/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (373.82 x 103 cells/ml), coagulase-negative staphylococci (182.67 x 103 cells/ml) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (138.67 x 103 cells/ml). Major pathogens induced higher SCC (380.72 x 103cells/ml) than minor and other pathogen groups.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(2): 266-271, December 2017

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Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis and Distribution of Pathogens in Dairy Farms of Rubavu and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda

Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1155/2017/8456713 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

J. P. Mpatswenumugabo ◽

L. C. Bebora ◽

G. C. Gitao ◽

V. A. Mobegi ◽

B. Iraguha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dry Cow Therapy ◽

California Mastitis Test

A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2016 to January 2017 in Rubavu and Nyabihu districts, Western Rwanda, aiming at estimating the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and identifying its causative bacteria. Management practices and milking procedures were recorded through a questionnaire. 123 crossbreed milking cows from 13 dairy farms were randomly selected and screened for SCM using California Mastitis Test (CMT). Composite CMT positive milk samples were processed for bacterial isolation and identification. The overall SCM prevalence at cow level was 50.4%. 68 bacterial isolates were identified by morphological and biochemical characteristics. They included, Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (51.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (20.6%), Streptococcus species (10.3%), Bacillus species (10.3%), Streptococcus agalactiae (5.8%), and Escherichia coli (1.5%). About 67.1% of the farmers checked for mastitis; of these, 58.9% relied on clinical signs and only 6.8% screened with CMT. Only 5.5% and 2.7% of the farmers tried to control mastitis using dry cow therapy and teat dips, respectively. Thus, to reduce the prevalence of SCM, farmers in the study area need to be trained on good milking practices, including regular use of teat dips, application of dry cow therapy, and SCM screening. This will improve their sales and their financial status.

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