The determinants of lifelong learning incidence across European countries (evidence from EU-SILC dataset)

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Biagetti ◽  
Sergio Scicchitano
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Country Specific

The aim of this paper is to explore the potential of EU-SILC data to deepen our understanding of the determinants of workers’ formal lifelong learning (LLL) incidence in Europe. To this purpose, a twofold procedure is adopted here: first, LLL incidence is estimated for the total number of men and women taken separately, regardless of their country of residence; second, the information on the country where they live is taken into account and 21 country-specific equations are computed. Again, this is made for both sexes. This procedure allows us to shed light on cross-country gender differences. In the whole sample, our results show that for both men and women formal LLL incidence is significantly higher among young, better-educated, part-time and temporary workers, and lower among those who changed their job in the preceding year, are employed in small firms and have low-skilled occupations. When the above-mentioned separate equations are estimated for each country and for both sexes, relevant results emerge in the case of Scandinavian countries. Those results seem to be consistent with the implementation of the well-known “flexicurity” policy.

scholarly journals Are There Changes in Inequalities in Injuries? A Review of Evidence in the WHO European Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 653
Author(s):  
Mathilde Sengoelge ◽  
Merel Leithaus ◽  
Matthias Braubach ◽  
Lucie Laflamme
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
European Region ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Country Specific

Decreases in injury rates globally and in Europe in the past decades, although encouraging, may mask previously reported social inequalities between and within countries that persist or even increase. European research on this issue has not been systematically reviewed, which is the aim of this article. Between and within-country studies from the WHO European Region that investigate changes in social inequalities in injuries over time or in recent decades were sought in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Of the 27 studies retained, seven were cross-country and 20 were country-specific. Twelve reported changes in inequalities over time and the remaining 15 shed light on other aspects of inequalities. A substantial downward trend in injuries is reported for all causes and cause-specific ones—alongside persisting inequalities between countries and, in a majority of studies, within countries. Studies investigate diverse questions in different population groups. Depending on the social measure and injury outcome considered, many report inequalities in injuries albeit to a varying degree. Despite the downward trends in risk levels, relative social inequalities in injuries remain a persisting public health issue in the European Region.

scholarly journals Has Covid-19 increased gender inequalities in professional advancement? Cross-country evidence on productivity differences between male and female software developers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Hipp ◽  
Markus Konrad
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Professional Advancement ◽  
Software Developers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cross Country

Objective: This article analyzed gender differences in professional advancement following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic based on data from open-source software developers in 37 countries. Background: Men and women may have been affected differently from the social distancing measures implemented to contain the Covid-19 pandemic. Given that men and women tend to work in different jobs and that they have been unequally involved in childcare duties, school and workplace closings may have impacted men’s and women’s professional lives unequally. Method: We analyzed original data from the world’s largest social coding community, GitHub. We first estimated a Holt-Winters forecast model to compare the predicted and the observed average weekly productivity of a random sample of male and female developers (N=177,480) during the first lockdown period in 2020. To explain the cross-country variation in the gendered effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on software developers’ productivity, we estimated two-way fixed effects models with different lockdown measures as predictors – school and workplace closures, in particular. Results: In most countries, both male and female developers were, on average, more productive than predicted, and productivity increased for both genders with increasing lockdown stringency. When examining the effects of the most relevant types of lockdown measures separately, we found that stay-at-home restrictions increased both men’s and women’s productivity and that workplace closures also increased the number of weekly contributions on average – but for women, only when schools were open. Conclusion: Having found gender differences in the effect of workplace closures contingent on school and daycare closures within a population that is relatively young and unlikely to have children (software developers), we conclude that the Covid-19 pandemic may indeed have contributed to increased gender inequalities in professional advancement.

Home-ownership and housing wealth of elderly divorcees in ten European countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
BAREND WIND ◽  
CAROLINE DEWILDE
Keyword(s):  
Home Ownership ◽  
Rental Housing ◽  
Later Life ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Housing Wealth ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Housing Equity

ABSTRACTRecent research has shown that divorce reduces the likelihood of home-ownership. Even in later life, ever-divorced men and women display lower home-ownership rates than their married counterparts. There is, however, a lack of knowledge about the consequences of divorce for a majority of divorcees: those who remain in home-ownership or move back into home-ownership after an episode in rental housing. This paper investigates the economic costs of divorce by focusing on the housing wealth of ever-divorced home-owners in later life (age 50 and over), against the background of changing welfare and housing regimes. The empirical analysis is based on data from ten European countries that participated in the third and fourth waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE 2007/8 and 2011/2). Our analyses support an association between divorce experience and lower housing wealth holdings for men and women who remain in home-ownership after a divorce, or re-enter home-ownership after a spell in rental housing. This means that a divorce has negative housing consequences for a broader range of individuals than thus far assumed. In countries with a dynamic housing market and a deregulated housing finance system, ever-divorced home-owners are worse off than their married counterparts. In these countries, more elderly individuals with a weaker financial situation are able to remain in or regain access to (mortgaged) home-ownership, but at the cost of lower housing equity. Further research should focus on the implications (e.g. for wellbeing, economic position) of such cross-country variations.

scholarly journals The gender gap in aversion to COVID-19 exposure: Evidence from professional tennis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0249045
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Kowalik ◽  
Piotr Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Prize Money ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Cross Country

We study the gender differences in aversion to COVID-19 exposure using a natural experiment of the 2020 US Open. It was the first major tennis tournament after the season had been paused for six months, held with the same rules and prize money for men and women. We analyze the gender gap in the propensity to voluntarily withdraw because of COVID-19 concerns among players who were eligible and fit to play. We find that female players were significantly more likely than male players to have withdrawn from the 2020 US Open. While players from countries characterized by relatively high levels of trust and patience and relatively low levels of risk-taking were more likely to have withdrawn than their counterparts from other countries, female players exhibited significantly higher levels of aversion to pandemic exposure than male players even after cross-country differences in preferences are accounted for. About 15% of the probability of withdrawing that is explained by our model can be attributed to gender.

scholarly journals How important is security in the choice of employment? Evidence from European countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Salladarré ◽  
Boubaker Hlaimi ◽  
François-Charles Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Job Security ◽  
Comparative Data ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Is Security ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Employment Characteristics

Is job security important for workers when choosing a job? Using comparative data from 18 European countries, this article investigates the influence of job security in the choice of employment. The empirical analysis evidences significant cross-country differences in the importance attributed to job security, which is influenced by both individual and employment characteristics. When comparing the perceived job security and its importance in the choice of employment, the study finds that temporary workers are less sensitive to job security when choosing their job.

scholarly journals ‘Women’s work penalty’ in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heejung Chung
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Women's Work ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Schedule Control ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Women’S Work ◽  
Flexible Working ◽  
Low Pay

Many assume that women and workers in female-dominated workplaces will have better access to flexible working arrangements. Some use this as justification for the low wages found in these workplaces. Yet, empirical results are mixed. I explore this question by examining workers’ access to schedule control across 27 European countries, and find no discernible gender differences in access to schedule control when individual and company-level characteristics are taken into account. However, working in female-dominated jobs and/or sectors significantly reduces access to schedule control for both men and women. This ‘women’s work penalty’ in female-dominated sectors varies across Europe but nowhere was the access better compared to sectors where both genders are equally represented. This raises concerns regarding the lack of favourable working conditions, in addition to low pay found in female-dominated workplaces.

Gender differences in airway obstruction in men and women with acromegaly: A longitudinal study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvère Störmann ◽  
Katharina Schilbach ◽  
Felix Amereller ◽  
Angstwurm Matthias W ◽  
Jochen Schopohl
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Airway Obstruction ◽  
Men And Women

Women and Entrepreneurship – Albanian Case

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Anna Xheka
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women’S Entrepreneurship ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Women's Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Difference

Women’s entrepreneurship is a powerful source, regarding to the women’s economic independence and empowerment, as well as regarding employment generation, economic growth and innovation, development and the reduction of poverty as well as one of the terms of gender equality. This poster presents the situation of women's entrepreneurship in Europe in comparative terms, with special focus in Albania. The paper has a descriptive nature. Describes three different plans in comparative terms; the representation of men and women in entrepreneurship, the representation of women in entrepreneurship in different countries of Europe and of Europe as a whole, as well as compare to gender quota. Through the processing of secondary data from various reports and studies, this poster concludes that although that the gender equality goal is the equal participation of men and women in all sectors, including the entrepreneurship, in this sector, gender gap it is still deep. Another significant comparative aspect, it is the difference between full and part –time women entrepreneurship. While in full time entrepreneurship in a convince way, men are those that dominate, in part time entrepreneurship clearly it’s evident the opposite trend, women's representation is much higher. It’s very interesting the fact, that the women’s entrepreneurship in Albania, presented in a significant optimistic situation, ranking in the second place, after Greece in the European level

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