scholarly journals The gender gap in aversion to COVID-19 exposure: Evidence from professional tennis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0249045
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Kowalik ◽  
Piotr Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Prize Money ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Cross Country

We study the gender differences in aversion to COVID-19 exposure using a natural experiment of the 2020 US Open. It was the first major tennis tournament after the season had been paused for six months, held with the same rules and prize money for men and women. We analyze the gender gap in the propensity to voluntarily withdraw because of COVID-19 concerns among players who were eligible and fit to play. We find that female players were significantly more likely than male players to have withdrawn from the 2020 US Open. While players from countries characterized by relatively high levels of trust and patience and relatively low levels of risk-taking were more likely to have withdrawn than their counterparts from other countries, female players exhibited significantly higher levels of aversion to pandemic exposure than male players even after cross-country differences in preferences are accounted for. About 15% of the probability of withdrawing that is explained by our model can be attributed to gender.

Evaluations of Men in Domestic Roles in Canada, Norway, Poland, and India

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka ◽  
Saba Safdar ◽  
Paweł Jurek ◽  
Gopa Bhardwaj
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Indian Students ◽  
Domestic Roles ◽  
At Home

When a man decides to take a parental leave and become a “stay-at-home dad,” by focusing on domestic duties and parenting, he may risk penalization of stereotype-disconfirming behaviors. However, the degree at which men are allowed to violate gender norms varies from country to country. Our study sought to analyze cross-country differences in perception of men who resign from their professional career and focus on domestic duties. Canadian ( N = 120), Norwegian ( N = 97), Polish ( N = 103), and Indian ( N = 109) students were asked to evaluate agency and communality of men and women in domestic roles. The obtained results indicate that in Canada and Norway, men and women in domestic roles were judged similarly, whereas Polish and Indian students favored women over men in domestic roles, thus implying that domestic roles are perceived through the lens of gender stereotypes in these two countries.

scholarly journals Risk Taking and Start-up Capital: Exploring Gender differences in Uganda, through an International Comparison

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Orobia ◽  
Gerrit Rooks .
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Start Ups

This study sought to explain the gender differences with respect to risk taking behaviour and startup capital in Uganda, comparing with other countries. The start-up capital of businesses run by females is ostensibly smaller than those run by males in Uganda and in any other country. A number of reasons have been forwarded to explain this variance. Some researchers have linked the size of start-up capital to the risk taking behaviour among other factors. However there is insufficient local or Ugandan empirical research into this difference, given that much of the empirical research are based on western data sets. Data for this study was from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2003. A causal research design was used to establish the relationship between risk taking attitude and start up capital. A comparative design was also employed to compare the findings of Uganda with other GEM countries, Chi-square tests, and a two way analysis of variances were used to analyse the data. There are gender differences with respect to risk taking behaviour across all countries under study. However, the gender gap is wider in other countries than Uganda. On the whole, Uganda women are less risk averse as compared to those in other countries. The start-up capital requirement of Ugandan men is more than their female counterparts. In addition, Ugandan men invested more personal start up capital when they are risk averse. Among other recommendations, policy makers should sensitise females about viability of business start ups and encourage women access to ownership of property.

scholarly journals Has Covid-19 increased gender inequalities in professional advancement? Cross-country evidence on productivity differences between male and female software developers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Hipp ◽  
Markus Konrad
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Professional Advancement ◽  
Software Developers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cross Country

Objective: This article analyzed gender differences in professional advancement following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic based on data from open-source software developers in 37 countries. Background: Men and women may have been affected differently from the social distancing measures implemented to contain the Covid-19 pandemic. Given that men and women tend to work in different jobs and that they have been unequally involved in childcare duties, school and workplace closings may have impacted men’s and women’s professional lives unequally. Method: We analyzed original data from the world’s largest social coding community, GitHub. We first estimated a Holt-Winters forecast model to compare the predicted and the observed average weekly productivity of a random sample of male and female developers (N=177,480) during the first lockdown period in 2020. To explain the cross-country variation in the gendered effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on software developers’ productivity, we estimated two-way fixed effects models with different lockdown measures as predictors – school and workplace closures, in particular. Results: In most countries, both male and female developers were, on average, more productive than predicted, and productivity increased for both genders with increasing lockdown stringency. When examining the effects of the most relevant types of lockdown measures separately, we found that stay-at-home restrictions increased both men’s and women’s productivity and that workplace closures also increased the number of weekly contributions on average – but for women, only when schools were open. Conclusion: Having found gender differences in the effect of workplace closures contingent on school and daycare closures within a population that is relatively young and unlikely to have children (software developers), we conclude that the Covid-19 pandemic may indeed have contributed to increased gender inequalities in professional advancement.

Gender Differences in the Relationship between Anger and Aggressive Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199187
Author(s):  
Martha K. Fahlgren ◽  
Joey C. Cheung ◽  
Nicole K. Ciesinski ◽  
Michael S. McCloskey ◽  
Emil F. Coccaro
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Trait Anger ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Midwestern University ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Behavioral Aggression ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Affiliative Behaviors

Evidence is mixed regarding differences in prevalence of aggressive behavior, with many (though not all) studies suggesting that men are more aggressive than women. Furthermore, while aggression often occurs in response to provocation-induced anger, this relationship may be stronger for men; women may be more likely to engage in non-aggressive (e.g., affiliative) behaviors in response to provocation, particularly at low-level provocation. This study examined gender differences in aggression as well as differences in the relationship between anger and aggression for men and women. Adults ( N = 424) participated in a behavioral aggression task, and a subset of participants ( n = 304) completed a questionnaire assessing trait levels of anger as part of a larger study at a large midwestern university. Results indicated that while men and women aggressed at similar levels, aggression was significantly associated with trait anger for men only, at low levels of provocation, with only a trending relationship for high provocation. This suggests that while men and women may be equally aggressive in certain situations, this behavior may be differentially associated with anger.

scholarly journals Raising the Bar: Causal Evidence on Gender Differences in Risk-Taking From a Natural Experiment

2022 ◽  
pp. 152700252110595
Author(s):  
René Böheim ◽  
Mario Lackner ◽  
Wilhelm Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Rule Change ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Over Time

We investigate the risk-taking behavior of women and men in high-stakes jumping competitions. Results indicated that female and male athletes differ in the timing and extent of their reactions to an increase in the risk of failure. Male competitors increased risk-taking in the more risky environment immediately after the changes. Female athletes, however, increased risk-taking two years after the rule change. Over time, female athletes revert to pre-reform risk-taking levels, and male athletes’ continued to make more risky decisions in the new environment. We attribute our findings to gender differences in competitiveness and risk preferences.

The gender gap in voter turnout: An artefact of men’s over-reporting in survey research?

2021 ◽  
pp. 136914812110568
Author(s):  
Daniel Stockemer ◽  
Aksel Sundstrom
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Survey Research ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Moderate Evidence ◽  
Official Records ◽  
Cross National

Is there a gender gap in voting? Most cross-national survey research on gender inequalities in voter turnout finds that men have a higher probability to vote than women. Yet, some studies using validated turnout data shed some doubt on this finding. We revisit the question of a gender gap in voting using official records. In more detail, we compare the gender gap in turnout between survey data and official electoral figures across 73 elections. Our results highlight that in surveys, men still report higher turnout in most countries. However, official electoral figures reveal contrasting trends: across countries, women are, on average, more likely to vote. We also test two explanations for this difference in turnout between official figures and surveys: (1) men over-report voting more than women and (2) the survey samples of men and women are different. We find some, albeit very moderate, evidence for the first explanation. We find some, albeit very moderate, evidence for the first explanation and no support for the second explanation. All in all, our research nevertheless suggests that scholars should be careful in using surveys to detect gender differences in voting.

R&D and Unionism: Comparative Evidence from British Companies and Establishments

ILR Review ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naercio Menezes-Filho ◽  
David Ulph ◽  
John Van Reenen
Keyword(s):  
Labor Unions ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Union Density ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Difference ◽  
A Company

U.S. research has found that unionization adversely affects research and development investment, consistent with the view that labor unions' rent-seeking activities act as a tax on innovation. In this U.K. study, preliminary analysis of two datasets (a cross-section of plants and a company panel for the years 1983–90) shows the same negative correlation. This correlation completely disappears, however, when controls are included for such factors as cohort effects and the availability of innovative technology in the industry. Moreover, R&D intensity appears to have been higher in enterprises where there were low levels of union density than in those where there was no union presence. Some evidence suggests that the difference between U.K and U.S. results may be due to cross-country differences in the prioritization of non-pay issues in bargaining.

The determinants of lifelong learning incidence across European countries (evidence from EU-SILC dataset)

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Biagetti ◽  
Sergio Scicchitano
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Country Specific

The aim of this paper is to explore the potential of EU-SILC data to deepen our understanding of the determinants of workers’ formal lifelong learning (LLL) incidence in Europe. To this purpose, a twofold procedure is adopted here: first, LLL incidence is estimated for the total number of men and women taken separately, regardless of their country of residence; second, the information on the country where they live is taken into account and 21 country-specific equations are computed. Again, this is made for both sexes. This procedure allows us to shed light on cross-country gender differences. In the whole sample, our results show that for both men and women formal LLL incidence is significantly higher among young, better-educated, part-time and temporary workers, and lower among those who changed their job in the preceding year, are employed in small firms and have low-skilled occupations. When the above-mentioned separate equations are estimated for each country and for both sexes, relevant results emerge in the case of Scandinavian countries. Those results seem to be consistent with the implementation of the well-known “flexicurity” policy.

scholarly journals Explaining the Gender Gap in Math Test Scores: The Role of Competition

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel Niederle ◽  
Lise Vesterlund
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Math Test ◽  
Math Test Scores ◽  
Competitive Test ◽  
The Right

The mean and standard deviation in performance on math test scores are only slightly larger for males than for females. Despite minor differences in mean performance, many more boys than girls perform at the right tail of the distribution. This gender gap has been documented for a series of math tests including the AP calculus test, the mathematics SAT, and the quantitative portion of the Graduate Record Exam (GRE). The objective of this paper is not to discuss whether the mathematical skills of males and females differ, be it a result of nurture or nature. Rather we argue that the reported test scores do not necessarily match the gender differences in math skills. We will present results that suggest that the evidence of a large gender gap in mathematics performance at high percentiles in part may be explained by the differential manner in which men and women respond to competitive test-taking environments. The effects in mixed-sex settings range from women failing to perform well in competitions, to women shying away from environments in which they have to compete. We find that the response to competition differs for men and women, and in the examined environment, gender difference in competitive performance does not reflect the difference in noncompetitive performance. We argue that the competitive pressures associated with test taking may result in performances that do not reflect those of less-competitive settings. Of particular concern is that the distortion is likely to vary by gender and that it may cause gender differences in performance to be particularly large in mathematics and for the right tail of the performance distribution. Thus the gender gap in math test scores may exaggerate the math advantage of males over females.

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